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{{Hemophilia}}
{{Hemophilia}}
Many people who have or have had family members with hemophilia will ask that their baby boys get tested soon after birth. About one-third of babies who are diagnosed with hemophilia have no other family members with the disorder. A doctor might check for hemophilia if a newborn is showing certain signs of hemophilia. Diagnosis includes screening tests and clotting factor tests. Screening tests are blood tests that show if the blood is clotting properly. Clotting factor tests, also called factor assays, are required to diagnose a bleeding disorder. This blood test shows the type of hemophilia and the severity.
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{Sab}}
==Overview==
Initial [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] [[blood]] investigations for any [[child]] with suspected [[Coagulopathy|bleeding disorder]] include [[platelet]] count, [[Prothrombin time|prothrombin time (PT)]], [[Activated partial thromboplastin time|activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)]], and [[fibrinogen]] [[test]]. [[Chorionic villus sampling]] at 11-14 weeks of [[gestation]] can be performed for the [[Genetics|genetic]] [[diagnosis]] of hemophilia.


==Families With a History of Hemophilia==
==Screening==
 
*Initial [[Screening (medicine)|screening]] [[blood]] investigations for any [[child]] with suspected [[Coagulopathy|bleeding disorder]] include [[platelet]] count, [[Prothrombin time|prothrombin time (PT)]], and [[Activated partial thromboplastin time|activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)]], and [[fibrinogen]] [[test]].<ref name="pmid30129541">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sachdeva A, Gunasekaran V, Ramya HN, Dass J, Kotwal J, Seth T, Das S, Garg K, Kalra M, Sirisha RS, Prakash A |title=Consensus Statement of the Indian Academy of Pediatrics in Diagnosis and Management of Hemophilia |journal=Indian Pediatr |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=582–590 |date=July 2018 |pmid=30129541 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid17605969">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kamal AH, Tefferi A, Pruthi RK |title=How to interpret and pursue an abnormal prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and bleeding time in adults |journal=Mayo Clin. Proc. |volume=82 |issue=7 |pages=864–73 |date=July 2007 |pmid=17605969 |doi=10.4065/82.7.864 |url=}}</ref><ref>https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/diagnosis.html</ref>
Any family history of bleeding, such as following surgery or injury, or unexplained deaths among brothers, sisters, or other male relatives such as maternal uncles, grandfathers, or cousins should be discussed with a doctor to see if hemophilia was a cause. A doctor often will get a thorough family history to find out if a bleeding disorder exists in the family. Many people who have or have had family members with hemophilia will ask that their baby boys get tested soon after birth. In the best of cases, testing for hemophilia is planned before the baby’s delivery so that a sample of blood can be drawn from the umbilical cord (which connects the mother and baby before birth) immediately after birth and tested to determine the level of the clotting factors. Umbilical cord blood testing is better at finding low levels of factor VIII (8) than it is at finding low levels of factor IX (9). This is because factor IX (9) levels take more time to develop and are not at a normal level until a baby is at least 6 months of age. Therefore, a mildly low level of factor IX (9) at birth does not necessarily mean that the baby has hemophilia B. A repeat test when the baby is older might be needed in some cases. Learn more about the inheritance pattern for hemophilia.
*Bethesda assay (to detect and quantify factor VIII [[antibodies]] in acquired hemophilia)<ref name="pmid30653138">{{cite journal |vauthors=Qian L, Ge H, Hu P, Zhu N, Chen J, Shen J, Zhang Y |title=Pregnancy-related acquired hemophilia A initially manifesting as pleural hemorrhage: A case report |journal=Medicine (Baltimore) |volume=98 |issue=3 |pages=e14119 |date=January 2019 |pmid=30653138 |doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000014119 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23546724">{{cite journal |vauthors=Duncan E, Collecutt M, Street A |title=Nijmegen-Bethesda assay to measure factor VIII inhibitors |journal=Methods Mol. Biol. |volume=992 |issue= |pages=321–33 |date=2013 |pmid=23546724 |doi=10.1007/978-1-62703-339-8_24 |url=}}</ref>
 
*[[Chorionic villus sampling]] at 11-14 weeks of [[gestation]] can be performed for the [[Genetics|genetic]] [[diagnosis]] of hemophilia.<ref name="pmid30129541">{{cite journal |vauthors=Sachdeva A, Gunasekaran V, Ramya HN, Dass J, Kotwal J, Seth T, Das S, Garg K, Kalra M, Sirisha RS, Prakash A |title=Consensus Statement of the Indian Academy of Pediatrics in Diagnosis and Management of Hemophilia |journal=Indian Pediatr |volume=55 |issue=7 |pages=582–590 |date=July 2018 |pmid=30129541 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
==Families With No Previous History of Hemophilia==
About one-third of babies who are diagnosed with hemophilia have no other family members with the disorder. A doctor might check for hemophilia in a newborn if:
*Bleeding after circumcision of the penis goes on for a long time.
*Bleeding goes on for a long time after drawing blood and heel sticks (pricking the infant’s heel to draw blood for newborn screening tests).
*Bleeding in the head (scalp or brain) after a difficult delivery or after using special devices or instruments to help deliver the baby (e.g., vacuum or forceps).
*Unusual raised bruises or large numbers of bruises. If a child is not diagnosed with hemophilia during the newborn period, the family might notice unusual bruising once the child begins standing or crawling.
 
