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{{Colon cancer}}
{{Colon cancer}}
 
To view the history and symptoms of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), click [[Familial adenomatous polyposis history and symptoms|'''here''']]<br>
'''Editor(s)-in-Chief:''' [[C. Michael Gibson]], M.S.,M.D. [mailto:mgibson@perfuse.org]  Phone:617-632-7753; Elliot B. Tapper, M.D., Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center; {{RT}}
To view the history and symptoms of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), click [[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer history and symptoms|'''here''']]<br><br>
{{CMG}} {{AE}} Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D.; Elliot B. Tapper, M.D. {{USAMA}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
The history of a patient with colorectal cancer may include a family history of [[Polyp|polyps]]/[[colorectal cancer]] or a history of [[inflammatory bowel disease]]. Some symptoms that are associated with colorectal cancer are change in bowel habits, [[hematochezia]], and rectal pain. Metastatic symptoms include [[dyspnea]], [[abdominal pain]], [[fractures]], and [[confusion]].


==History==
==Colorectal Cancer History and Symptoms==
A directed history is to be obtained to asertain:
Colon cancer often causes no symptoms until it has reached a relatively advanced stage.  When symptoms do occur, they depend on the site of the [[lesion]]. Generally speaking, the nearer the lesion is to the [[anus]], the more bowel symptoms there will be, such as:<ref>{{Cite journal
* Any change in bowel habits
| author = [[Carmen Jochem]] & [[Michael Leitzmann]]
* Any [[bleeding per rectum]]
| title = Obesity and Colorectal Cancer
* Excessive [[fatigue ]]
| journal = [[Recent results in cancer research. Fortschritte der Krebsforschung. Progres dans les recherches sur le cancer]]
* Unexplained [[weight loss]]
| volume = 208
* [[Abdominal pain]]
| pages = 17–41
 
| year = 2016
===Past Medical History===
| month =  
* Any history of long standing [[inflammatory bowel disease]]
| doi = 10.1007/978-3-319-42542-9_2
* Any history of [[Diabetes]]
| pmid = 27909900
 
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
===Family History===
| author = [[Hind Mrabti]], [[Mounia Amziren]], [[Ibrahim ElGhissassi]], [[Youssef Bensouda]], [[Narjiss Berrada]], [[Halima Abahssain]], [[Saber Boutayeb]], [[Samira El Fakir]], [[Chakib Nejjari]], [[Abdellatif Benider]], [[Nawfel Mellas]], [[Omar El Mesbahi]], [[Maria Bennani]], [[Rachid Bekkali]], [[Ahmed Zidouh]] & [[Hassan Errihani]]
* Any family history of colorectal cancer
| title = Quality of life of early stage colorectal cancer patients in Morocco
 
| journal = [[BMC gastroenterology]]
====Alcohol====
| volume = 16
* History of long standing history of alcohol intake should be inquired.
| issue = 1
 
| pages = 131
====Smoking====
| year = 2016
* Any history of long standing tobacco use/[[smoking]]
| doi = 10.1186/s12876-016-0538-9
 
| pmid = 27733117
==Symptoms==
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
Colon cancer often causes no symptoms until it has reached a relatively advanced stage. Thus, many organizations recommend periodic screening (see below). When symptoms do occur, they depend on the site of the lesion. Generally speaking, the nearer the lesion is to the anus, the more bowel symptoms there will be, such as:
| author = [[Yasmine Samir Galal]], [[Tarek Tawfik Amin]], [[Abdulelah Khalid Alarfaj]], [[Abdulaziz Abdullah Almulhim]], [[Abdullah Abdulmohsen Aljughaiman]], [[Abdulrhaman Khaled Almulla]] & [[Rehab Ahmed Abdelhai]]
* Change in bowel habits
| title = Colon Cancer among Older Saudis: Awareness of Risk Factors and Early Signs, and Perceived Barriers to Screening
** change in frequency ([[constipation]] and/or [[diarrhea]]),
| journal = [[Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP]]
** change in the quality of stools
| volume = 17
** change in consistency of stools
| issue = 4
* [[hematochezia|Bloody stools]] or rectal bleeding
| pages = 1837–1846
* Stools with [[mucus]]
| year = 2016
* Tarry stools ([[melena]]) (more likely related to upper gastrointestinal eg stomach or duodenal disease)
| month =  
* Feeling of incomplete defecation ([[tenesmus]]) (usually associated with rectal cancer)
  | pmid = 27221862
* Reduction in diameter of feces
}}</ref>
* [[Bowel obstruction]] (rare)
*Change in bowel habits
:*Change in frequency ([[constipation]] and/or [[diarrhea]])
:*Change in the quality of stools
:*Change in consistency of stools
*[[Hematochezia]] or bleeding per rectum
*[[Mucus]] in stools
*[[Abdominal cramps]] or discomfort
*[[Melena]] (usually associated with upper gastrointestinal disease)
*[[Tenesmus]] (usually associated with rectal cancer)
*Diminished caliber of stools (usually associated with rectal cancer)
*Rectal pain (usually associated with rectal cancer)
*Past medical history of longstanding [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[diabetes]], another primary cancer, or [[Kidney transplantation|renal transplantation]]
*Family history of [[polyps]] or colorectal cancer
*[[Smoking]] and/or [[alcohol]]
*Low fiber/high fat diet and/or red meat diet
*Sedentary lifestyle


