Toxic shock syndrome epidemiology and demographics
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Syed Hassan A. Kazmi BSc, MD [2]
Overview
Approximately half the cases of staphylococcal TSS reported today are associated with tampon use during menstruation, usually in young women and up till now 42% of cases have occurred in females under the age of 19 years, though TSS also occurs in children, men, and non-menstruating women.
Epidemiology and Demographics
Incidence
- Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) became a nationally notifiable disease in 1983. After the initial epidemic, the number of reported cases decreased significantly. [1]
- Incidence rates declined from 6 to 12 per 100,000 among women 12-49 years of age in 1980 to 1 per 100,000 among women 15-44 years of age in 1986.[2]
- Apart from menstruation associated TSS, non-menstruating cases having a skin or soft tissue infection have also been identified.[3]
- In a study conducted during 2000-2006, the average annual incidence per 100,000 persons of all TSS cases was 0.52 cases (95% CI, 0.32–0.77), of menstrual cases was 0.69 (95% CI, 0.39–1.16), and of non-menstrual cases was 0.32 (95% CI, 0.12–0.67). [4]
- Women aged 13–24 years had the highest incidence with an annual rate of menstrual TSS of 1.41 cases per 100,000. [5]
- MRSA strains have increased in prevalence during the last decade and MRSA have been reported as the cause of TSS.[6]
Gender
- Approximately half the cases of staphylococcal TSS reported today are associated with tampon use during menstruation, usually in young women, though TSS also occurs in children, men, and non-menstruating women.
- Menstruating females had the highest incidence with an annual rate of menstrual TSS of 1.41 cases per 100,000 based on incidence data from 2000-2003.[7]
- It has been estimated that each year 1 to 17 of every 100,000 menstruating females will get TSS. In the US in 1997, only five confirmed menstrual-related TSS cases were reported, compared with 814 cases in 1980, according to data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).
- About 25 percent of non-menstrual cases of Toxic shock syndrome occur in males.
Age
- Women aged 13–24 years have the highest incidence with an annual rate of menstrual TSS of 1.41 cases per 100,000.[8]
- To date, 42% of cases have occurred in females under the age of 19 years. [9]
Race
- Epidemiology studies conducted in the late 1980s showed that women who develop mTSS tended to be predominately white. [10]
- White population are more likely to be carriers of toxigenic S. aureus than black, Hispanic, or Asian population.[11]
References
- ↑ "Toxic Shock Syndrome (Other Than Streptococcal) | Summary | NNDSS".
- ↑ "Toxic Shock Syndrome in the United States: Surveillance Update, 1979–19961 - Volume 5, Number 6—December 1999 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC".
- ↑ DeVries AS, Lesher L, Schlievert PM, Rogers T, Villaume LG, Danila R, Lynfield R (2011). "Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome 2000-2006: epidemiology, clinical features, and molecular characteristics". PLoS ONE. 6 (8): e22997. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022997. PMC 3157910. PMID 21860665.
- ↑ DeVries AS, Lesher L, Schlievert PM, Rogers T, Villaume LG, Danila R, Lynfield R (2011). "Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome 2000-2006: epidemiology, clinical features, and molecular characteristics". PLoS ONE. 6 (8): e22997. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022997. PMC 3157910. PMID 21860665.
- ↑ DeVries AS, Lesher L, Schlievert PM, Rogers T, Villaume LG, Danila R, Lynfield R (2011). "Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome 2000-2006: epidemiology, clinical features, and molecular characteristics". PLoS ONE. 6 (8): e22997. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022997. PMC 3157910. PMID 21860665.
- ↑ DeVries AS, Lesher L, Schlievert PM, Rogers T, Villaume LG, Danila R, Lynfield R (2011). "Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome 2000-2006: epidemiology, clinical features, and molecular characteristics". PLoS ONE. 6 (8): e22997. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022997. PMC 3157910. PMID 21860665.
- ↑ DeVries AS, Lesher L, Schlievert PM, Rogers T, Villaume LG, Danila R, Lynfield R (2011). "Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome 2000-2006: epidemiology, clinical features, and molecular characteristics". PLoS ONE. 6 (8): e22997. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022997. PMC 3157910. PMID 21860665.
- ↑ DeVries AS, Lesher L, Schlievert PM, Rogers T, Villaume LG, Danila R, Lynfield R (2011). "Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome 2000-2006: epidemiology, clinical features, and molecular characteristics". PLoS ONE. 6 (8): e22997. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022997. PMC 3157910. PMID 21860665.
- ↑ Litt IF (1983). "Toxic shock syndrome--an adolescent disease". J Adolesc Health Care. 4 (4): 270–4. PMID 6643206.
- ↑ Gaventa S, Reingold AL, Hightower AW, Broome CV, Schwartz B, Hoppe C, Harwell J, Lefkowitz LK, Makintubee S, Cundiff DR (1989). "Active surveillance for toxic shock syndrome in the United States, 1986". Rev. Infect. Dis. 11 Suppl 1: S28–34. PMID 2928646.
- ↑ Parsonnet J, Hansmann MA, Delaney ML, Modern PA, Dubois AM, Wieland-Alter W, Wissemann KW, Wild JE, Jones MB, Seymour JL, Onderdonk AB (2005). "Prevalence of toxic shock syndrome toxin 1-producing Staphylococcus aureus and the presence of antibodies to this superantigen in menstruating women". J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (9): 4628–34. doi:10.1128/JCM.43.9.4628-4634.2005. PMC 1234102. PMID 16145118.