Chronic cholecystitis causes: Difference between revisions

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{{CMG}}
__NOTOC__
{{Cholecystitis}}
{{Cholecystitis}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{VR}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Common causes of cholecystitis include [[cholelithiasis]] and infections.


==Causes==
==Causes==
Cholecystitis is often caused by [[cholelithiasis]] (the presence of [[cholelith]]s, or [[gallstone]]s, in the [[gall bladder]]), with [[cholelith]]s most commonly blocking the cystic duct directly. This leads to to [[inspissation]] of [[bile]], bile [[stasis (medicine)|stasis]] and secondary infection by gut organisms, predominantly ''E coli'' and Bacteroides species.
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.  Acute cholecystitis may become complicated as [[abscess]], [[gangrene]] or [[perforation]] in patients who are older, with [[diabetes]] or who delay seeking treatment. This complicated acute cholecystitis can by itself be life-threatening.<ref name="Gouma-1992">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Gouma | first1 = DJ. | last2 = Obertop | first2 = H. | title = Acute calculous cholecystitis. What is new in diagnosis and therapy? | journal = HPB Surg | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 69-78 | month =  | year = 1992 | doi =  | PMID = 1292590 }}</ref><ref name="Khuroo-1996">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Khuroo | first1 = MS. | title = Ascariasis. | journal = Gastroenterol Clin North Am | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 553-77 | month = Sep | year = 1996 | doi =  | PMID = 8863040 }}</ref><ref name="Araujo-">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Araujo | first1 = PS. | last2 = Medeiros | first2 = Z. | last3 = Melo | first3 = FL. | last4 = Maciel | first4 = MA. | last5 = Melo | first5 = HR. | title = Candida famata-induced fulminating cholecystitis. | journal = Rev Soc Bras Med Trop | volume = 46 | issue = 6 | pages = 795-6 | month =  | year =  | doi = 10.1590/0037-8682-0162-2013 | PMID = 24474028 }}</ref><ref name="Cello-1998">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Cello | first1 = JP. | title = AIDS-Related biliary tract disease. | journal = Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 963 | month = Oct | year = 1998 | doi =  | PMID = 9730942 }}</ref><ref name="Yasri-">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Yasri | first1 = S. | last2 = Wiwanitkit | first2 = V. | title = Acute typhic cholecystitis. | journal = Afr J Paediatr Surg | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 395 | month =  | year =  | doi = 10.4103/0189-6725.125464 | PMID = 24469500 }}</ref>


The [[gallbladder]]'s wall becomes inflamed. Extreme cases may result in [[necrosis]] and [[rupture]]. Inflammation often spreads to its outer covering, thus irritating surrounding structures such as the diaphragm and bowel.
===Common Causes===
Common causes of chronic cholecystitis include:
*[[Bacteroides]]
*[[Cholelithiasis]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]


Less commonly, in debilitated and trauma patients, the [[gall bladder]] may become inflamed and infected in the absence of [[cholelithiasis]], and is known as acute acalculous cholecystitis.
=== Less Common Causes ===
Less common causes of chronic cholecystitis include:
* [[Sickle-cell disease|Sickle cell disease]]
* Drugs such as:
** [[Octreotide]]
** [[Oral contraceptive|Oral contraceptives]]
** [[Estrogen]]


Stones in the [[gall bladder]] may not cause obstruction and the accompanying acute attack. The patient might develop a chronic, low-level inflammation which leads to a [[chronic cholecystitis]], where the gall bladder is fibrotic and calcified.
===Causes by Organ System===
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | [[Cholesterol emboli]],  [[Ischemia|gall bladder ischemia]],  [[hemobilia]],  [[vasculitis]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Ceftriaxone]],  [[clofibrate]], [[febuxostat]], [[estrogen]],  [[octreotide]],  [[opiates]],  [[oral contraceptives]], [[Pergolide]], [[pramipexole]], [[Rilpivirine]], [[Sorafenib]], [[sunitinib]], [[Teduglutide]], [[Tiagabine]], [[zonisamide]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acalculous cholecystitis]], [[Ampulla of Vater#Related disorders|ampullary stenosis]],  [[calculous cholecystitis]],  [[cholelithiasis]],  [[cirrhosis]],  [[Crohn's disease]],  [[Ischemia|gall bladder ischemia]],  [[gallbladder carcinoma]],  [[gallstones]],  [[hemobilia]],  [[hepatocellular carcinoma]],  [[liver abscess]],  [[pancreatic tumor]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Choledochal cyst]],  [[sickle cell disease]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hemolysis]],  [[sickle cell disease]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Ascaris lumbricoides]],  [[bacteroides]],  [[brucella]],  [[campylobacter jejuni]],  [[candida]],  [[choledochal cyst]],  [[coxiella burnetii]],  [[echinococcus granulosus]],  [[Enterobacteriaceae|edwardsiella tarda]],  [[epstein-barr virus]],  [[escherichia coli]],  [[flavivirus]],  [[hepatitis A]],  [[hepatitis B]],  [[HIV]],  [[infections]],  [[isospora]],  [[klebsiella]],  [[leptospira]],  [[liver abscess]],  [[microsporidiosis]],  [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]],  [[opisthorchiasis]],  [[plasmodium]],  [[salmonella enterica]],  [[salmonella infections]],  [[salmonella typhi]],  [[typhoid fever]],  [[vibrio cholerae]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute myelogenous leukemia]],  [[gallbladder carcinoma]],  [[hepatocellular carcinoma]],  [[malignancy]],  [[pancreatic tumor]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Crohn's disease]],  [[Sjogren's syndrome]],  [[SLE]],  [[vasculitis]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cholesterol emboli]]
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Idiopathic]]
|-
|}
 