===Constitutional symptoms===
===Constitutional symptoms===
Especially in the cases of cancer in the [[ascending colon]], sometimes only the less specific constitutional symptoms will be found:
The constitutional symptoms of colorectal carcinoma include:<ref>{{Cite journal
* [[Anemia]], with symptoms such as [[dizziness]], [[malaise]] and [[palpitation]]s.  Clinically there will be [[pallor]] and a complete blood picture will confirm the low [[hemoglobin]] level, often with low mean corpuscular volume.
| author = [[Yasmine Samir Galal]], [[Tarek Tawfik Amin]], [[Abdulelah Khalid Alarfaj]], [[Abdulaziz Abdullah Almulhim]], [[Abdullah Abdulmohsen Aljughaiman]], [[Abdulrhaman Khaled Almulla]] & [[Rehab Ahmed Abdelhai]]
* [[Anorexia (symptom)|Anorexia]]
| title = Colon Cancer among Older Saudis: Awareness of Risk Factors and Early Signs, and Perceived Barriers to Screening
* [[Asthenia]], [[weakness]]
| journal = [[Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP]]
* Unexplained [[weight loss]].
| volume = 17
[[Image:Colon cancer.jpg|thumb|200px|left|[[Gross examination|Gross]] appearance of a [[colectomy]] specimen containing two [[Colorectal polyp|adenomatous polyps]] (the brownish oval tumors above the labels, attached to the normal beige lining by a stalk) and one '''invasive colorectal carcinoma''' (the crater-like, reddish, irregularly-shaped tumor located above the label).]]
| issue = 4
<br clear="left"/>
| pages = 1837–1846
| year = 2016
| month =
| pmid = 27221862
}}</ref>
*[[Nausea and vomiting|Nausea/vomiting]]
*Unexplained [[weight loss]]
*Unexplained [[loss of appetite]]
*Weakness
*[[Fatigue]]
*[[Dizziness]]
*[[Palpitations]]


===Metastatic symptoms===
===Metastatic symptoms===
There may also be symptoms attributed to distant [[metastasis]]:
There may be symptoms attributed to distant [[metastasis]]:<ref>{{Cite journal
* [[Shortness of breath]] as in [[lung]] [[metastasis]]
| author = [[Samir Pathak]], [[Sanjay Pandanaboyana]], [[Ian Daniels]], [[Neil Smart]] & [[K. R. Prasad]]
* [[Epigastric pain|Epigastric]] or [[right upper quadrant pain]], as in [[liver]] [[metastasis]].  Rarely there can be [[jaundice]] if the outflow of [[bile]] is blocked.  Clinically there might be [[hepatomegaly|liver enlargement]].
| title = Obesity and colorectal liver metastases: Mechanisms and management
| journal = [[Surgical oncology]]
| volume = 25
| issue = 3
| pages = 246–251
| year = 2016
| doi = 10.1016/j.suronc.2016.05.021
| pmid = 27566030
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Masato Watanabe]], [[Masanori Tada]], [[Takafumi Satomi]], [[Daichi Chikazu]], [[Masashi Mizumoto]] & [[Hideyuki Sakurai]]
| title = Metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma in the mandibular gingiva: a case report
| journal = [[World journal of surgical oncology]]
| volume = 14
| issue = 1
| pages = 199
| year = 2016
| doi = 10.1186/s12957-016-0958-6
| pmid = 27473859
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
| author = [[Vivek Subbiah]] & [[Howard Jack West]]
| title = Jaundice (Hyperbilirubinemia) in Cancer
| journal = [[JAMA oncology]]
| volume = 2
| issue = 8
| pages = 1103
| year = 2016
| doi = 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.1236
  | pmid = 27416009
}}</ref>
*Lungs
**[[Dyspnea]]
**[[Cough]] with blood-stained [[sputum]]
**Persistent pain or discomfort in the chest
*Liver
**[[Abdominal]] pain
**[[Swelling of the ankles|Swelling of hands or feet]]
**[[Itching]]
**[[Jaundice]]
**Dark-colored urine
*Bones
**Pain
**[[Fractures]]
*[[Brain]]/[[spinal cord]]
**Pain
**[[Confusion]]
**[[Memory loss]]
**[[Headache]]
**[[Blurred vision|Blurred]] or [[double vision]]
**Difficulty with speech
**Difficulty with movement
**[[Seizures]]
*Oral Cavity
**Gum pain
**Inability to open the mouth


