Spinal cord stenosis pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Spinal cord stenosis is the narrowing of the vertebral canal tube. This narrowing produces [[Neurovascular bundle|neurovascular]] compression that may lead to pain and other neurology manifestations of spinal stenosis. Radiographic changes associated with stenosis are very common with aging. Although symptoms may arise from narrowing of the [[spinal canal]], not all patients with narrowing develop symptoms. The [[spinal cord]] extends from the [[foramen magnum]] down to the level of the first and second [[lumbar vertebrae]]. At L2 level [[spinal cord]] transforms into spinal roots and forms a cone-shaped structure called [[Conus medullaris|conus medullaris.]] The cord is protected by the [[vertebral column]], which is mobile and allows for movement of the spine. It is enclosed by the [[dura mater]] and the vessels supplying it. The cord floats in the [[cerebrospinal fluid]] which acts as a buffer to movement and early degrees of compression. The cord substance contains a [[Grey matter|gray area]] centrally and is surrounded by [[white matter]] communication tracts, both ascending and descending. The spinal stenosis may result from any condition that narrows the spinal canal and compresses nerve roots. The most common cause of spinal stenosis is degenerative joint disease. The [[spinal cord]] and [[Nerve root|nerve roots]] depend on a constant blood supply to perform axonal signaling. Conditions that interfere, either directly or indirectly, with the blood supply will cause malfunction of the transmission pathway. It initiates a cascade of events in the [[Grey matter|gray matte]]<nowiki/>r and [[white matter]] and results in [[hypoperfusion]]. The following results in [[autonomic dysfunction]] leading to [[neurogenic shock]] ( triad of [[hypotension]], [[bradycardia]] and peripheral vasodilation) and eventually [[Necrosis|hemorrhagic necrosis.]] The extent of [[necrosis]] depends on the severity of the compression, and blood flow. The tissue responses by [[gliosis]], [[demyelination]], and axonal loss. This results in injury to the [[White matter|white matte]]<nowiki/>r (myelinated tracts) and the [[Grey matter|gray matter]] (cell bodies) in the cord with loss of [[Reflexes|sensory reflexes]] (pinprick, joint position sense, vibration, hot/cold, pressure) and [[Motor Control|motor function]]. | |||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
Spinal cord stenosis is the narrowing of the vertebral canal tube. This narrowing produces [[Neurovascular bundle|neurovascular]] compression that may lead to pain and other neurology manifestations of spinal stenosis. Radiographic changes associated with stenosis are very common with aging. Although symptoms may arise from narrowing of the [[spinal canal]], not all patients with narrowing develop symptoms. | |||
Spinal cord stenosis is the narrowing of the vertebral canal tube. This narrowing produces neurovascular compression that may lead to pain and other neurology manifestations of spinal stenosis. Radiographic changes associated with stenosis are very common with aging. | |||
===Anatomy=== | ===Anatomy=== | ||
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*The cord floats in the [[cerebrospinal fluid]] which acts as a buffer to movement and early degrees of compression. | *The cord floats in the [[cerebrospinal fluid]] which acts as a buffer to movement and early degrees of compression. | ||
*The cord substance contains a [[Grey matter|gray area]] centrally and is surrounded by [[white matter]] communication tracts, both ascending and descending. | *The cord substance contains a [[Grey matter|gray area]] centrally and is surrounded by [[white matter]] communication tracts, both ascending and descending. | ||
===Pathogenesis=== | |||
* The spinal stenosis may result from any condition that narrows the spinal canal and compresses nerve roots. | |||
* The most common cause of spinal stenosis is degenerative joint disease. | |||
*The [[spinal cord]] and [[Nerve root|nerve roots]] depend on a constant blood supply to perform axonal signaling.<ref name="pmid24406153">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pekny M, Wilhelmsson U, Pekna M |title=The dual role of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis |journal=Neurosci. Lett. |volume=565 |issue= |pages=30–8 |year=2014 |pmid=24406153 |doi=10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.071 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23250681">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vilar-González S, Pérez-Rozos A, Torres-Campa JM, Mateos V |title=[Spinal cord compression: a multidisciplinary approach to a real neuro-oncological emergency] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Rev Neurol |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=43–52 |year=2013 |pmid=23250681 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16194459">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmidt MH, Klimo P, Vrionis FD |title=Metastatic spinal cord compression |journal=J Natl Compr Canc Netw |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=711–9 |year=2005 |pmid=16194459 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *The [[spinal cord]] and [[Nerve root|nerve roots]] depend on a constant blood supply to perform axonal signaling.