Kaposi's sarcoma classification: Difference between revisions

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Kaposi's sarcoma may be classified according to the clinical setting of the [[disease]] into five subtypes include Classic Kaposi's sarcoma, African [[cutaneous]] Kaposi's sarcoma, African [[Lymphadenopathy|lymphadenopathic]] Kaposi's sarcoma, [[Immunosuppression]]-associated Kaposi's sarcoma, and [[AIDS]]-associated Kaposi's sarcoma.
Kaposi's sarcoma may be classified according to the clinical setting of the [[disease]] into five subtypes include Classic Kaposi's sarcoma, African [[cutaneous]] Kaposi's sarcoma, African [[Lymphadenopathy|lymphadenopathic]] Kaposi's sarcoma, [[Immunosuppression]]-associated Kaposi's sarcoma, and [[AIDS]]-associated Kaposi's sarcoma.
==Classification==
==Classification==
* According to the clinical setting of the [[disease]], clinical presentation, [[epidemiology]], and [[prognosis]] Kaposi's sarcoma may be classified into five different subtypes which include:<ref name="pmid21377267">{{cite journal |vauthors=Uldrick TS, Whitby D |title=Update on KSHV epidemiology, Kaposi Sarcoma pathogenesis, and treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma |journal=Cancer Lett. |volume=305 |issue=2 |pages=150–62 |date=June 2011 |pmid=21377267 |doi=10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6861160">{{cite journal |vauthors=Krigel RL, Laubenstein LJ, Muggia FM |title=Kaposi's sarcoma: a new staging classification |journal=Cancer Treat Rep |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=531–4 |date=June 1983 |pmid=6861160 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18655700">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grayson W, Pantanowitz L |title=Histological variants of cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma |journal=Diagn Pathol |volume=3 |issue= |pages=31 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18655700 |pmc=2526984 |doi=10.1186/1746-1596-3-31 |url=}}</ref>
*<nowiki/>According to the clinical setting of the [[disease]], clinical presentation, [[epidemiology]], and [[prognosis]] Kaposi's sarcoma may be classified into five different subtypes<ref name="pmid21377267">{{cite journal |vauthors=Uldrick TS, Whitby D |title=Update on KSHV epidemiology, Kaposi Sarcoma pathogenesis, and treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma |journal=Cancer Lett. |volume=305 |issue=2 |pages=150–62 |date=June 2011 |pmid=21377267 |doi=10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.006 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6861160">{{cite journal |vauthors=Krigel RL, Laubenstein LJ, Muggia FM |title=Kaposi's sarcoma: a new staging classification |journal=Cancer Treat Rep |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=531–4 |date=June 1983 |pmid=6861160 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid18655700">{{cite journal |vauthors=Grayson W, Pantanowitz L |title=Histological variants of cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma |journal=Diagn Pathol |volume=3 |issue= |pages=31 |date=July 2008 |pmid=18655700 |pmc=2526984 |doi=10.1186/1746-1596-3-31 |url=}}</ref>
*<nowiki/>African [[cutaneous]] Kaposi's sarcoma and African [[Lymphadenopathy|lymphadenopathic]] Kaposi's sarcoma could be classified under the term of [[endemic]] Kaposi's sarcomas.


:* Classic Kaposi's sarcoma
:* African [[cutaneous]] Kaposi's sarcoma
:* African [[Lymphadenopathy|lymphadenopathic]] Kaposi's sarcoma
:* [[Iatrogenic]] Kaposi's sarcoma (immunosuppression-<nowiki/>associated Kaposi's sarcoma)
:* [[AIDS]]-associated Kaposi's sarcoma
* African [[cutaneous]] Kaposi's sarcoma and African [[Lymphadenopathy|lymphadenopathic]] Kaposi's sarcoma could be classified under the term of [[endemic]] Kaposi's sarcomas.