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


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Latest revision as of 16:04, 18 December 2017

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To view the history and symptoms of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), click here
To view the history and symptoms of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), click here

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D.; Elliot B. Tapper, M.D. Usama Talib, BSc, MD [2]

Overview

The history of a patient with colorectal cancer may include a family history of polyps/colorectal cancer or a history of inflammatory bowel disease. Some symptoms that are associated with colorectal cancer are change in bowel habits, hematochezia, and rectal pain. Metastatic symptoms include dyspnea, abdominal pain, fractures, and confusion.

Colorectal Cancer History and Symptoms

Colon cancer often causes no symptoms until it has reached a relatively advanced stage. When symptoms do occur, they depend on the site of the lesion. Generally speaking, the nearer the lesion is to the anus, the more bowel symptoms there will be, such as:[1][2][3]

  • Change in bowel habits
  • Change in frequency (constipation and/or diarrhea)
  • Change in the quality of stools
  • Change in consistency of stools

Constitutional symptoms

The constitutional symptoms of colorectal carcinoma include:[4]

Metastatic symptoms

There may be symptoms attributed to distant metastasis:[5][6][7]

References

  1. ↑ Carmen Jochem & Michael Leitzmann (2016). "Obesity and Colorectal Cancer". Recent results in cancer research. Fortschritte der Krebsforschung. Progres dans les recherches sur le cancer. 208: 17–41. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-42542-9_2. PMID 27909900.
  2. ↑ Hind Mrabti, Mounia Amziren, Ibrahim ElGhissassi, Youssef Bensouda, Narjiss Berrada, Halima Abahssain, Saber Boutayeb, Samira El Fakir, Chakib Nejjari, Abdellatif Benider, Nawfel Mellas, Omar El Mesbahi, Maria Bennani, Rachid Bekkali, Ahmed Zidouh & Hassan Errihani (2016). "Quality of life of early stage colorectal cancer patients in Morocco". BMC gastroenterology. 16 (1): 131. doi:10.1186/s12876-016-0538-9. PMID 27733117.
  3. ↑ Yasmine Samir Galal, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Abdulelah Khalid Alarfaj, Abdulaziz Abdullah Almulhim, Abdullah Abdulmohsen Aljughaiman, Abdulrhaman Khaled Almulla & Rehab Ahmed Abdelhai (2016). "Colon Cancer among Older Saudis: Awareness of Risk Factors and Early Signs, and Perceived Barriers to Screening". Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP. 17 (4): 1837–1846. PMID 27221862.
  4. ↑ Yasmine Samir Galal, Tarek Tawfik Amin, Abdulelah Khalid Alarfaj, Abdulaziz Abdullah Almulhim, Abdullah Abdulmohsen Aljughaiman, Abdulrhaman Khaled Almulla & Rehab Ahmed Abdelhai (2016). "Colon Cancer among Older Saudis: Awareness of Risk Factors and Early Signs, and Perceived Barriers to Screening". Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP. 17 (4): 1837–1846. PMID 27221862.
  5. ↑ Samir Pathak, Sanjay Pandanaboyana, Ian Daniels, Neil Smart & K. R. Prasad (2016). "Obesity and colorectal liver metastases: Mechanisms and management". Surgical oncology. 25 (3): 246–251. doi:10.1016/j.suronc.2016.05.021. PMID 27566030.
  6. ↑ Masato Watanabe, Masanori Tada, Takafumi Satomi, Daichi Chikazu, Masashi Mizumoto & Hideyuki Sakurai (2016). "Metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma in the mandibular gingiva: a case report". World journal of surgical oncology. 14 (1): 199. doi:10.1186/s12957-016-0958-6. PMID 27473859.
  7. ↑ Vivek Subbiah & Howard Jack West (2016). "Jaundice (Hyperbilirubinemia) in Cancer". JAMA oncology. 2 (8): 1103. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.1236. PMID 27416009.


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