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{{Proteus infection}} | {{Proteus infection}} | ||
{{Taxobox | {{Taxobox | ||
| color = lightgrey | | color = lightgrey | ||
| name = ''Proteus'' | | name = ''Proteus'' | ||
| domain= [[Bacteria]] | | domain= [[Bacteria]] | ||
| phylum = [[Proteobacteria]] | | phylum = [[Proteobacteria]] | ||
| Line 25: | Line 23: | ||
{{CMG}} | {{CMG}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
''Proteus'' is a urease-producing, motile, nitrite-reducing, hydrogen sulfide-producing, catalase-positive, facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative bacillus. It can be found in soil, water, and fecal matter. It inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, and is considered an opportunistic pathogen of humans. Transmission to the human host (usually urinary tract) typically occurs via self-contamination. | |||
==Taxonomy== | |||
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Gamma proteobacteria; Order: Enterobacteriales; Family: Enterobacteria; Genus: Proteus; Species: ''Proteus mirabilis'' | |||
==Genome== | |||
*''Proteus'' contains more than 3,658 coding sequences with 7 rRNA loci.<ref name="pmid18375554">{{cite journal| author=Pearson MM, Sebaihia M, Churcher C, Quail MA, Seshasayee AS, Luscombe NM et al.| title=Complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis, a master of both adherence and motility. | journal=J Bacteriol | year= 2008 | volume= 190 | issue= 11 | pages= 4027-37 | pmid=18375554 | doi=10.1128/JB.01981-07 | pmc=PMC2395036 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18375554 }} </ref> | |||
*Total genome length is 4.063 Mb (28.8% GC content).<ref name="pmid18375554">{{cite journal| author=Pearson MM, Sebaihia M, Churcher C, Quail MA, Seshasayee AS, Luscombe NM et al.| title=Complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis, a master of both adherence and motility. | journal=J Bacteriol | year= 2008 | volume= 190 | issue= 11 | pages= 4027-37 | pmid=18375554 | doi=10.1128/JB.01981-07 | pmc=PMC2395036 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18375554 }} </ref> | |||
*''Proteus'' contains a single plasmid that contains 26,298 nucleotides.<ref name="pmid18375554">{{cite journal| author=Pearson MM, Sebaihia M, Churcher C, Quail MA, Seshasayee AS, Luscombe NM et al.| title=Complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis, a master of both adherence and motility. | journal=J Bacteriol | year= 2008 | volume= 190 | issue= 11 | pages= 4027-37 | pmid=18375554 | doi=10.1128/JB.01981-07 | pmc=PMC2395036 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18375554 }} </ref> | |||
==Microbiological Characteristics== | ==Microbiological Characteristics== | ||
*'' | *''Proteus'' is a urease-producing, motile, nitrite-reducing, hydrogen sulfide-producing, catalase-positive, facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative bacillus. | ||
*It grows optimally at 40 °C (104 °F). | *It grows optimally at 40 °C (104 °F). | ||
*It produces [[hydrogen sulfide]] gas, and forms clear films on growth media. It is [[Motility|motile]], possessing peritrichous [[flagella]], and is known for its swarming ability. It is commonly found in the intestinal tracts of humans. ''P. mirabilis'' is not pathogenic in [[guinea pig]]s or chickens. | *It produces [[hydrogen sulfide]] gas, and forms clear films on growth media. It is [[Motility|motile]], possessing peritrichous [[flagella]], and is known for its swarming ability. It is commonly found in the intestinal tracts of humans. ''P. mirabilis'' is not pathogenic in [[guinea pig]]s or chickens. | ||
| Line 42: | Line 47: | ||
| Methyl red||Positive | | Methyl red||Positive | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Voges-Proskauer||Negative ( | | Voges-Proskauer||Negative (may be positive) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Catalase||Positive | | Catalase||Positive | ||
| Line 75: | Line 80: | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Natural Reservoir== | |||
*''Proteus'' can be found in soil, water, and fecal matter. | *''Proteus'' can be found in soil, water, and fecal matter. | ||
* It inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, and is considered an opportunistic pathogen of humans | * It inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, and is considered an opportunistic pathogen of humans. | ||
==Transmission== | |||
*''Proteus'' is usually transmitted to the human host by self-contamination (e.g. fecal material from gastrointestinal tract to genitourinary tract). | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Latest revision as of 21:31, 28 January 2016
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Proteus infection Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Proteus infection On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Proteus infection |
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P. mirabilis |
This page is about microbiologic aspects of the organism(s). For clinical aspects of the disease, see Proteus infection.
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Proteus is a urease-producing, motile, nitrite-reducing, hydrogen sulfide-producing, catalase-positive, facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative bacillus. It can be found in soil, water, and fecal matter. It inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, and is considered an opportunistic pathogen of humans. Transmission to the human host (usually urinary tract) typically occurs via self-contamination.
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Bacteria; Phylum: Proteobacteria; Class: Gamma proteobacteria; Order: Enterobacteriales; Family: Enterobacteria; Genus: Proteus; Species: Proteus mirabilis
Genome
- Proteus contains more than 3,658 coding sequences with 7 rRNA loci.[1]
- Total genome length is 4.063 Mb (28.8% GC content).[1]
- Proteus contains a single plasmid that contains 26,298 nucleotides.[1]
Microbiological Characteristics
- Proteus is a urease-producing, motile, nitrite-reducing, hydrogen sulfide-producing, catalase-positive, facultatively anaerobic, Gram-negative bacillus.
- It grows optimally at 40 °C (104 °F).
- It produces hydrogen sulfide gas, and forms clear films on growth media. It is motile, possessing peritrichous flagella, and is known for its swarming ability. It is commonly found in the intestinal tracts of humans. P. mirabilis is not pathogenic in guinea pigs or chickens.
- Characteristically, Proteus can inhibit the growth of other strains in culture media, resulting in a macroscopically visible line (Dienes line) of reduced bacterial growth where two swarming strains intersect.
- The following table summarizes the microbiological characteristics of Proteus:
| Test | Result |
| Indole | Negative |
| Nitrate reductase | Positive (no formation of gas bubbles) |
| Methyl red | Positive |
| Voges-Proskauer | Negative (may be positive) |
| Catalase | Positive |
| Cytochrome oxidase | Negative |
| Phenylalanine deaminase | Positive |
| Tryptophan | Negative |
| Urea (Harnstoff test) | Positive |
| Casein | Negative |
| Starch | Negative |
| Hydrogen sulfide | Positive |
| Citrate agar | Negative |
| Ornithine decarboxylase | Positive |
| Lysine decarboxylase | Negative |
| Glucose fermentation | Positive |
| Amygdalin fermentation | Positive |
| Mannitol fermentation | Negative |
| Lactose fermentation | Negative |
Natural Reservoir
- Proteus can be found in soil, water, and fecal matter.
- It inhabits the intestinal tracts of humans and animals, and is considered an opportunistic pathogen of humans.
Transmission
- Proteus is usually transmitted to the human host by self-contamination (e.g. fecal material from gastrointestinal tract to genitourinary tract).
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Pearson MM, Sebaihia M, Churcher C, Quail MA, Seshasayee AS, Luscombe NM; et al. (2008). "Complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis, a master of both adherence and motility". J Bacteriol. 190 (11): 4027–37. doi:10.1128/JB.01981-07. PMC 2395036. PMID 18375554.