XDH (gene)

Xanthine dehydrogenase
File:PBB Protein XDH image.jpg PDB rendering based on 1fiq.
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: Template:Homologene2PDBe PDBe, Template:Homologene2uniprot RCSB List of PDB id codes 1fiq​, 1wyg​, 2ckj​
Identifiers
Symbols	XDH ; XO; XOR
External IDs	Template:OMIM5 Template:MGI HomoloGene: 324
Gene ontology Molecular function Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Cellular component Template:GNF GO Biological process Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO Template:GNF GO
RNA expression pattern
File:PBB GE XDH 210301 at tn.png
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Template:GNF Ortholog box
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	n/a	n/a
Ensembl	n/a	n/a
UniProt	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (mRNA)	n/a	n/a
RefSeq (protein)	n/a	n/a
Location (UCSC)	n/a	n/a
PubMed search	n/a	n/a

Xanthine dehydrogenase, also known as XDH, is a human gene.

Xanthine dehydrogenase belongs to the group of molybdenum-containing hydroxylases involved in the oxidative metabolism of purines. The enzyme is a homodimer. Xanthine dehydrogenase can be converted to xanthine oxidase by reversible sulfhydryl oxidation or by irreversible proteolytic modification. Defects in xanthine dehydrogenase cause xanthinuria, may contribute to adult respiratory stress syndrome, and may potentiate influenza infection through an oxygen metabolite-dependent mechanism.

Further reading

• Meneshian A, Bulkley GB (2002). "The physiology of endothelial xanthine oxidase: from urate catabolism to reperfusion injury to inflammatory signal transduction". Microcirculation (New York, N.Y. : 1994). 9 (3): 161–75. doi:10.1038/sj.mn.7800136. PMID 12080414.
• Xu P, Huecksteadt TP, Harrison R, Hoidal JR (1995). "Molecular cloning, tissue expression of human xanthine dehydrogenase". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 215 (1): 429. PMID 7575623.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Xu P, Zhu XL, Huecksteadt TP; et al. (1995). "Assignment of human xanthine dehydrogenase gene to chromosome 2p22". Genomics. 23 (1): 289–91. doi:10.1006/geno.1994.1498. PMID 7829092.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Minoshima S, Wang Y, Ichida K; et al. (1994). "Mapping of the gene for human xanthine dehydrogenase (oxidase) (XDH) to band p23 of chromosome 2". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 68 (1–2): 52–3. PMID 7956358.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Rytkönen EM, Halila R, Laan M; et al. (1994). "The human gene for xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) is localized on chromosome band 2q22". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 68 (1–2): 61–3. PMID 7956361.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Xu P, Huecksteadt TP, Harrison R, Hoidal JR (1994). "Molecular cloning, tissue expression of human xanthine dehydrogenase". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 199 (2): 998–1004. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1994.1328. PMID 8135849.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Ichida K, Amaya Y, Noda K; et al. (1993). "Cloning of the cDNA encoding human xanthine dehydrogenase (oxidase): structural analysis of the protein and chromosomal location of the gene". Gene. 133 (2): 279–84. PMID 8224915.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Satoh A, Sasago S, Takahashi S, Kato N (1993). "Regulation of xanthine dehydrogenase in rat liver in response to peroxisome proliferators". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 195 (2): 751–7. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1993.2109. PMID 8373410.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Xu P, Huecksteadt TP, Hoidal JR (1997). "Molecular cloning and characterization of the human xanthine dehydrogenase gene (XDH)". Genomics. 34 (2): 173–80. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.0262. PMID 8661045.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Saksela M, Raivio KO (1996). "Cloning and expression in vitro of human xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase". Biochem. J. 315 ( Pt 1): 235–9. PMID 8670112.
• Many A, Westerhausen-Larson A, Kanbour-Shakir A, Roberts JM (1996). "Xanthine oxidase/dehydrogenase is present in human placenta". Placenta. 17 (5–6): 361–5. PMID 8829220.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Hellsten Y, Frandsen U, Orthenblad N; et al. (1997). "Xanthine oxidase in human skeletal muscle following eccentric exercise: a role in inflammation". J. Physiol. (Lond.). 498 ( Pt 1): 239–48. PMID 9023782.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Ichida K, Amaya Y, Kamatani N; et al. (1997). "Identification of two mutations in human xanthine dehydrogenase gene responsible for classical type I xanthinuria". J. Clin. Invest. 99 (10): 2391–7. PMID 9153281.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Rouquette M, Stevens C, Blake DR; et al. (1998). "Expression of xanthine oxidase activity in human endothelial cells as a function of cell density". Biochem. Soc. Trans. 25 (3): 532S. PMID 9388748.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Newaz MA, Adeeb NN (2000). "Detection of xanthine oxidase in human plasma". Med. J. Malaysia. 53 (1): 70–5. PMID 10968141.
• Martelin E, Palvimo JJ, Lapatto R, Raivio KO (2000). "Nuclear factor Y activates the human xanthine oxidoreductase gene promoter". FEBS Lett. 480 (2–3): 84–8. PMID 11034305.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Stiborová M, Frei E, Sopko B; et al. (2002). "Carcinogenic aristolochic acids upon activation by DT-diaphorase form adducts found in DNA of patients with Chinese herbs nephropathy". Carcinogenesis. 23 (4): 617–25. PMID 11960915.CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (link) CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
• Frederiks WM, Vreeling-Sindelárová H (2002). "Ultrastructural localization of xanthine oxidoreductase activity in isolated rat liver cells". Acta Histochem. 104 (1): 29–37. PMID 11993848.
• Cejková J, Ardan T, Filipec M, Midelfart A (2003). "Xanthine oxidoreductase and xanthine oxidase in human cornea". Histol. Histopathol. 17 (3): 755–60. PMID 12168784.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)