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==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
There are no established risk factors for odynophagia. However individual conditions which produce pain on swallowing may have independent risk factors.<ref name="pmid24813510">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dellon ES |title=Epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis |journal=Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=201–18 |year=2014 |pmid=24813510 |pmc=4019938 |doi=10.1016/j.gtc.2014.02.002 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23539047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soon IS, Butzner JD, Kaplan GG, deBruyn JC |title=Incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in children |journal=J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=72–80 |year=2013 |pmid=23539047 |doi=10.1097/MPG.0b013e318291fee2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21889135">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sperry SL, Crockett SD, Miller CB, Shaheen NJ, Dellon ES |title=Esophageal foreign-body impactions: epidemiology, time trends, and the impact of the increasing prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=985–91 |year=2011 |pmid=21889135 |pmc=3951006 |doi=10.1016/j.gie.2011.06.029 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26233430">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cianferoni A, Spergel JM |title=Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Gastroenteritis |journal=Curr Allergy Asthma Rep |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=58 |year=2015 |pmid=26233430 |doi=10.1007/s11882-015-0558-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26488694">{{cite journal |vauthors=Furuta GT, Katzka DA |title=Eosinophilic Esophagitis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=373 |issue=17 |pages=1640–8 |year=2015 |pmid=26488694 |pmc=4905697 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1502863 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26027600">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kocsis D, Tulassay Z, Juhász M |title=[Dietary and pharmacological aspects of eosinophilic esophagitis] |language=Hungarian |journal=Orv Hetil |volume=156 |issue=23 |pages=927–32 |year=2015 |pmid=26027600 |doi=10.1556/650.2015.30164 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23853213">{{cite journal| author=El-Serag HB, Sweet S, Winchester CC, Dent J| title=Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. | journal=Gut | year= 2014 | volume= 63 | issue= 6 | pages= 871-80 | pmid=23853213 | doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304269 | pmc=4046948 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23853213  }}</ref><ref name="pmid25396005">{{cite journal| author=Jarosz M, Taraszewska A| title=Risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease: the role of diet. | journal=Prz Gastroenterol | year= 2014 | volume= 9 | issue= 5 | pages= 297-301 | pmid=25396005 | doi=10.5114/pg.2014.46166 | pmc=4223119 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25396005  }}</ref>
There are no established risk factors for odynophagia. However individual conditions which produce pain on swallowing may have independent risk factors.<ref name="pmid24813510">{{cite journal |vauthors=Dellon ES |title=Epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis |journal=Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=201–18 |year=2014 |pmid=24813510 |pmc=4019938 |doi=10.1016/j.gtc.2014.02.002 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23539047">{{cite journal |vauthors=Soon IS, Butzner JD, Kaplan GG, deBruyn JC |title=Incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in children |journal=J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. |volume=57 |issue=1 |pages=72–80 |year=2013 |pmid=23539047 |doi=10.1097/MPG.0b013e318291fee2 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid21889135">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sperry SL, Crockett SD, Miller CB, Shaheen NJ, Dellon ES |title=Esophageal foreign-body impactions: epidemiology, time trends, and the impact of the increasing prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=985–91 |year=2011 |pmid=21889135 |pmc=3951006 |doi=10.1016/j.gie.2011.06.029 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26233430">{{cite journal |vauthors=Cianferoni A, Spergel JM |title=Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Gastroenteritis |journal=Curr Allergy Asthma Rep |volume=15 |issue=9 |pages=58 |year=2015 |pmid=26233430 |doi=10.1007/s11882-015-0558-5 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26488694">{{cite journal |vauthors=Furuta GT, Katzka DA |title=Eosinophilic Esophagitis |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=373 |issue=17 |pages=1640–8 |year=2015 |pmid=26488694 |pmc=4905697 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1502863 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid26027600">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kocsis D, Tulassay Z, Juhász M |title=[Dietary and pharmacological aspects of eosinophilic esophagitis] |language=Hungarian |journal=Orv Hetil |volume=156 |issue=23 |pages=927–32 |year=2015 |pmid=26027600 |doi=10.1556/650.2015.30164 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23853213">{{cite journal| author=El-Serag HB, Sweet S, Winchester CC, Dent J| title=Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. | journal=Gut | year= 2014 | volume= 63 | issue= 6 | pages= 871-80 | pmid=23853213 | doi=10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304269 | pmc=4046948 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23853213  }}</ref><ref name="pmid25396005">{{cite journal| author=Jarosz M, Taraszewska A| title=Risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease: the role of diet. | journal=Prz Gastroenterol | year= 2014 | volume= 9 | issue= 5 | pages= 297-301 | pmid=25396005 | doi=10.5114/pg.2014.46166 | pmc=4223119 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25396005  }}</ref><ref>Wong A, Fitzgerald RC.  Epidemiologic risk factors for Barrett's esophagus and associated adenocarcinoma.  ''Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol.'' 2005 Jan;3(1):1-10.  PMID 15645398</ref><ref>Ye W, Held M, Lagergren J, Engstrand L, Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Nyren O.  Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric atrophy: risk of adenocarcinoma and squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia.  ''J Natl Cancer Inst.'' 2004 Mar 3;96(5):388-96.  PMID 14996860</ref><ref>Nakajima S, Hattori T.  Oesophageal adenocarcinoma or gastric cancer with or without eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in chronic atrophic gastritis patients: a hypothetical opinion from a systematic review.  ''Aliment Pharmacol Ther.'' 2004 Jul;20 Suppl 1:54-61.  PMID 15298606</ref><ref>NCI [http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/prevention/esophageal/healthprofessional#Section_57 Prevention: Dietary Factors], based on Chainani-Wu N. Diet and oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal cancer. ''Nutr Cancer'' 2002;44:104-26. PMID 12734057.</ref>


