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==Causes==
==Causes==
*[[Hippocrates]] (460 to 370 BC) was first to describe the phenomenon of sudden [[paralysis]]. 
===Intracerebral hemorrhage===
*[[Apoplexy]], from the [[Greek language|Greek]] word meaning "struck down with violence,” first appeared in Hippocratic writings to describe this phenomenon.<!--
The two major causes of [[intracerebral hemorrhage]] include:<ref name="pmid22858729">{{cite journal| author=Meretoja A, Strbian D, Putaala J, Curtze S, Haapaniemi E, Mustanoja S et al.| title=SMASH-U: a proposal for etiologic classification of intracerebral hemorrhage. | journal=Stroke | year= 2012 | volume= 43 | issue= 10 | pages= 2592-7 | pmid=22858729 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.661603 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22858729  }} </ref><ref name=Hart> Hart, Robert G., Bradley S. Boop, and David C. Anderson. "Oral anticoagulants and intracranial hemorrhage facts and hypotheses." Stroke 26.8 (1995): 1471-1477.</ref><ref name=Knudsen> Knudsen, Katherine A., et al. "Clinical diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: validation of the Boston criteria." Neurology 56.4 (2001): 537-539. </ref><ref name=Lovelock>Lovelock, C. E., A. J. Molyneux, and P. M. Rothwell. "Change in incidence and aetiology of intracerebral haemorrhage in Oxfordshire, UK, between 1981 and 2006: a population-based study." The Lancet Neurology 6.6 (2007): 487-493. </ref><ref name="pmid1117973">{{cite journal| author=Rümke CL| title=Letter: Implications of the statement: No side effects were observed. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1975 | volume= 292 | issue= 7 | pages= 372-3 | pmid=1117973 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1117973  }} </ref>
  --><ref name="Stroke1996-Thompson">{{cite journal | author=Thompson JE | title=The evolution of surgery for the treatment and prevention of stroke. The Willis Lecture | journal=Stroke | year=1996 | pages=1427–34 | volume=27 | issue=8 | id=PMID 8711815 | url=http://stroke.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/27/8/1427}}</ref>
* [[hypertension|Long-standing hypertension]]
*As early as 1599, the word ''stroke'' was used as a synonym for apoplectic seizure and is a fairly literal translation of the Greek term.<ref>R. Barnhart, ed. ''The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology'' (1995)</ref>
**Hypertensive vasculopathy
*In 1658, in his ''Apoplexia'', [[Johann Jakob Wepfer|Johann Jacob Wepfer]] (1620–1695) identified the cause of hemorrhagic stroke when he suggested that people who had died of apoplexy had bleeding in their brains.<ref name="Stroke1996-Thompson"/>
* [[Cerebral amyloid angiopathy]]
Other causes of [[intracerebral hemorrhage]] include:<ref name="pmid22858729">{{cite journal| author=Meretoja A, Strbian D, Putaala J, Curtze S, Haapaniemi E, Mustanoja S et al.| title=SMASH-U: a proposal for etiologic classification of intracerebral hemorrhage. | journal=Stroke | year= 2012 | volume= 43 | issue= 10 | pages= 2592-7 | pmid=22858729 | doi=10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.661603 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22858729  }} </ref><ref name=Hart> Hart, Robert G., Bradley S. Boop, and David C. Anderson. "Oral anticoagulants and intracranial hemorrhage facts and hypotheses." Stroke 26.8 (1995): 1471-1477.</ref><ref name=Knudsen> Knudsen, Katherine A., et al. "Clinical diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: validation of the Boston criteria." Neurology 56.4 (2001): 537-539. </ref><ref name=Lovelock>Lovelock, C. E., A. J. Molyneux, and P. M. Rothwell. "Change in incidence and aetiology of intracerebral haemorrhage in Oxfordshire, UK, between 1981 and 2006: a population-based study." The Lancet Neurology 6.6 (2007): 487-493. </ref><ref name="pmid1117973">{{cite journal| author=Rümke CL| title=Letter: Implications of the statement: No side effects were observed. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1975 | volume= 292 | issue= 7 | pages= 372-3 | pmid=1117973 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1117973  }} </ref>
* Vascular malformations
** [[Arteriovenous malformation|Arteriovenous malformations (AVMs)]]
** [[Aneurysms]]
* Drugs
**[[cocaine]]
**[[Amphetamines]]
* [[Vasculitis]]
* Bleeding disorders
** [[Liver disease]]
** Anticoagulant medication
** [[Thrombolytic therapy]]
* [[Tumor|Brain tumor]]
* Hemorrhagic transformation of an ischemic stroke
* [[Moyamoya disease]]
* [[Tumor|Tumors]]
* [[Central nervous system|Central nervous system (CNS)]] infection
** [[Encephalitis]]
** [[Herpes simplex]]


