Sandbox:Vindhya: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable"
!
Disease
!Causes
|Features and  diagnosis
|- Diagnostic criteria of SIADH include:


|SIADH
|SIADH is a syndrome characterized by excessive release of [[Vasopressin|antidiuretic hormone]] (ADH or vasopressin) from the [[posterior pituitary]] gland or another source. The result is [[hyponatremia]], and sometimes fluid overload.
|-
|Cerebral salt wasting
| Cerebral salt wasting is defined as the renal loss of sodium during intracranial disease leading to hyponatremia and a decrease in extracellular fluid volume.
|
|-
|Adrenal insufficiency


|Adrenal insufficiency ranges from mild nonspecific symptoms to life-threatening shock condition. An important distinction in these patients is the presence of mineralocorticoid deficiency. Those with secondary or tertiary adrenal insufficiency will typically have preserved mineralocorticoid function due to the separate feedback systems.
_NOTOC _
Adrenal insufficency can be primary, secondary or tertiary.
{{CMG}};{{AE}}{{Vbe}}
Common causes of primary adrenal insufficiency:
* Autoimmune
*Iatrogenic
*Drugs
*Others- adrenal hemorrhage, cancer, infection.
*congenital.
Secondary adrenal insufficiency refers to decreased adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation of the adrenal cortex and therefore does not affect aldosterone levels. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and panhypopituitarism are common causes.
Tertiary adrenal insufficiency refers to decreased hypothalamic stimulation of the pituitary to secrete ACTH. Exogenous steroid administration is the most common cause of tertiary adrenal insufficiency.
|
|-
|Hypopituitarism:
|Hypopituitarism is defined as the partial or complete loss of anterior pituitary function that can result from acquired or congenital causes.
Etiology is as follows:
*Pituitary tumors
*Sellar tumors
*Head trauma
*Infection
*empty sella
*infiltration
*Idiopathic
*congenital
|
|-
|Hypothyroidism


|Hypofunctioning of the thyroid gland due to multifactorial etiology ranging from congenital to autoimmune causes described below:
==Causes==
*Congenital
[[Hypogammaglobulinemia]] is caused by:
*Autoimmune
*Drugs
*Post surgery
*post radiation
*Infiltrative e.g., amyloid


|
Immunodeficiency secondary to:
|-
*[[Uremia]]
|Psychogenic polydipsia
*Protein losing enteropathy
| Also called as primary polydipsia is charactreized by polyuria and polydipsia. Causes could be:
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
* Defect in the hypothalamus
*Malnutrition
*Adverse effect of a medication
*Cirrhosis
*Traumatic brain injury
*Hemodialysis
*Psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia
* Intestinal lymphangiectasia
|
 
|}
* Protein-losing gastroenteropathy
___
*[[Nephrotic syndrome]]
*[[Thymoma]] <ref name="pmid29881497">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aouadi S, Ghrairi N, Braham E, Kaabi M, Maâlej S, Elgharbi LD |title=[Acquired hypogammaglobulinemia associated with thymoma: Good syndrome] |language=French |journal=Pan Afr Med J |volume=28 |issue= |pages=253 |date=2017 |pmid=29881497 |pmc=5989270 |doi=10.11604/pamj.2017.28.253.11352 |url=}}</ref>
* Medications :
** Gold
**D-Penicillamine
**Sulfasalazin
**Anticonvulsants
**Glucocorticoids
**Methotrexate
**Calcineurin inhibitors
** Rituximab<ref name="pmid29755528">{{cite journal |vauthors=Shoukat BA, Ali O, Kumar D, Bilal Gilani M, Zahid A, Aslam Joiya S, Anwar Malik M |title=Hypogammaglobulinemia Observed One Year after Rituximab Treatment for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura |journal=Case Rep Med |volume=2018 |issue= |pages=2096186 |date=2018 |pmid=29755528 |pmc=5884289 |doi=10.1155/2018/2096186 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29752554">{{cite journal |vauthors=Farhat L, Dara J, Duberstein S, De A |title=Secondary Hypogammaglobulinemia After Rituximab for Neuromyelitis Optica: A Case Report |journal=Drug Saf Case Rep |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=22 |date=May 2018 |pmid=29752554 |pmc=5948191 |doi=10.1007/s40800-018-0087-y |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid29627491">{{cite journal |vauthors=Thorlacius H, Jerkeman A, Marginean FE, Toth E |title=Colorectal malakoplakia in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia |journal=Gastrointest. Endosc. |volume= |issue= |pages= |date=April 2018 |pmid=29627491 |doi=10.1016/j.gie.2018.04.001 |url=}}</ref>
 
* Environmental hazards:
** Ionizing radiation
**Toxins
 
*Infections
** Viral(Herpes, Measles)
**Bacterial(Mycobacterial)
**Parasitic(Malaria, helminthic infections)

Latest revision as of 14:23, 3 August 2018


_NOTOC _ Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1];Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vindhya BellamKonda, M.B.B.S [2]

Causes

Hypogammaglobulinemia is caused by:

Immunodeficiency secondary to:

  • Protein-losing gastroenteropathy
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Thymoma [1]
  • Medications :
    • Gold
    • D-Penicillamine
    • Sulfasalazin
    • Anticonvulsants
    • Glucocorticoids
    • Methotrexate
    • Calcineurin inhibitors
    • Rituximab[2][3][4]
  • Environmental hazards:
    • Ionizing radiation
    • Toxins
  • Infections
    • Viral(Herpes, Measles)
    • Bacterial(Mycobacterial)
    • Parasitic(Malaria, helminthic infections)
  1. ↑ Aouadi S, Ghrairi N, Braham E, Kaabi M, Maâlej S, Elgharbi LD (2017). "[Acquired hypogammaglobulinemia associated with thymoma: Good syndrome]". Pan Afr Med J (in French). 28: 253. doi:10.11604/pamj.2017.28.253.11352. PMC 5989270. PMID 29881497.
  2. ↑ Shoukat BA, Ali O, Kumar D, Bilal Gilani M, Zahid A, Aslam Joiya S, Anwar Malik M (2018). "Hypogammaglobulinemia Observed One Year after Rituximab Treatment for Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura". Case Rep Med. 2018: 2096186. doi:10.1155/2018/2096186. PMC 5884289. PMID 29755528.
  3. ↑ Farhat L, Dara J, Duberstein S, De A (May 2018). "Secondary Hypogammaglobulinemia After Rituximab for Neuromyelitis Optica: A Case Report". Drug Saf Case Rep. 5 (1): 22. doi:10.1007/s40800-018-0087-y. PMC 5948191. PMID 29752554.
  4. ↑ Thorlacius H, Jerkeman A, Marginean FE, Toth E (April 2018). "Colorectal malakoplakia in a patient with hypogammaglobulinemia". Gastrointest. Endosc. doi:10.1016/j.gie.2018.04.001. PMID 29627491.
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