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Acalculous cholecystitis]]
*[[Acute myelogenous leukemia]]
*[[Ampulla of Vater#Related disorders|Ampullary stenosis]]
*[[Ascaris lumbricoides]]
*[[Bacteroides]]
*[[Brucella]]
*[[Calculous cholecystitis]]
*[[Campylobacter jejuni]]
*[[Candida]]
*[[Ceftriaxone]]
*[[Choledochal cyst]]
*[[Cholelithiasis]]
*[[Cholesterol emboli]]
*[[Cirrhosis]]
*[[Clofibrate]]
*[[Coxiella burnetii]]
*[[Crohn's disease]]
*[[Cryptosporidium]]
*[[Cytomegalovirus]]
*[[Echinococcus granulosus]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Enterobacteriaceae|Edwardsiella tarda]]
*[[Epstein-barr virus]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*[[Estrogen]]
*[[Flavivirus]]
*[[Ischemia|Gall bladder ischemia]]
*[[Gallbladder carcinoma]]
*[[Gallstones]]
*[[Hemobilia]]
*[[Hemolysis]]
*[[Hepatitis A]]
*[[Hepatitis B]]
*[[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]
*[[HIV]]
*[[Idiopathic]]
*[[Infections]]
*[[Isospora]]
*[[Klebsiella]]
*[[Leptospira]]
*[[Liver abscess]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Malignancy]]
*[[Microsporidiosis]]
*[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]
*[[Octreotide]]
*[[Opiates]]
*[[Opisthorchiasis]]
*[[Oral contraceptives]]
*[[Pancreatic tumor]]
*[[Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography]]
*[[Pergolide]]
*[[Plasmodium]]
*[[Rilpivirine]]
*[[Salmonella enterica]]
*[[Salmonella infections]]
*[[Salmonella typhi]]
*[[Sickle cell disease]]
*[[Sjogren's syndrome]]
*[[SLE]]
*[[Sorafenib]]
*[[Sunitinib]]
*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[Typhoid fever]]
*[[Vasculitis]]
*[[Vibrio cholerae]]
{{col-end}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
 
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
 
 
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 14:49, 19 February 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Common causes of cholecystitis include cholelithiasis and infections.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. Acute cholecystitis may become complicated as abscess, gangrene or perforation in patients who are older, with diabetes or who delay seeking treatment. This complicated acute cholecystitis can by itself be life-threatening.[1][2][3][4][5]

Common Causes

Common causes of chronic cholecystitis include:

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of chronic cholecystitis include:

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Cholesterol emboli, gall bladder ischemia, hemobilia, vasculitis
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Ceftriaxone, clofibrate, febuxostat, estrogen, octreotide, opiates, oral contraceptives, Pergolide, pramipexole, Rilpivirine, Sorafenib, sunitinib, Teduglutide, Tiagabine, zonisamide
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Acalculous cholecystitis, ampullary stenosis, calculous cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, cirrhosis, Crohn's disease, gall bladder ischemia, gallbladder carcinoma, gallstones, hemobilia, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver abscess, pancreatic tumor
Genetic Choledochal cyst, sickle cell disease
Hematologic Hemolysis, sickle cell disease
Iatrogenic Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
Infectious Disease Ascaris lumbricoides, bacteroides, brucella, campylobacter jejuni, candida, choledochal cyst, coxiella burnetii, echinococcus granulosus, edwardsiella tarda, epstein-barr virus, escherichia coli, flavivirus, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, HIV, infections, isospora, klebsiella, leptospira, liver abscess, microsporidiosis, mycobacterium tuberculosis, opisthorchiasis, plasmodium, salmonella enterica, salmonella infections, salmonella typhi, typhoid fever, vibrio cholerae
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Acute myelogenous leukemia, gallbladder carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, malignancy, pancreatic tumor
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Crohn's disease, Sjogren's syndrome, SLE, vasculitis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Cholesterol emboli
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Idiopathic

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Gouma, DJ.; Obertop, H. (1992). "Acute calculous cholecystitis. What is new in diagnosis and therapy?". HPB Surg. 6 (2): 69–78. PMID 1292590.
  2. ↑ Khuroo, MS. (1996). "Ascariasis". Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 25 (3): 553–77. PMID 8863040. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Araujo, PS.; Medeiros, Z.; Melo, FL.; Maciel, MA.; Melo, HR. "Candida famata-induced fulminating cholecystitis". Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 46 (6): 795–6. doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0162-2013. PMID 24474028.
  4. ↑ Cello, JP. (1998). "AIDS-Related biliary tract disease". Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 8 (4): 963. PMID 9730942. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Yasri, S.; Wiwanitkit, V. "Acute typhic cholecystitis". Afr J Paediatr Surg. 10 (4): 395. doi:10.4103/0189-6725.125464. PMID 24469500.


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