Cholangiocarcinoma epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Cholangiocarcinoma}}
{{Cholangiocarcinoma}}
{{CMG}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{F.K}} [mailto:fkahe@bidmc.harvard.edu], {{PSK}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
The [[incidence]] of cholangiocarcinoma is approximately 1-2 per 100,000 individuals in the United States. The [[prevalence]] of cholangiocarcinoma is approximately 0.01% to 0.46% per 100,000 individuals. Patients of all age groups may develop cholangiocarcinoma. Cholangiocarcinoma is more common in males than in females.


==Epidemiology==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
*Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common type of primary hepatic tumor, with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICCs) accounting for 10-20% of primary liver tumors.
===Incidence===
==Incidence==
*The [[incidence]] of cholangiocarcinoma is approximately 1-2 per 100,000 individuals in the United States.
*Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare disease.
*The highest annual incidences of cholangiocarcinoma is 5.5 cases per 100,000 people in Japan, and 7.3 cases per 100,000 people in Israel.<ref name="pmid18773060">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan SA, Toledano MB, Taylor-Robinson SD |title=Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma |journal=HPB (Oxford) |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=77–82 |year=2008 |pmid=18773060 |pmc=2504381 |doi=10.1080/13651820801992641 |url=}}</ref>
*There are significant variations in incidence according to region, with much higher rates seen in southeast Asia.
*The overall incidence of cholangiocarcinoma in U.S. population is estimated at 1 - 2 cases per 100,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vauthey J, Blumgart L |title=Recent advances in the management of cholangiocarcinomas |journal=Semin Liver Dis |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=109-14 |year=1994 |id=PMID 8047893}}</ref>
*Multiple studies have documented a steady increase in the incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma over the past several decades. Increases have been observed in North America, Europe, Asia, and Australia.<ref>Multiple independent studies have documented a steady increase in the worldwide incidence of cholangiocarcinoma. Some relevant journal articles include:
*{{cite journal |author=Patel T |title=Worldwide trends in mortality from biliary tract malignancies |journal=BMC Cancer |volume=2 |issue= |pages=10 |year= |id=PMID 11991810}}
*{{cite journal |author=Patel T |title=Increasing incidence and mortality of primary intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States |journal=Hepatology |volume=33 |issue=6 |pages=1353–7 |year=2001 |id=PMID 11391522}}
*{{cite journal |author=Shaib Y, Davila J, McGlynn K, El-Serag H |title=Rising incidence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a true increase? |journal=J Hepatol |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=472-7 |year=2004 |id=PMID 15123362}}
*{{cite journal |author=West J, Wood H, Logan R, Quinn M, Aithal G |title=Trends in the incidence of primary liver and biliary tract cancers in England and Wales 1971–2001 |journal=Br J Cancer |volume=94 |issue=11 |pages=1751–8 |year=2006 |id=PMID 16736026}}
*{{cite journal |author=Khan S, Taylor-Robinson S, Toledano M, Beck A, Elliott P, Thomas H |title=Changing international trends in mortality rates for liver, biliary and pancreatic tumours |journal=J Hepatol |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=806-13 |year=2002 |id=PMID 12445422}}
*{{cite journal |author=Welzel T, McGlynn K, Hsing A, O'Brien T, Pfeiffer R |title=Impact of classification of hilar cholangiocarcinomas (Klatskin tumors) on the incidence of intra- and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States |journal=J Natl Cancer Inst |volume=98 |issue=12 |pages=873-5 |year=2006 |id=PMID 16788161}}</ref> The reasons for the increasing occurrence of cholangiocarcinoma are unclear; improved diagnostic methods may be partially responsible, but the prevalence of potential risk factors for cholangiocarcinoma, such as [[HIV|HIV infection]], has also been increasing during this time frame.<ref name="riskfactors">{{cite journal |author=Shaib Y, El-Serag H, Davila J, Morgan R, McGlynn K |title=Risk factors of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States: a case-control study |journal=Gastroenterology |volume=128 |issue=3 |pages=620-6 |year=2005 |id=PMID 15765398}}</ref>


