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| __NOTOC__
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| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Vbe}}
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| Epidemiology and demographics
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| | {{CMG}};{{AE}}{{Vbe}} |
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| {{CMG}} ; {{AE}} {{Vbe}}
| | ==Causes== |
| SIADH
| | [[Hypogammaglobulinemia]] is caused by: |
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| Definition :The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is characterized by the excessive release of serum antidiuretic hormone (ADH) relative to serum osmolality. It typically results in excessive water reabsorption in the collecting ducts and hyponatremia
| | Immunodeficiency secondary to: |
| | *[[Uremia]] |
| | *Protein losing enteropathy |
| | *[[Nephrotic syndrome]] |
| | *Malnutrition |
| | *Cirrhosis |
| | *Hemodialysis |
| | * Intestinal lymphangiectasia |
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| Historical perspective:
| | * Protein-losing gastroenteropathy |
| Described by researchers from Boston, Massachusetts and Bethesda, Maryland (including Dr Frederic Bartter) in two patients with lung cancer.[1] Criteria were developed by Schwartz and Bartter in 1967,[2].
| | *[[Nephrotic syndrome]] |
| | *[[Thymoma]] <ref name="pmid29881497">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aouadi S, Ghrairi N, Braham E, Kaabi M, Maâlej S, Elgharbi LD |title=[Acquired hypogammaglobulinemia associated with thymoma: Good syndrome] |language=French |journal=Pan Afr Med J |volume=28 |issue= |pages=253 |date=2017 |pmid=29881497 |pmc=5989270 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2017.28.253.11352 |url=}}</ref> |
| | * Medications : |
| | ** Gold |
| | **D-Penicillamine |
| | **Sulfasalazin |
| | **Anticonvulsants |
| | **Glucocorticoids |
| | **Methotrexate |
| | **Calcineurin inhibitors |
| | ** Rituximab<ref name="pmid29755528">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shoukat BA, Ali O, Kumar D, Bilal Gilani M, Zahid A, Aslam Joiya S, Anwar Malik M |title=Hypogammaglobulinemia Observed One Year after Rituximab Treatment for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura |journal=Case Rep Med |volume=2018 |issue= |pages=2096186 |date=2018 |pmid=29755528 |pmc=5884289 |doi=10.1155/2018/2096186 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29752554">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farhat L, Dara J, Duberstein S, De A |title=Secondary Hypogammaglobulinemia After Rituximab for Neuromyelitis Optica: A Case Report |journal=Drug Saf Case Rep |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=22 |date=May 2018 |pmid=29752554 |pmc=5948191 |doi=10.1007/s40800-018-0087-y |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29627491">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thorlacius H, Jerkeman A, Marginean FE, Toth E |title=Colorectal malakoplakia in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=April 2018 |pmid=29627491 |doi=10.1016/j.gie.2018.04.001 |url=}}</ref> |
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| Pathogenesis:
| | * Environmental hazards: |
| | ** Ionizing radiation |
| | **Toxins |
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| Causes:
| | *Infections |
| CNS disturbances:
| | ** Viral(Herpes, Measles) |
| *Stroke
| | **Bacterial(Mycobacterial) |
| *trauma
| | **Parasitic(Malaria, helminthic infections) |
| *infection
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| *psychosis
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| *hemorrhage
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| Drugs :
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| *amiodarone
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| *amitryptyline
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| *bromocriptine
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| *ciprpfloxacin
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| *chlorpropamide
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| *carbamazapine
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| *cyclophosphamide
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| *cisplatine
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| *SSRI
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| *Vincristine
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| *Vinblastine
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| *thioridazine
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| *thiothixene
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| *haloperidol
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| *MAOI
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| *melphalan
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| *methotrexate | |
| *opiates | |
| *NSAID | |
| *IFN-alpha
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| *IFN-gamma
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| Surgery: associated with hyper secretion of ADH, a response that is mediated by pain afferents.
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| Pulmonary disease: particularly pneumonia (viral, bacterial, tuberculous), can lead to the SIADH, although the mechanism by which this occurs is not clear.A
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| similar response may infrequently be seen with asthma, atelectasis, acute respiratory failure, and pneumothorax.
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| Hormone deficiency: Hypopituitarism, hypothyroidism
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| HIV infection
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| Genetics: clinical picture of SIADH may result from genetic disorders that result in antidiuresis. A mutation affecting the gene for the renal V2 receptor, which some investigators have named nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis, has been found to cause clinically significant hyponatremia.
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| ongenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is characterized by a resistance of the renal collecting duct to the action of the arginine vasopressin hormone responsible for the inability of the kidney to concentrate urine.he X-linked form is due to inactivating mutations of the vasopressin 2 receptor gene leading to a loss of function of the mutated receptors.onversely, the nephrogenic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (NSIAD) is linked to a constitutive activation of the V(2)-receptor due to activating mutations with clinical and biological features of inappropriate antidiuresis but with low or undetectable plasma arginine vasopressin hormone levels.
