Vitamin D deficiency prevention: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[Vitamin D]] is recommended for everyone to prevent vitamin D deficiency. The current guideline by the [[Institute of Medicine]] (IOM) recommends 600 IU/d for healthy individuals between 1-70 years of age and 800 IU/d for elderly over 70. | [[Vitamin D]] is recommended for everyone to prevent vitamin D deficiency. The current guideline by the [[Institute of Medicine]] (IOM) recommends 600 IU/d for healthy individuals between 1-70 years of age and 800 IU/d for elderly over 70. | ||
==Prevention== | ==Prevention== | ||
Effective measures for the primary prevention of vitamin D deficiency include dietary intake and cutaneous synthesis. Cutaneous synthesis requires enough sun exposure and it depends on multiple factors including season, latitude, altitude, duration and skin pigmentation. However, there is a concern regarding sun exposure that increases skin cancer. So, it is not recommended to prevent vitamin D deficiency. <ref name="urlOverview of Vitamin D - Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D - NCBI Bookshelf">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56061/ |title=Overview of Vitamin D - Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D - NCBI Bookshelf |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | Effective measures for the primary prevention of vitamin D deficiency include dietary intake and cutaneous synthesis. Cutaneous synthesis requires enough sun exposure and it depends on multiple factors including season, latitude, altitude, duration and skin pigmentation. However, there is a concern regarding sun exposure that increases skin cancer. So, it is not recommended to prevent vitamin D deficiency.<ref name="HolickBinkley2011">{{cite journal|last1=Holick|first1=Michael F.|last2=Binkley|first2=Neil C.|last3=Bischoff-Ferrari|first3=Heike A.|last4=Gordon|first4=Catherine M.|last5=Hanley|first5=David A.|last6=Heaney|first6=Robert P.|last7=Murad|first7=M. Hassan|last8=Weaver|first8=Connie M.|title=Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline|journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism|volume=96|issue=7|year=2011|pages=1911–1930|issn=0021-972X|doi=10.1210/jc.2011-0385}}</ref><ref name="urlOverview of Vitamin D - Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D - NCBI Bookshelf">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56061/ |title=Overview of Vitamin D - Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D - NCBI Bookshelf |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
* In 2011, the [[Institute of Medicine]] (IOM) recommended 600 IU/d of [[vitamin D]] for healthy persons over 1 year of age until 70. [[Recommended Dietary Allowance]] (RDA) of [[vitamin D]] for individuals over 70 years of age is 800 IU/d. RDA for pregnant and lactating women is the same as for nonpregnant adults. <ref> Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium; Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, et al., editors. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011. 5, Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy: Calcium and Vitamin D. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56056/ </ref> | * In 2011, the [[Institute of Medicine]] (IOM) recommended 600 IU/d of [[vitamin D]] for healthy persons over 1 year of age until 70. [[Recommended Dietary Allowance]] (RDA) of [[vitamin D]] for individuals over 70 years of age is 800 IU/d. RDA for pregnant and lactating women is the same as for nonpregnant adults.<ref>Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium; Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, et al., editors. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011. 5, Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy: Calcium and Vitamin D. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56056/ </ref> | ||
*The [[National Osteoporosis Foundation]] (NOF) recommends higer dose 800-1000 IU/d of [[vitamin D]] for adults age 50 and older.<ref name="Cosmande Beur2014">{{cite journal|last1=Cosman|first1=F.|last2=de Beur|first2=S. J.|last3=LeBoff|first3=M. S.|last4=Lewiecki|first4=E. M.|last5=Tanner|first5=B.|last6=Randall|first6=S.|last7=Lindsay|first7=R.|title=Clinician’s Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis|journal=Osteoporosis International|volume=25|issue=10|year=2014|pages=2359–2381|issn=0937-941X|doi=10.1007/s00198-014-2794-2}}</ref> | *The [[National Osteoporosis Foundation]] (NOF) recommends higer dose 800-1000 IU/d of [[vitamin D]] for adults age 50 and older.<ref name="Cosmande Beur2014">{{cite journal|last1=Cosman|first1=F.|last2=de Beur|first2=S. J.|last3=LeBoff|first3=M. S.|last4=Lewiecki|first4=E. M.|last5=Tanner|first5=B.|last6=Randall|first6=S.|last7=Lindsay|first7=R.|title=Clinician’s Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis|journal=Osteoporosis International|volume=25|issue=10|year=2014|pages=2359–2381|issn=0937-941X|doi=10.1007/s00198-014-2794-2}}</ref> | ||