===Subarachnoid hemorrhage===
Common causes of [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]] include:
* [[Arteriovenous malformation]]
* [[Brain tumor]]
* [[Drugs]]-  [[Pergolide]], [[Sumatriptan]]
* [[Fibromuscular dysplasia]] (FMD)
* Hemorrhagic diathesis
* [[Infections]]
* [[Leukemia]]
* Mycotic [[aneurysm]]
* Other [[aneurysm]]s
* [[Connective tissue disease|Connective tissue diseases]]
* [[Polycystic kidney disease]]
* Ruptured intracerebral [[aneurysm]]
===Common locations based on casualty===
{| class="wikitable"
!Cause
!Common Location
|-
|Hypertensive hemorrhage
|
*[[Putamen]]
*[[Globus pallidus]]
*[[Thalamus]]
*Cerebellar ­hemisphere
*[[Pons]]
|-
|Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
|
*[[Lobar]]
*[[Intraventricular]]
*[[Subarachnoid]]
|-
|Transformation of prior [[ischemic infarction]]
|
*[[Basal ganglion]]
*[[Subcortical]] regions
*Lobar
|-
|[[Aneurysm]]
|
*[[Subarachnoid]]
*[[Intraparenchymal]]
|-
|Drug
|
*Any
*Lobar
*Subarachnoid
|-
|[[Coagulopathy]]<ref name="pmid1924804">{{cite journal| author=Uglietta JP, O'Connor CM, Boyko OB, Aldrich H, Massey EW, Heinz ER| title=CT patterns of intracranial hemorrhage complicating thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. | journal=Radiology | year= 1991 | volume= 181 | issue= 2 | pages= 555-9 | pmid=1924804 | doi=10.1148/radiology.181.2.1924804 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1924804  }} </ref>
|
*Any
*Supratentorial
*Intraparenchymal
|-
|Metastatic brain tumor
|
*Lobar
|-
|[[Amyloid angiopathy]]
|
*Lobar
|-
|[[Cavernous angioma]]
|
*Intraparenchymal
|-
|Head trauma
|
*[[Intraparenchymal]]
*Frontal lobes, anterior temporal lobes, subarachnoid, extra-axial (subdural, epidural)
|-
|[[telangiectasias|Capillary telangiectasias]]
|
*[[Brainstem]]
|-
|Dural arteriovenous fistula
|
*Lobar
*S[[ubarachnoid]]
|}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 18:14, 23 November 2016

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Causes

Intracerebral hemorrhage

The two major causes of intracerebral hemorrhage include:[1][2][3][4][5]

Other causes of intracerebral hemorrhage include:[1][2][3][4][5]

Subarachnoid hemorrhage

Common causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage include:

Common locations based on casualty

Cause Common Location
Hypertensive hemorrhage
Arteriovenous malformation (AVM)
Transformation of prior ischemic infarction
Aneurysm
Drug
  • Any
  • Lobar
  • Subarachnoid
Coagulopathy[6]
  • Any
  • Supratentorial
  • Intraparenchymal
Metastatic brain tumor
  • Lobar
Amyloid angiopathy
  • Lobar
Cavernous angioma
  • Intraparenchymal
Head trauma
  • Intraparenchymal
  • Frontal lobes, anterior temporal lobes, subarachnoid, extra-axial (subdural, epidural)
Capillary telangiectasias
Dural arteriovenous fistula

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Meretoja A, Strbian D, Putaala J, Curtze S, Haapaniemi E, Mustanoja S; et al. (2012). "SMASH-U: a proposal for etiologic classification of intracerebral hemorrhage". Stroke. 43 (10): 2592–7. doi:10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.661603. PMID 22858729.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hart, Robert G., Bradley S. Boop, and David C. Anderson. "Oral anticoagulants and intracranial hemorrhage facts and hypotheses." Stroke 26.8 (1995): 1471-1477.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Knudsen, Katherine A., et al. "Clinical diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiopathy: validation of the Boston criteria." Neurology 56.4 (2001): 537-539.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lovelock, C. E., A. J. Molyneux, and P. M. Rothwell. "Change in incidence and aetiology of intracerebral haemorrhage in Oxfordshire, UK, between 1981 and 2006: a population-based study." The Lancet Neurology 6.6 (2007): 487-493.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Rümke CL (1975). "Letter: Implications of the statement: No side effects were observed". N Engl J Med. 292 (7): 372–3. PMID 1117973.
  6. ↑ Uglietta JP, O'Connor CM, Boyko OB, Aldrich H, Massey EW, Heinz ER (1991). "CT patterns of intracranial hemorrhage complicating thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction". Radiology. 181 (2): 555–9. doi:10.1148/radiology.181.2.1924804. PMID 1924804.


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