===Common Conditions & Their Risk Factors===
===Common Conditions & Their Risk Factors===


=== Upper respiratory tract infections: ===
=== Upper respiratory tract infections: ===
* Smoking
* [[Smoking]]
* Extremes of age
* Extremes of age
* Cold
* [[Cold]]
* Low immunity  
* Low immunity  
* Malnutration
* [[Malnutrition]]
* Allergy
* [[Allergy]]
* Lack of immunization
* Lack of [[immunization]]


=== Tumors: ===
=== Tumors: ===
* Smoking
* [[Smoking]]
* Betel nuts
* [[Betel nut|Betel nuts]]
* Age over 60
* Age over 60
* Male gender
* Male gender
* Alcohol Consumption
* [[Alcohol]] consumption
* Obesity
* [[Obesity]]
* Lye Ingestion
* [[Lye]] Ingestion
* Nitrosamine in food
* [[Nitrosamine]] in food
* Gastroesophageal reflux disorder
* [[Gastroesophageal reflux disease|Gastroesophageal reflux disorder]]
* Barrett's esophagus
* [[Barrett's esophagus]]
* Achalasia
* [[Achalasia]]
* EBV
* [[EBV]]
* HIV
* [[HIV]]
* Radiation
* [[Radiation]]


=== Foreign body ===
=== Foreign body ===
* Young age
* Young age
* Neuropathy
* [[Neuropathy]]
* Decreased consciousness
* Decreased consciousness


=== GERD ===
=== GERD ===
* Smoking
* [[Smoking]]
* Obesity
* [[Obesity]]
* Pregnancy
* [[Pregnancy]]
* Hiatal hernia
* [[Hiatus hernia|Hiatal hernia]]
* Scleroderma
* [[Scleroderma]]
* Drinking a lot of alcohol
* Drinking a lot of [[alcohol]]
* Consuming drinks that contain caffeine
* Consuming drinks that contain [[caffeine]]
* Medications:
* [[Anticholinergics]] (e.g. for sea sickness)
* Anticholinergics (e.g. for seasickness)
* [[Beta blockers]] for high blood pressure or heart disease
* Beta blockers for high blood pressure or heart disease
* [[Bronchodilators]] for [[asthma]]
* Bronchodilators for asthma
* [[Calcium channel blockers]] for [[high blood pressure]]
* Calcium channel blockers for high blood pressure
* [[Dopamine]] active drugs for [[Parkinson's disease]]
* Dopamine-active drugs for Parkinson's disease
* [[Progestin]] for abnormal menstrual bleeding or [[birth control]]
* Progestin for abnormal menstrual bleeding or birth control
* [[Sedatives]] for [[insomnia]] or [[anxiety]]
* Sedatives for insomnia or anxiety
* [[Tricyclic antidepressants]]
* Tricyclic antidepressants