==Prevalence==
===Prevalence===
*The prevalence of cholangiocarcinoma is approximately 0.01% to 0.46% per 100,000 individuals.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vauthey J, Blumgart L |title=Recent advances in the management of cholangiocarcinomas |journal=Semin Liver Dis |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=109-14 |year=1994 |id=PMID 8047893}}</ref>
*The [[prevalence]] of cholangiocarcinoma is approximately 0.01% to 0.46% per 100,000 individuals.
*In the United States, the highest prevalence adjusted by age is found in the Hispanic population, whereas the lowest is found in African Americans.<ref name="Macias2014">{{cite journal|last1=Macias|first1=Rocio I. R.|title=Cholangiocarcinoma: Biology, Clinical Management, and Pharmacological Perspectives|journal=ISRN Hepatology|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–13|issn=2314-4041|doi=10.1155/2014/828074}}</ref>
*The [[prevalence]] of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with [[primary sclerosing cholangitis]] may be as high as 30%, based on [[autopsy]] studies.<ref name="pmid18773060">{{cite journal |vauthors=Khan SA, Toledano MB, Taylor-Robinson SD |title=Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma |journal=HPB (Oxford) |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=77–82 |year=2008 |pmid=18773060 |pmc=2504381 |doi=10.1080/13651820801992641 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid25966423">{{cite journal |vauthors=Bergquist A, von Seth E |title=Epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=221–32 |year=2015 |pmid=25966423 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2015.02.003 |url=}}</ref>
*There is a higher prevalence of cholangiocarcinoma in Asia, which has been attributed to endemic chronic parasitic infestation.
*The prevalence of cholangiocarcinoma in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis may be as high as 30%, based on autopsy studies.<ref name="autopsy">{{cite journal |author=Rosen C, Nagorney D, Wiesner R, Coffey R, LaRusso N |title=Cholangiocarcinoma complicating primary sclerosing cholangitis |journal=Ann Surg |volume=213 |issue=1 |pages=21-5 |year=1991 |id=PMID 1845927}}</ref>


==Mortality==
===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
*Mortality of cholangiocarcinoma is slightly higher in men (1.9/100.000) than in women (1.5/100.000).<ref name="Macias2014">{{cite journal|last1=Macias|first1=Rocio I. R.|title=Cholangiocarcinoma: Biology, Clinical Management, and Pharmacological Perspectives|journal=ISRN Hepatology|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–13|issn=2314-4041|doi=10.1155/2014/828074}}</ref> [[Age Standardized Mortality Rates|Age-standardized mortality rates]] from intrahepatic (IC) and extrahepatic (EC) cholangiocarcinoma for men and women, by country are illustrated in the following table:
*The mortality rate for [[intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma]] among men increased from 0.17 to 0.78 per 100,000 in period of 1975-1979 to 1993-1997.<ref name="pmid17457168">{{cite journal |vauthors=DeOliveira ML, Cunningham SC, Cameron JL, Kamangar F, Winter JM, Lillemoe KD, Choti MA, Yeo CJ, Schulick RD |title=Cholangiocarcinoma: thirty-one-year experience with 564 patients at a single institution |journal=Ann. Surg. |volume=245 |issue=5 |pages=755–62 |year=2007 |pmid=17457168 |pmc=1877058 |doi=10.1097/01.sla.0000251366.62632.d3 |url=}}</ref>
{| style="width: 50%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0.2em;" border="2" align="left"
*The mortality rate for [[intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma]] among women, increased from 0.12 to 0.57 per 100,000 in period of 1975-1979 to 1993-1997.
|+ align="bottom" | ''[[Age Standardized Mortality Rates|Age-standardized mortality rates]] from intrahepatic (IC) and extrahepatic (EC) cholangiocarcinoma for men and women, by country. Source: Khan et al, 2002.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Khan S, Taylor-Robinson S, Toledano M, Beck A, Elliott P, Thomas H |title=Changing international trends in mortality rates for liver, biliary and pancreatic tumours |journal=J Hepatol |volume=37 |issue=6 |pages=806-13 |year=2002 |pmid=12445422}}</ref>''
|-
! ''Country''
! ''IC (men/women)''
! ''EC (men/women)''
|-
! U.S.A.
| align="center" | 0.60 / 0.43
| align="center" | 0.70 / 0.87
|-
! Japan
| align="center" | 0.23 / 0.10
| align="center" | 5.87 / 5.20
|-
! Australia
| align="center" | 0.70 / 0.53
| align="center" | 0.90 / 1.23
|-
! England/Wales
| align="center" | 0.83 / 0.63
| align="center" | 0.43 / 0.60
|-
! Scotland
| align="center" | 1.17 / 1.00
| align="center" | 0.60 / 0.73
|-
! France
| align="center" | 0.27 / 0.20
| align="center" | 1.20 / 1.37
|-
! Italy
| align="center" | 0.13 / 0.13
| align="center" | 2.10 / 2.60
|}


<br clear="left"/>
===Age===
*Patients of all age groups may develop cholangiocarcinoma.
*The median age at the time of cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis is 70-80 years, except in patients with [[bile duct]] cystic disorders.<ref name="Macias2014">{{cite journal|last1=Macias|first1=Rocio I. R.|title=Cholangiocarcinoma: Biology, Clinical Management, and Pharmacological Perspectives|journal=ISRN Hepatology|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–13|issn=2314-4041|doi=10.1155/2014/828074}}</ref>
*[[Bile duct]] cystic disorders usually develop cholangiocarcinoma much earlier, between 30 and 40 years.
 