<ref name="pmid24406153">{{cite journal |vauthors=Pekny M, Wilhelmsson U, Pekna M |title=The dual role of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis |journal=Neurosci. Lett. |volume=565 |issue= |pages=30–8 |year=2014 |pmid=24406153 |doi=10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.071 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23250681">{{cite journal |vauthors=Vilar-González S, Pérez-Rozos A, Torres-Campa JM, Mateos V |title=[Spinal cord compression: a multidisciplinary approach to a real neuro-oncological emergency] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Rev Neurol |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=43–52 |year=2013 |pmid=23250681 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16194459">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schmidt MH, Klimo P, Vrionis FD |title=Metastatic spinal cord compression |journal=J Natl Compr Canc Netw |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=711–9 |year=2005 |pmid=16194459 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Conditions that interfere, either directly or indirectly, with the blood supply will cause malfunction of the transmission pathway. | *Conditions that interfere, either directly or indirectly, with the blood supply will cause malfunction of the transmission pathway. | ||
*It initiates a cascade of events in the [[Grey matter|gray matte]]<nowiki/>r and [[white matter]] and results in [[hypoperfusion]]. | *It initiates a cascade of events in the [[Grey matter|gray matte]]<nowiki/>r and [[white matter]] and results in [[hypoperfusion]]. | ||
*The following results in [[autonomic dysfunction]] leading to [[neurogenic shock]] ( triad of [[hypotension]], [[bradycardia]] and peripheral vasodilation) and eventually [[Necrosis|hemorrhagic necrosis.]] | *The following results in [[autonomic dysfunction]] leading to [[neurogenic shock]] ( triad of [[hypotension]], [[bradycardia]] and peripheral vasodilation) and eventually [[Necrosis|hemorrhagic necrosis.]] | ||
*The extent of [[necrosis]] depends on the severity of the | *The extent of [[necrosis]] depends on the severity of the compression, and blood flow. | ||
*The tissue responses by [[gliosis]], [[demyelination]], and axonal loss. | *The tissue responses by [[gliosis]], [[demyelination]], and axonal loss. | ||
*This results in injury to the [[White matter|white matte]]<nowiki/>r (myelinated tracts) and the [[Grey matter|gray matter]] (cell bodies) in the cord with loss of [[Reflexes|sensory reflexes]] (pinprick, joint position sense, vibration, hot/cold, pressure) and [[Motor Control|motor function]]. | *This results in injury to the [[White matter|white matte]]<nowiki/>r (myelinated tracts) and the [[Grey matter|gray matter]] (cell bodies) in the cord with loss of [[Reflexes|sensory reflexes]] (pinprick, joint position sense, vibration, hot/cold, pressure) and [[Motor Control|motor function]]. | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 13:38, 19 July 2018
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mohamadmostafa Jahansouz M.D.[2]
Overview
Spinal cord stenosis is the narrowing of the vertebral canal tube. This narrowing produces neurovascular compression that may lead to pain and other neurology manifestations of spinal stenosis. Radiographic changes associated with stenosis are very common with aging. Although symptoms may arise from narrowing of the spinal canal, not all patients with narrowing develop symptoms. The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum down to the level of the first and second lumbar vertebrae. At L2 level spinal cord transforms into spinal roots and forms a cone-shaped structure called conus medullaris. The cord is protected by the vertebral column, which is mobile and allows for movement of the spine. It is enclosed by the dura mater and the vessels supplying it. The cord floats in the cerebrospinal fluid which acts as a buffer to movement and early degrees of compression. The cord substance contains a gray area centrally and is surrounded by white matter communication tracts, both ascending and descending. The spinal stenosis may result from any condition that narrows the spinal canal and compresses nerve roots. The most common cause of spinal stenosis is degenerative joint disease. The spinal cord and nerve roots depend on a constant blood supply to perform axonal signaling. Conditions that interfere, either directly or indirectly, with the blood supply will cause malfunction of the transmission pathway. It initiates a cascade of events in the gray matter and white matter and results in hypoperfusion. The following results in autonomic dysfunction leading to neurogenic shock ( triad of hypotension, bradycardia and peripheral vasodilation) and eventually hemorrhagic necrosis. The extent of necrosis depends on the severity of the compression, and blood flow. The tissue responses by gliosis, demyelination, and axonal loss. This results in injury to the white matter (myelinated tracts) and the gray matter (cell bodies) in the cord with loss of sensory reflexes (pinprick, joint position sense, vibration, hot/cold, pressure) and motor function.