=== Esophagitis: ===
=== Esophagitis: ===
* Smoking
* [[Smoking]]
* Obesity
* [[Obesity]]
* Pregnancy
* [[Pregnancy]]
* Hiatal hernia
* [[Hiatal hernia]]
* Scleroderma
* [[Scleroderma]]
* Alcohol consumption
* [[Alcohol]] consumption
* Consuming drinks that contain caffeine
* Consuming drinks that contain [[caffeine]]
* Medications:
* [[Anticholinergics]] (e.g. for sea sickness)
* Anticholinergics (e.g. for seasickness)
* [[Beta blockers]] for high blood pressure or heart disease
* Beta blockers for high blood pressure or heart disease
* [[Bronchodilators]] for asthma
* Bronchodilators for asthma
* [[Calcium channel blockers]] for high blood pressure
* Calcium channel blockers for high blood pressure
* [[Dopamine]]-active drugs for Parkinson's disease
* Dopamine-active drugs for Parkinson's disease
* [[Progestin]] for abnormal menstrual bleeding or birth control
* Progestin for abnormal menstrual bleeding or birth control
* [[Sedatives]] for [[insomnia]] or [[anxiety]]
* Sedatives for insomnia or anxiety
* [[Tricyclic antidepressants]]
* Tricyclic antidepressants


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 14:41, 26 March 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:

Overview

There are no established risk factors for odynophagia. However individual conditions which produce pain on swallowing may have independent risk factors.

Risk Factors

There are no established risk factors for odynophagia. However individual conditions which produce pain on swallowing may have independent risk factors.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]

Common Conditions & Their Risk Factors

Upper respiratory tract infections:

Tumors:

Foreign body

GERD

Esophagitis:

References

  1. ↑ Dellon ES (2014). "Epidemiology of eosinophilic esophagitis". Gastroenterol. Clin. North Am. 43 (2): 201–18. doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2014.02.002. PMC 4019938. PMID 24813510.
  2. ↑ Soon IS, Butzner JD, Kaplan GG, deBruyn JC (2013). "Incidence and prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis in children". J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 57 (1): 72–80. doi:10.1097/MPG.0b013e318291fee2. PMID 23539047.
  3. ↑ Sperry SL, Crockett SD, Miller CB, Shaheen NJ, Dellon ES (2011). "Esophageal foreign-body impactions: epidemiology, time trends, and the impact of the increasing prevalence of eosinophilic esophagitis". Gastrointest. Endosc. 74 (5): 985–91. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2011.06.029. PMC 3951006. PMID 21889135.
  4. ↑ Cianferoni A, Spergel JM (2015). "Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Gastroenteritis". Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 15 (9): 58. doi:10.1007/s11882-015-0558-5. PMID 26233430.
  5. ↑ Furuta GT, Katzka DA (2015). "Eosinophilic Esophagitis". N. Engl. J. Med. 373 (17): 1640–8. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1502863. PMC 4905697. PMID 26488694.
  6. ↑ Kocsis D, Tulassay Z, Juhász M (2015). "[Dietary and pharmacological aspects of eosinophilic esophagitis]". Orv Hetil (in Hungarian). 156 (23): 927–32. doi:10.1556/650.2015.30164. PMID 26027600.
  7. ↑ El-Serag HB, Sweet S, Winchester CC, Dent J (2014). "Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review". Gut. 63 (6): 871–80. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304269. PMC 4046948. PMID 23853213.
  8. ↑ Jarosz M, Taraszewska A (2014). "Risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease: the role of diet". Prz Gastroenterol. 9 (5): 297–301. doi:10.5114/pg.2014.46166. PMC 4223119. PMID 25396005.
  9. ↑ Wong A, Fitzgerald RC. Epidemiologic risk factors for Barrett's esophagus and associated adenocarcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2005 Jan;3(1):1-10. PMID 15645398
  10. ↑ Ye W, Held M, Lagergren J, Engstrand L, Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Nyren O. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric atrophy: risk of adenocarcinoma and squamous-cell carcinoma of the esophagus and adenocarcinoma of the gastric cardia. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004 Mar 3;96(5):388-96. PMID 14996860
  11. ↑ Nakajima S, Hattori T. Oesophageal adenocarcinoma or gastric cancer with or without eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in chronic atrophic gastritis patients: a hypothetical opinion from a systematic review. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004 Jul;20 Suppl 1:54-61. PMID 15298606
  12. ↑ NCI Prevention: Dietary Factors, based on Chainani-Wu N. Diet and oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal cancer. Nutr Cancer 2002;44:104-26. PMID 12734057.

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