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! rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; padding: 5px 5px;" |{{fontcolor|#FFFFFF|Types}}
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| rowspan="1;" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" |Classic (Mediterranean) Kaposi's sarcoma <ref name="pmid25889316">{{cite journal| author=Vincenzi B, D'Onofrio L, Frezza AM, Grasso RF, Fausti V, Santini D et al.| title=Classic Kaposi Sarcoma: to treat or not to treat? | journal=BMC Res Notes | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue=  | pages= 138 | pmid=25889316 | doi=10.1186/s13104-015-1076-1 | pmc=4395989 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25889316  }}</ref><ref name="StratigosPotouridou1997">{{cite journal|last1=Stratigos|first1=John|last2=Potouridou|first2=Irene|last3=Katoulis|first3=Alexander|last4=Hatziolou|first4=Eftichia|last5=Christofidou|first5=Eleftheria|last6=Stratigos|first6=Alexander|last7=Hatzakis|first7=Angelos|last8=Stavrianeas|first8=Nicholas|title=Classic Kaposi's sarcoma in Greece: a clinico-epidemiological profile|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=36|issue=10|year=1997|pages=735–740|issn=0011-9059|doi=10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00284.x}}</ref><ref name="pmid11489800">{{cite journal| author=Landau HJ, Poiesz BJ, Dube S, Bogart JA, Weiner LB, Souid AK| title=Classic Kaposi's sarcoma associated with human herpesvirus 8 infection in a 13-year-old male: a case report. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 2001 | volume= 7 | issue= 8 | pages= 2263-8 | pmid=11489800 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11489800  }}</ref><ref name="CetinAktas2018">{{cite journal|last1=Cetin|first1=Bulent|last2=Aktas|first2=Bilge|last3=Bal|first3=Oznur|last4=Algin|first4=Efnan|last5=Akman|first5=Tulay|last6=Koral|first6=Lokman|last7=Kaplan|first7=Mehmet Ali|last8=Demirci|first8=Umut|last9=Uncu|first9=Dogan|last10=Ozet|first10=Ahmet|title=Classic Kaposi's sarcoma: A review of 156 cases|journal=Dermatologica Sinica|volume=36|issue=4|year=2018|pages=185–189|issn=10278117|doi=10.1016/j.dsi.2018.06.005}}</ref>
| rowspan="1;" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" |Classic (Mediterranean) Kaposi's sarcoma <ref name="pmid25889316">{{cite journal| author=Vincenzi B, D'Onofrio L, Frezza AM, Grasso RF, Fausti V, Santini D et al.| title=Classic Kaposi Sarcoma: to treat or not to treat? | journal=BMC Res Notes | year= 2015 | volume= 8 | issue=  | pages= 138 | pmid=25889316 | doi=10.1186/s13104-015-1076-1 | pmc=4395989 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25889316  }}</ref><ref name="StratigosPotouridou1997">{{cite journal|last1=Stratigos|first1=John|last2=Potouridou|first2=Irene|last3=Katoulis|first3=Alexander|last4=Hatziolou|first4=Eftichia|last5=Christofidou|first5=Eleftheria|last6=Stratigos|first6=Alexander|last7=Hatzakis|first7=Angelos|last8=Stavrianeas|first8=Nicholas|title=Classic Kaposi's sarcoma in Greece: a clinico-epidemiological profile|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=36|issue=10|year=1997|pages=735–740|issn=0011-9059|doi=10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00284.x}}</ref><ref name="pmid11489800">{{cite journal| author=Landau HJ, Poiesz BJ, Dube S, Bogart JA, Weiner LB, Souid AK| title=Classic Kaposi's sarcoma associated with human herpesvirus 8 infection in a 13-year-old male: a case report. | journal=Clin Cancer Res | year= 2001 | volume= 7 | issue= 8 | pages= 2263-8 | pmid=11489800 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11489800  }}</ref><ref name="CetinAktas2018">{{cite journal|last1=Cetin|first1=Bulent|last2=Aktas|first2=Bilge|last3=Bal|first3=Oznur|last4=Algin|first4=Efnan|last5=Akman|first5=Tulay|last6=Koral|first6=Lokman|last7=Kaplan|first7=Mehmet Ali|last8=Demirci|first8=Umut|last9=Uncu|first9=Dogan|last10=Ozet|first10=Ahmet|title=Classic Kaposi's sarcoma: A review of 156 cases|journal=Dermatologica Sinica|volume=36|issue=4|year=2018|pages=185–189|issn=10278117|doi=10.1016/j.dsi.2018.06.005}}</ref>