===Race===
*Cholangiocarcinoma usually affects individuals of the American Indian, Alaska Natives and Asian and Pacific Islanders race.<ref name="pmid17032404">{{cite journal |vauthors=McLean L, Patel T |title=Racial and ethnic variations in the epidemiology of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States |journal=Liver Int. |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=1047–53 |year=2006 |pmid=17032404 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-3231.2006.01350.x |url=}}</ref>


==Gender==
===Gender===
*Cholangiocarcinoma is more common in males than in females (possibly due to the higher rate of [[primary sclerosing cholangitis]], a major risk factor, in men).<ref name=radio>Cholangiocarcinoma. Radiopaedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/cholangiocarcinoma</ref>
*Cholangiocarcinoma is more common in males than in females.<ref name="radio">Cholangiocarcinoma. Radiopaedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/cholangiocarcinoma</ref>


==Age==
===Region===
*Patients of all age groups may develop cholangiocarcinoma.
*The majority of cholangiocarcinoma cases are reported in North America, Asia, and Australia.<ref name="pmid17032404">{{cite journal |vauthors=McLean L, Patel T |title=Racial and ethnic variations in the epidemiology of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States |journal=Liver Int. |volume=26 |issue=9 |pages=1047–53 |year=2006 |pmid=17032404 |doi=10.1111/j.1478-3231.2006.01350.x |url=}}</ref>
*The average age of the patients at the time of cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis is 70-80 years, except in patients with bile duct cystic disorders, which usually develop cholangiocarcinoma much earlier, between 30 and 40 years.<ref name="Macias2014">{{cite journal|last1=Macias|first1=Rocio I. R.|title=Cholangiocarcinoma: Biology, Clinical Management, and Pharmacological Perspectives|journal=ISRN Hepatology|volume=2014|year=2014|pages=1–13|issn=2314-4041|doi=10.1155/2014/828074}}</ref>
*The incidence of cholangiocarcinoma increases with age.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Henson D, Albores-Saavedra J, Corle D |title=Carcinoma of the extrahepatic bile ducts. Histologic types, stage of disease, grade, and survival rates |journal=Cancer |volume=70 |issue=6 |pages=1498-501 |year=1992 |id=PMID 1516001}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
 
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Rare cancers]]
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[[Category:Types of cancer]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
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Latest revision as of 15:17, 12 February 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Farima Kahe M.D. [2] [3], Suveenkrishna Pothuru, M.B,B.S. [4]

Overview

The incidence of cholangiocarcinoma is approximately 1-2 per 100,000 individuals in the United States. The prevalence of cholangiocarcinoma is approximately 0.01% to 0.46% per 100,000 individuals. Patients of all age groups may develop cholangiocarcinoma. Cholangiocarcinoma is more common in males than in females.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Incidence

  • The incidence of cholangiocarcinoma is approximately 1-2 per 100,000 individuals in the United States.
  • The highest annual incidences of cholangiocarcinoma is 5.5 cases per 100,000 people in Japan, and 7.3 cases per 100,000 people in Israel.[1]

Prevalence

Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate

Age

  • Patients of all age groups may develop cholangiocarcinoma.
  • The median age at the time of cholangiocarcinoma diagnosis is 70-80 years, except in patients with bile duct cystic disorders.[4]
  • Bile duct cystic disorders usually develop cholangiocarcinoma much earlier, between 30 and 40 years.

Race

  • Cholangiocarcinoma usually affects individuals of the American Indian, Alaska Natives and Asian and Pacific Islanders race.[5]

Gender

  • Cholangiocarcinoma is more common in males than in females.[6]

Region

  • The majority of cholangiocarcinoma cases are reported in North America, Asia, and Australia.[5]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Khan SA, Toledano MB, Taylor-Robinson SD (2008). "Epidemiology, risk factors, and pathogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma". HPB (Oxford). 10 (2): 77–82. doi:10.1080/13651820801992641. PMC 2504381. PMID 18773060.
  2. ↑ Bergquist A, von Seth E (2015). "Epidemiology of cholangiocarcinoma". Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 29 (2): 221–32. doi:10.1016/j.bpg.2015.02.003. PMID 25966423.
  3. ↑ DeOliveira ML, Cunningham SC, Cameron JL, Kamangar F, Winter JM, Lillemoe KD, Choti MA, Yeo CJ, Schulick RD (2007). "Cholangiocarcinoma: thirty-one-year experience with 564 patients at a single institution". Ann. Surg. 245 (5): 755–62. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000251366.62632.d3. PMC 1877058. PMID 17457168.
  4. ↑ Macias, Rocio I. R. (2014). "Cholangiocarcinoma: Biology, Clinical Management, and Pharmacological Perspectives". ISRN Hepatology. 2014: 1–13. doi:10.1155/2014/828074. ISSN 2314-4041.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 McLean L, Patel T (2006). "Racial and ethnic variations in the epidemiology of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma in the United States". Liver Int. 26 (9): 1047–53. doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2006.01350.x. PMID 17032404.
  6. ↑ Cholangiocarcinoma. Radiopaedia. http://radiopaedia.org/articles/cholangiocarcinoma

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