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==Overview==
==Overview==
Cretinism was first described by ancient Roman writers. In the 19th century, cretinism was described by [[Physician|physicians]] and travelers and some areas in Europe and North America were named as "[[goiter]] belts".
==Historical Perspective==
==Historical Perspective==
Endemic cretinism was especially common in areas of southern Europe around the Alps and was described by Roman writers, and often depicted by medieval artists. Alpine cretinism was described from a medical perspective by several travellers and physicians in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. At that time the cause was not known and it was often attributed to "stagnant air" in mountain valleys or "bad water". The proportion of people affected varied markedly throughout southern Europe and even within very small areas it might be common in one valley and not another. The number of severely affected persons was always a minority and most persons affected by cretinism to the extent of having a goiter and some degree of reduced cognition and growth were still socially functional in their pastoral villages.


More mildly affected areas of Europe and North America in the 19th century were referred to as "goiter belts". The degree of iodine deficiency was milder and manifested primarily as thyroid enlargement rather than severe mental and physical impairment. In Switzerland, for example, where soil is poor in iodine, the cases of cretinism were very abundant and even were considered to be genetically caused. As the variety of food sources dramatically increased in Europe and North America and the populations became less completely dependent on locally grown food, the prevalence of endemic goiter diminished.
===Discovery===
*Cretinism was described by ancient Roman writers and they declared Southern Europe around the Alps as endemic areas.<ref name="pmid14023685">{{cite journal| author=CRANEFIELD PF| title=The discovery of cretinism. | journal=Bull Hist Med | year= 1962 | volume= 36 | issue=  | pages= 489-511 | pmid=14023685 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14023685  }}</ref>
*In 1848, the first study of [[goiter]] and cretinism was held in Italy to detect the [[goiter]] cases in the population.
*In the 19th century, cretinism was described by [[physicians]] and travelers. They did not know the cause of cretinism and linked it to polluted air and water in the Alps mountains.  
*In the 19th century, some areas in Europe and North America were named as "[[goiter]] belts".
*In the 20th century, the relationships of sporadic cretinism with congenital hypothyroidism and of endemic cretinism with [[hypothyroidism]] due to [[Iodine deficiency|iodine deficienc]]<nowiki/>y were discovered.
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}


In the early 20th century the relationships of sporadic cretinism with congenital hypothyroidism, and endemic cretinism with hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency were discovered and both have been largely eliminated in the developed world.
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Congenital disorders]]
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[[Category:Medicine]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Endocrinology]]
[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]

Latest revision as of 14:21, 30 October 2017

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ahmed Elsaiey, MBBCH [2]

Overview

Cretinism was first described by ancient Roman writers. In the 19th century, cretinism was described by physicians and travelers and some areas in Europe and North America were named as "goiter belts".

Historical Perspective

Discovery

  • Cretinism was described by ancient Roman writers and they declared Southern Europe around the Alps as endemic areas.[1]
  • In 1848, the first study of goiter and cretinism was held in Italy to detect the goiter cases in the population.
  • In the 19th century, cretinism was described by physicians and travelers. They did not know the cause of cretinism and linked it to polluted air and water in the Alps mountains.
  • In the 19th century, some areas in Europe and North America were named as "goiter belts".
  • In the 20th century, the relationships of sporadic cretinism with congenital hypothyroidism and of endemic cretinism with hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency were discovered.

References

  1. CRANEFIELD PF (1962). "The discovery of cretinism". Bull Hist Med. 36: 489–511. PMID 14023685.

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