* In the UK, the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) recommends 400 IU/d of vitamin D (10 micrograms) for everyone above one year of age. Infants, from birth up to one year of age, as a precaution, should consume 340-400 IU/d of vitamin D (8.5-10 micrograms). <ref name="urlSACN vitamin D and health report - GOV.UK">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sacn-vitamin-d-and-health-report |title=SACN vitamin D and health report - GOV.UK |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | * In the UK, the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) recommends 400 IU/d of vitamin D (10 micrograms) for everyone above one year of age. Infants, from birth up to one year of age, as a precaution, should consume 340-400 IU/d of vitamin D (8.5-10 micrograms).<ref name="urlSACN vitamin D and health report - GOV.UK">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sacn-vitamin-d-and-health-report |title=SACN vitamin D and health report - GOV.UK |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
* For the Europeans, the [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA), published the recommendation as follows: <ref name="urlwww.gov.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/563596/joint_note_by_SACN_and_EFSA.pdf |title=Joint note by SACN and EFSA |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | * For the Europeans, the [[European Food Safety Authority]] (EFSA), published the recommendation as follows:<ref name="urlwww.gov.uk">{{cite web |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/563596/joint_note_by_SACN_and_EFSA.pdf |title=Joint note by SACN and EFSA |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref> | ||
** Infants aged 7-11 months: 10 µg/day | ** Infants aged 7-11 months: 10 µg/day | ||
** | ** For all other population groups aged one year and more (including pregnant/lactating women): 15 µg/day | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Latest revision as of 01:52, 21 November 2017
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Vitamin D deficiency Microchapters |
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Vitamin D deficiency prevention On the Web |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Vitamin D deficiency prevention |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sadaf Sharfaei M.D.[2]
Overview
Vitamin D is recommended for everyone to prevent vitamin D deficiency. The current guideline by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends 600 IU/d for healthy individuals between 1-70 years of age and 800 IU/d for elderly over 70.
Prevention
Effective measures for the primary prevention of vitamin D deficiency include dietary intake and cutaneous synthesis. Cutaneous synthesis requires enough sun exposure and it depends on multiple factors including season, latitude, altitude, duration and skin pigmentation. However, there is a concern regarding sun exposure that increases skin cancer. So, it is not recommended to prevent vitamin D deficiency.[1][2]
- In 2011, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommended 600 IU/d of vitamin D for healthy persons over 1 year of age until 70. Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) of vitamin D for individuals over 70 years of age is 800 IU/d. RDA for pregnant and lactating women is the same as for nonpregnant adults.[3]
- The National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) recommends higer dose 800-1000 IU/d of vitamin D for adults age 50 and older.[4]
- In the UK, the Scientific Advisory Committee on Nutrition (SACN) recommends 400 IU/d of vitamin D (10 micrograms) for everyone above one year of age. Infants, from birth up to one year of age, as a precaution, should consume 340-400 IU/d of vitamin D (8.5-10 micrograms).[5]
- For the Europeans, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), published the recommendation as follows:[6]
- Infants aged 7-11 months: 10 µg/day
- For all other population groups aged one year and more (including pregnant/lactating women): 15 µg/day
References
- ↑ Holick, Michael F.; Binkley, Neil C.; Bischoff-Ferrari, Heike A.; Gordon, Catherine M.; Hanley, David A.; Heaney, Robert P.; Murad, M. Hassan; Weaver, Connie M. (2011). "Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: an Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 96 (7): 1911–1930. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0385. ISSN 0021-972X.
- ↑ "Overview of Vitamin D - Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D - NCBI Bookshelf".
- ↑ Institute of Medicine (US) Committee to Review Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin D and Calcium; Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, et al., editors. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2011. 5, Dietary Reference Intakes for Adequacy: Calcium and Vitamin D. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK56056/
- ↑ Cosman, F.; de Beur, S. J.; LeBoff, M. S.; Lewiecki, E. M.; Tanner, B.; Randall, S.; Lindsay, R. (2014). "Clinician's Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis". Osteoporosis International. 25 (10): 2359–2381. doi:10.1007/s00198-014-2794-2. ISSN 0937-941X.
- ↑ "SACN vitamin D and health report - GOV.UK".
- ↑ "Joint note by SACN and EFSA" (PDF).