Those with severe hemophilia can have serious bleeding problems right away. Thus, they often are diagnosed during the first year of life. People with milder forms of hemophilia might not be diagnosed until later in life.
 
==Screening Tests==
Screening tests are blood tests that show if the blood is clotting properly. Types of screening tests:
===Complete Blood Count (CBC)===
This common test measures the amount of hemoglobin (the red pigment inside red blood cells that carries oxygen), the size and number of red blood cells and numbers of different types of white blood cells and platelets found in blood. The CBC is normal in people with hemophilia. However, if a person with hemophilia has unusually heavy bleeding or bleeds for a long time, the hemoglobin and the red blood cell count can be low.
===Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) Test===
This test measures how long it takes for blood to clot. It measures the clotting ability of factors VIII (8), IX (9), XI (11), and XII (12). If any of these clotting factors are too low, it takes longer than normal for the blood to clot. The results of this test will show a longer clotting time among people with hemophilia A or B.
===Prothrombin Time (PT) Test===
This test also measures the time it takes for blood to clot. It measures primarily the clotting ability of factors I (1), II (2), V (5), VII (7), and X (10). If any of these factors are too low, it takes longer than normal for the blood to clot. The results of this test will be normal among most people with hemophilia A and B.
===Fibrinogen Test===
This test also helps doctors assess a patient’s ability to form a blood clot. This test is ordered either along with other blood clotting tests or when a patient has an abnormal PT or APTT test result, or both. Fibrinogen is another name for clotting factor I (1).
===Clotting Factor Tests===
Clotting factor tests, also called factor assays, are required to diagnose a bleeding disorder. This blood test shows the type of hemophilia and the severity. It is important to know the type and severity in order to create the best treatment plan.
 
{| style="border: 0px; font-size: 90%; margin: 3px; width: 500px;" align=center
|valign=top|
|+
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Severity}}
! style="background: #4479BA; width: 200px;" | {{fontcolor|#FFF|Levels of Factor VIII (8)
or IX (9) in the blood}}
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | Normal (person who does not have hemophilia)
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |50% to 100%
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | Mild hemophilia
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Greater than 5% but less than 50%
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | Moderate hemophilia
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |1% to 5%
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold" | Severe hemophilia
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" |Less than 1%
|-
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #F5F5F5;" colspan=2| <small>Adapted from CDC Hemophilia Diagnosis> {{cite web|  url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/diagnosis.html| title=CDC Hemophilia Diagnosis }}</small>
|}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 18:05, 29 May 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Sabawoon Mirwais, M.B.B.S, M.D.[2]

Overview

Initial screening blood investigations for any child with suspected bleeding disorder include platelet count, prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and fibrinogen test. Chorionic villus sampling at 11-14 weeks of gestation can be performed for the genetic diagnosis of hemophilia.

Screening

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Sachdeva A, Gunasekaran V, Ramya HN, Dass J, Kotwal J, Seth T, Das S, Garg K, Kalra M, Sirisha RS, Prakash A (July 2018). "Consensus Statement of the Indian Academy of Pediatrics in Diagnosis and Management of Hemophilia". Indian Pediatr. 55 (7): 582–590. PMID 30129541.
  2. ↑ Kamal AH, Tefferi A, Pruthi RK (July 2007). "How to interpret and pursue an abnormal prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and bleeding time in adults". Mayo Clin. Proc. 82 (7): 864–73. doi:10.4065/82.7.864. PMID 17605969.
  3. ↑ https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hemophilia/diagnosis.html
  4. ↑ Qian L, Ge H, Hu P, Zhu N, Chen J, Shen J, Zhang Y (January 2019). "Pregnancy-related acquired hemophilia A initially manifesting as pleural hemorrhage: A case report". Medicine (Baltimore). 98 (3): e14119. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000014119. PMID 30653138.
  5. ↑ Duncan E, Collecutt M, Street A (2013). "Nijmegen-Bethesda assay to measure factor VIII inhibitors". Methods Mol. Biol. 992: 321–33. doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-339-8_24. PMID 23546724.

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