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| {{AY}} | | {{Infobox_Disease | |
| | Name = Diaphragmatic Hernia | |
| | Image = Peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia.JPG| |
| | Caption = By Joel Mills - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=946353 | |
| | }} |
| | __NOTOC__ |
| | {{Diaphragmatic hernia}} |
| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{AY}} |
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| ==Historical perspective==
| | {{SK}} Congenital diaphragm hernia, Diaphragm hernia, Hernia through the diaphragm. |
| Historical perspective:
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| In 1679, the first case of congenital diaphragmatic hernia was reported by Riverius.
| | ==[[Diaphragmatic hernia overview|Overview]]== |
| In 1888, the first procedure to repair congenital diaphragmatic hernia in an adult was done and in 1889, the first procedure on an infant was done.
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| In 1905, the first successful operation was done but the success rate was only about 60% in 1925.
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| In 1940, A set of diagnostic criteria for diaphragmatic hernia were suggested.
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| In 1950, the transthoracic approach was suggested instead of the transabdominal approach.
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| ==Epidemiology== | | ==[[Diaphragmatic hernia historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
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| ===Incidence=== | | ==[[Diaphragmatic hernia classification|Classification]]== |
| The incidence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia ranges from 50 to 150 per 100.000 live births.<ref name="pmid19524735">{{cite journal |vauthors=Fisher JC, Haley MJ, Ruiz-Elizalde A, Stolar CJ, Arkovitz MS |title=Multivariate model for predicting recurrence in congenital diaphragmatic hernia |journal=J. Pediatr. Surg. |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=1173–9; discussion 1179–80 |year=2009 |pmid=19524735 |pmc=3072822 |doi=10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2009.02.043 |url=}}</ref>
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| ===Prevalence===
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| The prevalence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia ranges from 10 to 40 per live births.<ref name="pmid25411443">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGivern MR, Best KE, Rankin J, Wellesley D, Greenlees R, Addor MC, Arriola L, de Walle H, Barisic I, Beres J, Bianchi F, Calzolari E, Doray B, Draper ES, Garne E, Gatt M, Haeusler M, Khoshnood B, Klungsoyr K, Latos-Bielenska A, O'Mahony M, Braz P, McDonnell B, Mullaney C, Nelen V, Queisser-Luft A, Randrianaivo H, Rissmann A, Rounding C, Sipek A, Thompson R, Tucker D, Wertelecki W, Martos C |title=Epidemiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Europe: a register-based study |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=F137–44 |year=2015 |pmid=25411443 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2014-306174 |url=}}</ref>
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| ===Sex===
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| Congenital diaphragmatic hernia has no sex predilection.<ref name="pmid25411443">{{cite journal |vauthors=McGivern MR, Best KE, Rankin J, Wellesley D, Greenlees R, Addor MC, Arriola L, de Walle H, Barisic I, Beres J, Bianchi F, Calzolari E, Doray B, Draper ES, Garne E, Gatt M, Haeusler M, Khoshnood B, Klungsoyr K, Latos-Bielenska A, O'Mahony M, Braz P, McDonnell B, Mullaney C, Nelen V, Queisser-Luft A, Randrianaivo H, Rissmann A, Rounding C, Sipek A, Thompson R, Tucker D, Wertelecki W, Martos C |title=Epidemiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Europe: a register-based study |journal=Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed. |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=F137–44 |year=2015 |pmid=25411443 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2014-306174 |url=}}</ref>
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| ===Age===
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| 90% of the congenital diaphragmatic hernias present in the neonatal period.
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| Classification
| | ==[[Diaphragmatic hernia pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
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| Congenital diaphragmatic hernia can be classified into three types according to the site of herniation.
| | ==[[Diaphragmatic hernia causes|Causes]]== |
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| Posterolateral (Bochdalek) diaphragmatic hernia
| | ==[[Diaphragmatic hernia epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| It is the most common subtype.
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| Most commonly occurs on the left side and rarely occurs bilaterally.
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| Anterior (Morgagni) diaphragmatic hernia
| | ==[[Diaphragmatic hernia risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| In anterior diaphragmatic hernia, the intestine bulges into the thorax through the anterior midline.
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| Most of the cases of anterior diaphragmatic hernia occur on the right side.
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| Hiatal hernia
| | ==[[Diaphragmatic hernia screening|Screening]]== |
| The intestine finds its way to the thorax through the esophageal hiatus.