Pathophysiology
Spinal cord stenosis is the narrowing of the vertebral canal tube. This narrowing produces neurovascular compression that may lead to pain and other neurology manifestations of spinal stenosis. Radiographic changes associated with stenosis are very common with aging. Although symptoms may arise from narrowing of the spinal canal, not all patients with narrowing develop symptoms.
Anatomy
- The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum down to the level of the first and second lumbar vertebrae.[1][2]
- At L2 level spinal cord transforms into spinal roots and forms a cone-shaped structure called conus medullaris.
- The cord is protected by the vertebral column, which is mobile and allows for movement of the spine.
- It is enclosed by the dura mater and the vessels supplying it.
- The cord floats in the cerebrospinal fluid which acts as a buffer to movement and early degrees of compression.
- The cord substance contains a gray area centrally and is surrounded by white matter communication tracts, both ascending and descending.
Pathogenesis
- The spinal stenosis may result from any condition that narrows the spinal canal and compresses nerve roots.
- The most common cause of spinal stenosis is degenerative joint disease.
- The spinal cord and nerve roots depend on a constant blood supply to perform axonal signaling.[3][4][5]
- Conditions that interfere, either directly or indirectly, with the blood supply will cause malfunction of the transmission pathway.
- It initiates a cascade of events in the gray matter and white matter and results in hypoperfusion.
- The following results in autonomic dysfunction leading to neurogenic shock ( triad of hypotension, bradycardia and peripheral vasodilation) and eventually hemorrhagic necrosis.
- The extent of necrosis depends on the severity of the compression, and blood flow.
- The tissue responses by gliosis, demyelination, and axonal loss.
- This results in injury to the white matter (myelinated tracts) and the gray matter (cell bodies) in the cord with loss of sensory reflexes (pinprick, joint position sense, vibration, hot/cold, pressure) and motor function.
References
- ↑ Bican O, Minagar A, Pruitt AA (2013). "The spinal cord: a review of functional neuroanatomy". Neurol Clin. 31 (1): 1–18. doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2012.09.009. PMID 23186894.
- ↑ Diaz E, Morales H (2016). "Spinal Cord Anatomy and Clinical Syndromes". Semin. Ultrasound CT MR. 37 (5): 360–71. doi:10.1053/j.sult.2016.05.002. PMID 27616310.
- ↑ Pekny M, Wilhelmsson U, Pekna M (2014). "The dual role of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis". Neurosci. Lett. 565: 30–8. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.12.071. PMID 24406153.
- ↑ Vilar-González S, Pérez-Rozos A, Torres-Campa JM, Mateos V (2013). "[Spinal cord compression: a multidisciplinary approach to a real neuro-oncological emergency]". Rev Neurol (in Spanish; Castilian). 56 (1): 43–52. PMID 23250681.
- ↑ Schmidt MH, Klimo P, Vrionis FD (2005). "Metastatic spinal cord compression". J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 3 (5): 711–9. PMID 16194459.