Antiphospholipid syndrome causes: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Antiphospholipid syndrome can occur idiopathic or due to autoimmune diseases, certain drugs, infections and malignancies.


==Causes==
==Causes==
The causes of antiphospholipid syndrome are as follows:
Antiphospholipid syndrome can occur idiopathic or due to autoimmune diseases, certain drugs, [[Infection|infections]] and [[Cancer|malignancies]].
 
The causes of secondary antiphospholipid syndrome are as follows:


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="3" |More common causes
|-
!Autoimmune diseases
!Autoimmune diseases
!Infections
!Infections
!Drugs
!Malignancy
!Malignancy
|-
|-
|
|
* Systemic lupus erythmatosus(SLE)
* Systemic lupus erythmatosus([[SLE]])
|'''Bacterial infections:'''
|'''Bacterial infections:'''
* Leptospirosis<ref name="pmid1853785">{{cite journal| author=McNeil HP, Chesterman CN, Krilis SA| title=Immunology and clinical importance of antiphospholipid antibodies. | journal=Adv Immunol | year= 1991 | volume= 49 | issue=  | pages= 193-280 | pmid=1853785 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1853785  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10477458">{{cite journal| author=Safa O, Crippa L, Della Valle P, Sabbadini MG, Viganò D'Angelo S, D'Angelo A| title=IgG reactivity to phospholipid-bound beta(2)-glycoprotein I is the main determinant of the fraction of lupus anticoagulant activity quenched by addition of hexagonal (II) phase phospholipid in patients with the clinical suspicion of antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome. | journal=Haematologica | year= 1999 | volume= 84 | issue= 9 | pages= 829-38 | pmid=10477458 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10477458  }} </ref>
* [[Leptospirosis]]<ref name="pmid1853785">{{cite journal| author=McNeil HP, Chesterman CN, Krilis SA| title=Immunology and clinical importance of antiphospholipid antibodies. | journal=Adv Immunol | year= 1991 | volume= 49 | issue=  | pages= 193-280 | pmid=1853785 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1853785  }} </ref><ref name="pmid10477458">{{cite journal| author=Safa O, Crippa L, Della Valle P, Sabbadini MG, Viganò D'Angelo S, D'Angelo A| title=IgG reactivity to phospholipid-bound beta(2)-glycoprotein I is the main determinant of the fraction of lupus anticoagulant activity quenched by addition of hexagonal (II) phase phospholipid in patients with the clinical suspicion of antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome. | journal=Haematologica | year= 1999 | volume= 84 | issue= 9 | pages= 829-38 | pmid=10477458 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10477458  }} </ref>
* Syphilis
* [[Syphilis]]
* Lymes disease
* [[Lyme disease|Lymes]] disease
* Tuberculosis<ref name="pmid9814666">{{cite journal| author=Triplett DA| title=Many faces of lupus anticoagulants. | journal=Lupus | year= 1998 | volume= 7 Suppl 2 | issue=  | pages= S18-22 | pmid=9814666 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9814666  }} </ref>
* [[Tuberculosis]]<ref name="pmid9814666">{{cite journal| author=Triplett DA| title=Many faces of lupus anticoagulants. | journal=Lupus | year= 1998 | volume= 7 Suppl 2 | issue=  | pages= S18-22 | pmid=9814666 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9814666  }} </ref>
* Leprosy
* [[Leprosy]]
* Infective endocarditis
* [[Endocarditis|Infective endocarditis]]
* Post-Streptococcal rheumatic fever
* Post-Streptococcal rheumatic fever
* Klebsiella infection
* [[Klebsiella]] infection
'''Viral infections:'''
|Tumors of the following organs can cause APS:
* Hepatitis A,B and C
* Lung
* HIV
* Colon
* Breast
* Cervix
* Ovary
'''Cancers:'''
* [[Hodgkin's lymphoma|Hodgkins]] lymphoma
* Non-hodgkins [[lymphoma]]
* [[Myeloid]] leukemia
* Lymphocytic [[leukemia]]
* Primary [[myelofibrosis]]
* [[Polycythemia]] vera
|}
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="2" |Less Common causes
|-
|'''Viral infections:'''
* [[Hepatitis]] A,B and C
* HIV<ref name="CorbanDuarte-Garcia2017">{{cite journal|last1=Corban|first1=Michel T.|last2=Duarte-Garcia|first2=Ali|last3=McBane|first3=Robert D.|last4=Matteson|first4=Eric L.|last5=Lerman|first5=Lilach O.|last6=Lerman|first6=Amir|title=Antiphospholipid Syndrome|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|volume=69|issue=18|year=2017|pages=2317–2330|issn=07351097|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2017.02.058}}</ref>
* Ebstein Barr virus
* Ebstein Barr virus
* Adenovirus
* Adenovirus
* Rubella
* Rubella
* Parvovirus
* [[Parvovirus]]
* Cytomegalovirus
* Cytomegalovirus
* Varicella Zoster virus
* Varicella Zoster virus
Line 37: Line 58:
* Visceral leischmaniasis
* Visceral leischmaniasis
* Pneumocysitis jirovecci
* Pneumocysitis jirovecci
* Malaria
* [[Malaria]]
|
|'''Drugs:'''
* Chlorpromazine
* [[Chlorpromazine]]
* Procainamide
* [[Procainamide]]
* Hydralazine
* [[Hydralazine]]
* Quinidine
* [[Quinidine]]
* Quinine
* Quinine
* Phenytoin
* [[Phenytoin]]
* Alpha interferon
* [[Alpha interferon]]
* Oral contraceptives
* Oral contraceptives
* Amoxicillin
* [[Amoxicillin]]
* Chlorothiazide
* [[Chlorothiazide]]
* Propanolol
* [[Propranolol|Propanolol]]
|Tumors of the following organs can cause APS:
* Lung
* Colon
* Breast
* Cervix
* Ovary
'''Cancers:'''
* Hodgkins lymphoma
* Non-hodgkins lymphoma
* Myeloid leukemia
* Lymphocytic leukemia
* Primary myelofibrosis
* Polycythemia vera
|}
|}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 15:35, 26 April 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Feham Tariq, MD [2]