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| More common in the adults than in the neonates.
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| | ==[[Diaphragmatic hernia natural history, complications, and prognosis|Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis]]== |
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| Pathophysiology
| | == Diagnosis == |
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| The herniated viscera decrease the area needed by the lung to develop appropriately.
| | [[Diaphragmatic hernia history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Diaphragmatic hernia physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Diaphragmatic hernia laboratory tests|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Diaphragmatic hernia chest x ray|Chest X Ray]]| [[Diaphragmatic hernia CT|CT]] | [[Diaphragmatic hernia MRI|MRI]] | [[Diaphragmatic hernia other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Diaphragmatic hernia other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| According to the degree of herniation, the degree of pulmonary hypoplasia is determined.
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| The development of the pulmonary artery tree is halted too resulting in excessive masculinization of the arteries.
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| As most of the cases of diaphragmatic hernia is unilateral, the pulmonary hypoplasia is also usually unilateral, but it can be bilateral if the mediastinum is pushed by a massive unilateral hernia.
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| The abnormal alveolar development can lead to hypoxemia leading to pulmonary vasoconstriction which aggravates the condition.
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| | == Treatment == |
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| Natural history, complications and prognosis
| | [[Diaphragmatic hernia medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Diaphragmatic hernia surgery|Surgery]] | [[Diaphragmatic hernia primary prevention|Prevention]] | [[Diaphragmatic hernia cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Diaphragmatic hernia future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
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| Natural history
| | ==Case Studies== |
| 90% of the cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia presents in the neonatal period.
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| If left untreated, congenital diaphragmatic hernia can be fatal due to pulmonary hypoplasia and severe pulmonary hypertension.
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| Complications
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| GI complications
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| Pulmonary hypoplasia
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| Abnormal developmental rotation of the midgut
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| Midgut volvulus
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| Gastric volvulus
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| Cardiopulmonary complications
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| Pulmonary hypoplasia
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| Pulmonary artery hypertension
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| In severe cases, ventricular hypoplasia
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| Prognosis
| | [[Diaphragmatic hernia case study one|Case #1]] |
| The prognosis is mainly dependent on the size of the defect and the degree of the herniation.
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| The presence or absence of liver herniation on fetal MRI is the most reliable prediction of the postnatal survival.
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| The estimation of fetal lung volume and lung area to head circumference is a useful indicator for the prognosis of the disease in the absence of liver herniation.
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| The mortality ranges from 25-60% of the cases.
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| ==Natural history, complications and prognosis==
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| ===Natural history===
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| 90% of the cases of congenital diaphragmatic hernia presents in the neonatal period.
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| If left untreated, congenital diaphragmatic hernia can be fatal due to pulmonary hypoplasia and severe pulmonary hypertension.
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| ===Complications===
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| GI complications
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| Pulmonary hypoplasia
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| Abnormal developmental rotation of the midgut
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| Midgut volvulus
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| Gastric volvulus
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| Cardiopulmonary complications
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| Pulmonary hypoplasia
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| Pulmonary artery hypertension
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| In severe cases, ventricular hypoplasia
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| ===Prognosis===
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| The prognosis is mainly dependent on the size of the defect and the degree of the herniation.
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| The presence or absence of liver herniation on fetal MRI is the most reliable prediction of the postnatal survival.
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| The estimation of fetal lung volume and lung area to head circumference is a useful indicator for the prognosis of the disease in the absence of liver herniation.
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| The mortality ranges from 25-60% of the cases.
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| ==Symptoms==
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| CDH most often presents in the neonatal period as:
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| Respiratory distress: The neonate may show cyanosis, tachycardia, lethargy, intolerance to feeding due to inadequate oxygenation.
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| Adrenal insufficiency: it is a common association with congenital diaphragmatic hernia.
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| ==Physical exam==
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| ===General appearance===
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| A neonate with CDH usually appears cyanotic and in acute distress.
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| ===Vital signs===
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| Heart rate: tachycardia
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| Respiratory rate: tachypnea
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| ===Lungs===
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| The chest may have a barrel shape.
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| Absent breath sounds at the side of the hernia
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| Peristaltic sounds in the chest
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| ===Heart===
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| The heart sounds may be displaced to the other side of the chest.
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| The heart sounds may reveal the murmurs of associated cardiac anomalies.
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| ===Abdomen===
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| The abdomen is scaphoid due to herniation of the abdominal content into the thoracic cavity.
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| ==References==
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