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* Vascular sarcoma
*[[Vascular]] sarcoma
* Common in Mediterranean [[elderly]] [[men]]
* Common in Mediterranean [[elderly]] [[men]]
*Indolent clinical behavior
*Indolent [[clinical]] [[behavior]]
*Pigmented [[macular]]–[[Papule|papular]] lesions on [[mucocutaneous]] surface
*Pigmented [[macular]]–[[Papule|papular]] lesions on [[mucocutaneous]] surface
*Typically appears as dark blue or purple
*Typically appears as dark [[blue]] or purple
*[[Lesions]] may present as [[solitary]] [[nodules]] or [[plaques]] and [[tumors]] to a size of several centimeters
*[[Lesions]] may present as [[solitary]] [[nodules]] or [[plaques]] and [[tumors]] to a size of several centimeters
*Usually, present in the [[skin]] of the [[lower extremities]] and progresses very slowly
*Usually, present in the [[skin]] of the [[lower extremities]] and progresses very slowly
*[[Mucous membranes]] of the [[mouth]] and [[GI]] tract and regional [[lymph nodes]] could be affected
*[[Mucous membranes]] of the [[mouth]] and [[GI]] tract and regional [[lymph nodes]] could be affected
*Factors that affect the selection of local [[therapy]] are the extent and location of the [[lesions]] and the rapidity of clinical change
*Factors that affect the selection of local [[therapy]] are:
*Local [[therapy]] includes [[surgery]], intra-lesional injection of [[vinblastine]], [[topical]] [[retinoid]], [[radiotherapy]], and [[cryotherapy]].
**The extent and location of the [[lesions]]
*[[Radiotherapy]] is a treatment option for the multifocal but relatively localized [[KS]]. <br />
**The rapidity of [[clinical]] change
*Local [[therapy]] includes:
**[[Surgery]]
**Intra-lesional injection of [[vinblastine]], [[topical]] [[retinoid]], [[radiotherapy]], and [[cryotherapy]].
**[[Radiotherapy]]: The treatment option for the multifocal but relatively localized [[KS]]. <br />
|-
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| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="6;" | Endemic <ref name="pmid213772672">{{cite journal| author=Uldrick TS, Whitby D| title=Update on KSHV epidemiology, Kaposi Sarcoma pathogenesis, and treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma. | journal=Cancer Lett | year= 2011 | volume= 305 | issue= 2 | pages= 150-62 | pmid=21377267 | doi=10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.006 | pmc=3085592 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21377267  }}</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="6;" | Endemic African Kaposi's sarcoma <ref name="pmid213772672">{{cite journal| author=Uldrick TS, Whitby D| title=Update on KSHV epidemiology, Kaposi Sarcoma pathogenesis, and treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma. | journal=Cancer Lett | year= 2011 | volume= 305 | issue= 2 | pages= 150-62 | pmid=21377267 | doi=10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.006 | pmc=3085592 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21377267  }}</ref>
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Common features
| style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" rowspan="1;"|Common features
|-
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* Usually seen in areas with high [[prevalence]] of [[HHV-8]] such as sub-Saharan Africa
* Usually seen in areas with high [[prevalence]] of [[HHV-8]] such as sub-Saharan Africa, called, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated [[herpesvirus]] ([[KSHV]])
* If caused by an undiagnosed [[HIV]] infection, it can be treated by [[antiretroviral]] medications
*Seropositivity in Sub-Saharan Africa is >50%
* Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ([[KSHV]])
