Tricaine methanesulfonate

Tricaine methanesulfonate (TMS), also called as MS-222, is white powder used for anesthesia or sedation of fishes (mainly salmonids). TMS is the only anesthetic licensed in the United States for fin fish that is intended for human consumption.

TMS is a muscle relaxant that operates by preventing action potentials. By blocking action potentials, no signals can be exchanged between the brain and the extremities. There will be no sensory input or muscle contractions which would have been caused by action potential, which includes most muscles.

The optimum concentration used is 40-50 mg of TMS powder per litre of water. However, the optimium may vary with the size and species of the fish, and other variables.

It is easily soluble in water (both fresh and salt) but it drastically decreases the pH of water, increasing the acidity, which may be toxic for fish. Baking soda or sodium bicarbonate is used to buffer the solution to a pH range of 6.5-7.5. Usually twice the amount of buffer is added to attain the neutral pH. In salt/marine/sea water, the buffer use may not be necessary because sea water itself has buffering capacity.

The solution of TMS needs to be prepared freshly each time because TMS is light-sensitive and might form toxic by-products upon exposure to light.