In contrast to VEGF-A, VEGF-B plays a less pronounced role in the vascular system: Whereas VEGF-A is important for the formation of blood vessels, such as during development or in pathological conditions, VEGF-B seems to play a role only in the maintenance of newly formed blood vessels during pathological conditions.[2]
VEGF-B plays also an important role on several types of neurons. It is important for the protection of neurons in the retina[3] and the cerebral cortex during stroke[4] and of motoneurons during motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.[5]
VEGF-B exerts its effects via the FLT1 receptor.[6]
VEGF-B has also been found to control endothelial uptake and transport of fatty acids in heart and skeletal muscle.[7][8]
Interactions
Vascular endothelial growth factor B has been shown to interact with FLT1.[9][10]
↑Sun Y, Jin K, Childs JT, Xie L, Mao XO, Greenberg DA (October 2004). "Increased severity of cerebral ischemic injury in vascular endothelial growth factor-B-deficient mice". J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 24 (10): 1146–52. doi:10.1097/01.wcb.0000134477.38980.38. PMID15529014.
↑Poesen K, Lambrechts D, Van Damme P, Dhondt J, Bender F, Frank N, Bogaert E, Claes B, Heylen L, Verheyen A, Raes K, Tjwa M, Eriksson U, Shibuya M, Nuydens R, Van Den Bosch L, Meert T, D'Hooge R, Sendtner M, Robberecht W, Carmeliet P (October 2008). "Novel role for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-1 and its ligand VEGF-B in motor neuron degeneration". J. Neurosci. 28 (42): 10451–9. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1092-08.2008. PMID18923022.
↑Yamazaki Y, Morita T (November 2006). "Molecular and functional diversity of vascular endothelial growth factors". Mol. Divers. 10 (4): 515–27. doi:10.1007/s11030-006-9027-3. PMID16972015.
↑Hagberg CE, Mehlem A, Falkevall A, Muhl L, Fam BC, Ortsäter H, Scotney P, Nyqvist D, Samén E, Lu L, Stone-Elander S, Proietto J, Andrikopoulos S, Sjöholm A, Nash A, Eriksson U (October 2012). "Targeting VEGF-B as a novel treatment for insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes". Nature. 490 (7420): 426–30. doi:10.1038/nature11464. PMID23023133.
↑Makinen T, Olofsson B, Karpanen T, Hellman U, Soker S, Klagsbrun M, Eriksson U, Alitalo K (July 1999). "Differential binding of vascular endothelial growth factor B splice and proteolytic isoforms to neuropilin-1". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (30): 21217–22. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.30.21217. PMID10409677.
Further reading
Poesen K, Lambrechts D, et al. (2008). "Novel Role for Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)Receptor-1 and Its Ligand VEGF-B in Motor Neuron Degeneration". J. Neurosci. 28 (42): 10451–9. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1092-08.2008. PMID18923022.
Olofsson B, Pajusola K, von Euler G, et al. (1996). "Genomic organization of the mouse and human genes for vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) and characterization of a second splice isoform". J. Biol. Chem. 271 (32): 19310–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.271.32.19310. PMID8702615.
Grimmond S, Lagercrantz J, Drinkwater C, et al. (1996). "Cloning and characterization of a novel human gene related to vascular endothelial growth factor". Genome Res. 6 (2): 124–31. doi:10.1101/gr.6.2.124. PMID8919691.
Qi JH, Ebrahem Q, Moore N, et al. (2003). "A novel function for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP3): inhibition of angiogenesis by blockage of VEGF binding to VEGF receptor-2". Nat. Med. 9 (4): 407–15. doi:10.1038/nm846. PMID12652295.
Trompezinski S, Berthier-Vergnes O, Denis A, et al. (2004). "Comparative expression of vascular endothelial growth factor family members, VEGF-B, -C and -D, by normal human keratinocytes and fibroblasts". Exp. Dermatol. 13 (2): 98–105. doi:10.1111/j.0906-6705.2004.00137.x. PMID15009103.
Iyer S, Scotney PD, Nash AD, Ravi Acharya K (2006). "Crystal structure of human vascular endothelial growth factor-B: identification of amino acids important for receptor binding". J. Mol. Biol. 359 (1): 76–85. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2006.03.002. PMID16616187.
Yamada E, Yamazaki K, Takano K, et al. (2007). "Iodide inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor-A expression in cultured human thyroid follicles: a microarray search for effects of thyrotropin and iodide on angiogenesis factors". Thyroid. 16 (6): 545–54. doi:10.1089/thy.2006.16.545. PMID16839256.
de Paulis A, Prevete N, Fiorentino I, et al. (2007). "Expression and functions of the vascular endothelial growth factors and their receptors in human basophils". J. Immunol. 177 (10): 7322–31. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7322. PMID17082651.