Overview

Antiphospholipid syndrome can occur idiopathic or due to autoimmune diseases, certain drugs, infections and malignancies.

Causes

Antiphospholipid syndrome can occur idiopathic or due to autoimmune diseases, certain drugs, infections and malignancies.

The causes of secondary antiphospholipid syndrome are as follows:

More common causes
Autoimmune diseases Infections Malignancy
  • Systemic lupus erythmatosus(SLE)
 Bacterial infections: Tumors of the following organs can cause APS:
  • Lung
  • Colon
  • Breast
  • Cervix
  • Ovary

Cancers:

Less Common causes
Viral infections:
  • Hepatitis A,B and C
  • HIV[4]
  • Ebstein Barr virus
  • Adenovirus
  • Rubella
  • Parvovirus
  • Cytomegalovirus
  • Varicella Zoster virus

Parasitic infections:

  • Visceral leischmaniasis
  • Pneumocysitis jirovecci
  • Malaria
 Drugs:

References

  1. ↑ McNeil HP, Chesterman CN, Krilis SA (1991). "Immunology and clinical importance of antiphospholipid antibodies". Adv Immunol. 49: 193–280. PMID 1853785.
  2. ↑ Safa O, Crippa L, Della Valle P, Sabbadini MG, Viganò D'Angelo S, D'Angelo A (1999). "IgG reactivity to phospholipid-bound beta(2)-glycoprotein I is the main determinant of the fraction of lupus anticoagulant activity quenched by addition of hexagonal (II) phase phospholipid in patients with the clinical suspicion of antiphospholipid-antibody syndrome". Haematologica. 84 (9): 829–38. PMID 10477458.
  3. ↑ Triplett DA (1998). "Many faces of lupus anticoagulants". Lupus. 7 Suppl 2: S18–22. PMID 9814666.
  4. ↑ Corban, Michel T.; Duarte-Garcia, Ali; McBane, Robert D.; Matteson, Eric L.; Lerman, Lilach O.; Lerman, Amir (2017). "Antiphospholipid Syndrome". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 69 (18): 2317–2330. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2017.02.058. ISSN 0735-1097.
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