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| ==Epidemiology and Demographics==
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| ===Prevalence===
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| **Worldwide, the prevalence of (insert disease state here) ranges from a low of _____ per 100,000 persons to a high of _____ per 100,000 persons with an average prevalence of _____ per 100,000 persons. | |
| **Worldwide, the prevalence of (insert disease state here) is _____ per 100,000 persons. | |
| **In developed countries, the prevalence of (insert disease state here) ranges from a low of _____ per 100,000 persons to a high of _____ per 100,000 persons with an average prevalence of _____ per 100,000 persons.
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| **In developed countries, the prevalence of (insert disease state here) is _____ per 100,000 persons.
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| **In developing countries/ Africa, the prevalence of (insert disease state here) ranges from a low of _____ per 100,000 persons to a high of _____ per 100,000 persons with an average prevalence of _____ per 100,000 persons.
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| **In developing countries/ Africa, the prevalence of (insert disease state here) is _____ per 100,000 persons.
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| **In ____ (insert year), the prevalence of _______ (insert disease name) was estimated to be _______ (insert number) cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
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| ===Incidence===
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| *The standard format to report the incidence is ___ per 100,000 individuals.
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| *When using numbers with decimal points, avoid reporting more than 1 number after the decimal point. For example, report a incidence as 10.1 instead of 10.09322. Many numbers after the decimal point may suggest a false sense of accuracy.
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| * You can pick one or more of the template sentences below for this section:
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| **Worldwide, the incidence of (insert disease state here) ranges from a low of _____ per 100,000 persons to a high of _____ per 100,000 persons with an average incidence of _____ per 100,000 persons.
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| **Worldwide, the incidence of (insert disease state here) is _____ per 100,000 persons.
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| **In developed countries, the incidence of (insert disease state here) ranges from a low of _____ per 100,000 persons to a high of _____ per 100,000 persons with an average incidence of _____ per 100,000 persons.
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| **In developed countries, the incidence of (insert disease state here) is _____ per 100,000 persons.
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| **In developing countries/ Africa, the incidence of (insert disease state here) ranges from a low of _____ per 100,000 persons to a high of _____ per 100,000 persons with an average incidence of _____ per 100,000 persons.
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| **In developing countries/ Africa, the incidence of (insert disease state here) is _____ per 100,000 persons.
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| **In ____ (insert year), the incidence of _______ (insert disease name) was estimated to be _______ (insert number) cases per 100,000 individuals worldwide.
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| ===Case Fatality Rate===
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| *The case fatality rate is defined the number of deaths (fatality) among patients with the disease (case). Case fatality rate should be distinguished from "Mortality Rate" (defined as the number of deaths among the at-risk population).
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| *The case fatality rate is usually described as a function of time (e.g. In 2015 / annually etc...).
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| *When using numbers with decimal points, avoid reporting more than 1 number after the decimal point. For example, report the case fatality rate as 10.1% instead of 10.09322%. Many numbers after the decimal point may suggest a false sense of accuracy.
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| *You can pick the template sentence below for this section:
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| **In ____ (year), the case fatality rate of ____ (disease name) is ____ (case fatality rate in %).
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| **The annual case fatality rate of ____ (disease name) is approximately ____ (case fatality rate in %).
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| ===Age===
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| *This section can describe the impact of the disease depending on the persons age, and the age-specific prevalence and incidence.
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| *The prevalence of ____ (insert disease state here) increases/decreases with age.
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| *_____ (insert acute disease) commonly affects _____ (insert age group).
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| *_____ (insert chronic disease) is usually first diagnosed among _____ (insert age group).
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| ===Gender===
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| This section describe how prevalence of the disease varies by gender.
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| When describing male to female ratios with decimal points, avoid reporting more than 1 number after the decimal point. For example, report a ratio as as 1.5 to 1 instead of 1.48294 to 1. Many numbers after the decimal point may suggest a false sense of accuracy.
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| You can use either of the following template sentences:
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| * ______ (insert gender 1) are more commonly affected with ______ (insert disease name) than _____ (insert gender 2). The _____ (insert gender ratio e.g. male to female) ratio is approximately _____ (insert number > 1) to 1.
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| * The prevalence and incidence of (insert disease state here) does not vary by gender.
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| * Men and women are affected equally by (insert disease name here).
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| * (Insert disease state here) is more prevalent in men women.
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| * The prevalence of (insert disease state here) among men is ____ per 100,000, while it is _____ per 100,000 among women.
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| * The incidence of (insert disease state here) among men is ____ per 100,000, while it is _____ per 100,000 among women.
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| ===Race===
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| This section describes how the disease differs based upon race.
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| You can use the following template sentence for this section:
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| * The prevalence of _____ (insert disease) does not vary by race.
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| * (Insert disease state here) is more prevalent in the ____ (inser race) race and ____ (insert other race) races.
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| *There is no racial predilection for ____ (insert disease name)
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| * _____ (insert disease) usually affects individuals of the _____ (inser race) race. _____ (insert other race) individuals are less likely to develop ______ (disease name).
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| ===Developed Countries===
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| * In this section you should describe the impact of the disease in developed countries.
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| * Incidence, prevalence, and geographical distribution or areas of interest can be mentioned, as well as the relevant impact the disease has on society.
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| ===Developing Countries===
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| * In this section you should describe the impact of the disease in developing countries.
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| * Incidence, prevalence, and geographical distribution or areas of interest can be mentioned, as well as the relevant impact the disease has on society.
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