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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| The [[Gold standard (test)|gold standard]] for diagnosing temporal arteritis is [[biopsy]], which involves removing of a small part of the vessel and examining it [[microscope|microscopically]] for giant cells infiltrating the tissue. Since the [[blood vessel]]s are involved in a patchy pattern, there may be unaffected areas on the vessel and the biopsy might have been taken from these parts. So, a [[false negative|negative result]] does not definitely rule out the diagnosis. Findings diagnostic of temporal arteritis include skip lesions and normal intervening segments, intimal thickening, with prominent cellular infiltration, lymphocytes in the internal or external elastic lamina or adventitia, areas of necrosis may be present in the arterial wall, granulomas containing multinucleated histiocytic and foreign body giant cells, helper T-cell lymphocytes, plasma cells, and fibroblasts. Risks of temporal artery biopsy are temporary or permanent damage to the temporal branch of the facial nerve, infection, bleeding, hematoma, and dehiscence.
| | There are no other diagnostic studies associated with temporal arteritis. |
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| ==Other Diagnostic Studies== | | ==Other Diagnostic Studies== |
| *Temporal artery biopsy may be helpful in the diagnosis of temporal arteritis. Findings diagnostic of temporal arteritis include:<ref name="pmid7728064">{{cite journal| author=Pountain G, Hazleman B| title=ABC of rheumatology. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. | journal=BMJ | year= 1995 | volume= 310 | issue= 6986 | pages= 1057-9 | pmid=7728064 | doi= | pmc=2549437 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7728064 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10817557">{{cite journal| author=Weyand CM, Fulbright JW, Hunder GG, Evans JM, Goronzy JJ| title=Treatment of giant cell arteritis: interleukin-6 as a biologic marker of disease activity. | journal=Arthritis Rheum | year= 2000 | volume= 43 | issue= 5 | pages= 1041-8 | pmid=10817557 | doi=10.1002/1529-0131(200005)43:5<1041::AID-ANR12>3.0.CO;2-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10817557 }} </ref>
| | There are no other diagnostic studies associated with temporal arteritis. |
| **Skip lesions and normal intervening segments
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| **Intimal thickening, with prominent cellular infiltration
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| **Lymphocytes in the internal or external elastic lamina or adventitia
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| **Areas of necrosis may be present in the arterial wall
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| **Granulomas containing multinucleated histiocytic and foreign body giant cells, helper T-cell lymphocytes, plasma cells, and fibroblasts<ref name="pmid23523078">{{cite journal| author=Liozon E, Ly KH, Robert PY| title=[Ocular complications of giant cell arteritis]. | journal=Rev Med Interne | year= 2013 | volume= 34 | issue= 7 | pages= 421-30 | pmid=23523078 | doi=10.1016/j.revmed.2013.02.030 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23523078 }} </ref>
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| *A positive temporal artery biopsy is diagnostic of temporal arteritis with a specificity of 100% and a sensitivity as low as 15% to as high as 87%.<ref name="pmid17251465">{{cite journal| author=Niederkohr RD, Levin LA| title=A Bayesian analysis of the true sensitivity of a temporal artery biopsy. | journal=Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci | year= 2007 | volume= 48 | issue= 2 | pages= 675-80 | pmid=17251465 | doi=10.1167/iovs.06-1106 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17251465 }} </ref>
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| *Clinical features of severity correlate with the histopathological changes on the temporal artery biopsy.<ref name="pmid7242167">{{cite journal| author=Moya Mir MS, Martín Jiménez T, Barbadillo R, Martín Martín F, Sánchez Ariño A, Magnani E| title=[Giant cell arteritis: diagnostic value of a second biopsy of the temporal artery (author's transl)]. | journal=Med Clin (Barc) | year= 1981 | volume= 76 | issue= 10 | pages= 452-3 | pmid=7242167 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7242167 }} </ref>
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| *A positive biopsy after initiation of steroid treatment vary from 10% after 1 week to 86% after 4 or more weeks of treatment.<ref name="pmid7728064">{{cite journal| author=Pountain G, Hazleman B| title=ABC of rheumatology. Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant cell arteritis. | journal=BMJ | year= 1995 | volume= 310 | issue= 6986 | pages= 1057-9 | pmid=7728064 | doi= | pmc=2549437 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7728064 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11973248">{{cite journal| author=Ray-Chaudhuri N, Kiné DA, Tijani SO, Parums DV, Cartlidge N, Strong NP et al.| title=Effect of prior steroid treatment on temporal artery biopsy findings in giant cell arteritis. | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 2002 | volume= 86 | issue= 5 | pages= 530-2 | pmid=11973248 | doi= | pmc=1771122 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11973248 }} </ref>
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| *Most physicians with high clinical suspicion despite an initial negative biopsy would still recommend a second contralateral biopsy, given the consequences of a missed diagnosis of temporal arteritis.<ref name="pmid11567973">{{cite journal| author=Riordan-Eva P, Landau K, O'Day J| title=Temporal artery biopsy in the management of giant cell arteritis with neuro-ophthalmic complications. | journal=Br J Ophthalmol | year= 2001 | volume= 85 | issue= 10 | pages= 1248-51 | pmid=11567973 | doi= | pmc=1723724 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11567973 }} </ref>
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| *Risks of temporal artery biopsy are temporary or permanent damage to the temporal branch of the facial nerve, infection, bleeding, hematoma, and dehiscence.
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{Reflist|2}} | | {{Reflist|2}} |
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| [[Category:Needs content]]
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| [[Category:Rheumatology]] | | [[Category:Rheumatology]] |
| [[Category:Ophthalmology]] | | [[Category:Ophthalmology]] |