Urethritis causes
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Seyedmahdi Pahlavani, M.D. [2]
Overview
Urethritis may be caused by either infectious or non-infectious causes. Infectious causes are divided into gonorrheal and non-gonorrheal. Non-gonorrheal pathogens are the most common cause of urethritis; Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common among them.
Causes
Urethritis may be caused by either infectious or non-infectious causes. Infectious causes are divided into gonococcal and non-gonococcal. Non-gonorrheal pathogens are the most common cause of urethritis; Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common among them.[1][2][3]
| Causes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Non-infectious causes[4] | Infectious causes[3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heavy precipitation of urinary crystals, chemicals, bubble bath, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, spermicides | Gonococcal urethritis[1] | Non-gonococcal urethritis[5][6][7] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chlamydia trachomatis Trichomonas vaginalis Mycoplasma genitalium Herpes simplex virus Adenovirus Ureaplasma urealyticum Neisseria meningitidis Haemophilus influenza Haemophilus parainfluenzae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | Bath salts, bubble bath, spermicides, talcum powder |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | No underlying causes |
| Genetic | No underlying causes |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | Urethral catheterization, instrumentation |
| Infectious Disease | Adenovirus, Candida albicans, Chlamydia trachomatis, Group D streptococcus, Herpes simplex virus, Lymphogranuloma venereum, Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, Neisseria gonorrheae, Pelvic inflammatory disease, protozoa, Treponema pallidum, Trichomonas vaginalis, Ureaplasma parvum, Ureaplasma urealyticum |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | No underlying causes |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Balanitis xerotica obliterans, Reiter syndrome, Stevens-Johnson syndrome |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | Urethral trauma |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | Bicycle riding, diaphragm use (contraception), foreign body insertion, heavy precipitation of urinary crystals, physical irritation of the urethra |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Adenovirus
- Balanitis xerotica obliterans
- Bath salts
- Bicycle riding
- Bubble bath
- Candida albicans
- Chemical irritation
- Chlamydia trachomatis
- Diaphragm contraception
- Foreign body insertion
- Group D streptococcus
- Heavy precipitation of urinary crystals
- Herpes simplex virus
- Instrumentation
- Lymphogranuloma venereum
- Mycoplasma genitalium
- Mycoplasma hominis
- Neisseria gonorrheae
- Pelvic inflammatory disease
- Physical irritation of the urethra
- Protozoa
- Reiter syndrome
- Spermicides
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome
- Talcum powder
- Treponema pallidum
- Trichomonas vaginalis
- Ureaplasma parvum
- Ureaplasma urealyticum
- Urethral catheterization
- Urethral trauma
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Kimberly A. Workowski & Gail A. Bolan (2015). "Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2015". MMWR. Recommendations and reports : Morbidity and mortality weekly report. Recommendations and reports / Centers for Disease Control. 64 (RR-03): 1–137. PMID 26042815. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Al-Sweih NA, Khan S, Rotimi VO (2011). "The prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections among men with urethritis in Kuwait". J Infect Public Health. 4 (4): 175–9. doi:10.1016/j.jiph.2011.07.003. PMID 22000844.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Le Roux MC, Ramoncha MR, Adam A, Hoosen AA (2010). "Aetiological agents of urethritis in symptomatic South African men attending a family practice". Int J STD AIDS. 21 (7): 477–81. doi:10.1258/ijsa.2010.010066. PMID 20852197.
- ↑ Herz D, Weiser A, Collette T, Reda E, Levitt S, Franco I (2005). "Dysfunctional elimination syndrome as an etiology of idiopathic urethritis in childhood". J. Urol. 173 (6): 2132–7. doi:10.1097/01.ju.0000157686.28359.c7. PMID 15879866.
- ↑ K. K. Holmes, H. H. Handsfield, S. P. Wang, B. B. Wentworth, M. Turck, J. B. Anderson & E. R. Alexander (1975). "Etiology of nongonococcal urethritis". The New England journal of medicine. 292 (23): 1199–1205. doi:10.1056/NEJM197506052922301. PMID 165407. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ David H. Martin (2008). "Nongonococcal urethritis: new views through the prism of modern molecular microbiology". Current infectious disease reports. 10 (2): 128–132. PMID 18462587. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Michael J. Schlicht, Steven D. Lovrich, Jeffrey S. Sartin, Patricia Karpinsky, Steven M. Callister & William A. Agger (2004). "High prevalence of genital mycoplasmas among sexually active young adults with urethritis or cervicitis symptoms in La Crosse, Wisconsin". Journal of clinical microbiology. 42 (10): 4636–4640. doi:10.1128/JCM.42.10.4636-4640.2004. PMID 15472322. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)