*If caused by an undiagnosed [[HIV]] infection, it can be treated by [[antiretroviral]] medications
*[[KSHV]] [[infection]] is very common in sub-Saharan Africa with seropositivity rates of >50%
*<nowiki/><nowiki/><nowiki/>If caused by [[infection]] other than [[HIV]], it can be treated by [[radiotherapy]] or [[chemotherapy]]
*If caused by [[infection]] other than [[HIV]], it can be treated by radiotherapy or [[chemotherapy]]
*The limitations of achieving an optimal and affordable [[therapeutic]] approach in sub-Saharan Africa is:
*The burden of [[HIV]] and [[KSHV]] [[coinfection]] is high in sub-Saharan Africa
**Resource-limited settings and infrastructure issues such as lack of trained personnel to administer [[chemotherapy]] and lack of [[infusion]] centers, and the inability to monitor blood work, a high rate of co-morbid [[tuberculosis]]
*The access to combined [[cART]] is expanding but still limited
*[[KS]] surveillance programs are insufficient
*[[combination therapy]] of [[cART]] and [[chemotherapy]] has 66% response rate
*The limitations of achieving an optimal and affordable [[therapeutic]] approach is:
*Resource-limited settings and infrastructure issues such as lack of trained personnel to administer [[chemotherapy]] and lack of [[infusion]] centers, and the inability to monitor blood work, a high rate of co-morbid [[tuberculosis]]
*Oral agents such as [[etoposide]] may have the benefit of easing the administration
*Oral agents such as [[etoposide]] may have the benefit of easing the administration
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*[[Risk factors]] (other than HIV)  
*[[Risk factors]] (other than [[HIV]])  
** Chronic [[malaria]]
** Chronic [[malaria]]
** Chronic [[parasitic infections]]
** Chronic [[parasitic infections]]
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** A very aggressive form  
* A very [[aggressive]] form
* Affects very young children, < 10 years of age  
* Affects very young children, < 10 years of age  
* Not related to [[HIV]]
* Not related to [[HIV]]
*Affects the [[skin]] and [[lymph nodes]]
*Affects the [[skin]] and [[lymph nodes]]
*[[Risk factors]] (other than HIV)
** Chronic [[malaria]]
** Chronic [[parasitic infections]]
**[[Malnutrition]]
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| rowspan="1;" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" |[[Iatrogenic]] ([[transplant]]-related) Kaposi's sarcoma (immunosuppression-associated Kaposi's sarcoma)<ref name="pmid4884743">{{cite journal| author=Siegel JH, Janis R, Alper JC, Schutte H, Robbins L, Blaufox MD| title=Disseminated visceral Kaposi's sarcoma. Appearance after human renal homograft operation. | journal=JAMA | year= 1969 | volume= 207 | issue= 8 | pages= 1493-6 | pmid=4884743 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4884743  }}</ref><ref name="pmid728865">{{cite journal| author=Klepp O, Dahl O, Stenwig JT| title=Association of Kaposi's sarcoma and prior immunosuppressive therapy: a 5-year material of Kaposi's sarcoma in Norway. | journal=Cancer | year= 1978 | volume= 42 | issue= 6 | pages= 2626-30 | pmid=728865 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197812)42:6<2626::aid-cncr2820420618>3.0.co;2-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=728865  }}</ref>
| rowspan="1;" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" |[[Iatrogenic]] ([[transplant]]-related) Kaposi's sarcoma ([[immunosuppression]]-associated Kaposi's sarcoma)<ref name="pmid4884743">{{cite journal| author=Siegel JH, Janis R, Alper JC, Schutte H, Robbins L, Blaufox MD| title=Disseminated visceral Kaposi's sarcoma. Appearance after human renal homograft operation. | journal=JAMA | year= 1969 | volume= 207 | issue= 8 | pages= 1493-6 | pmid=4884743 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4884743  }}</ref><ref name="pmid728865">{{cite journal| author=Klepp O, Dahl O, Stenwig JT| title=Association of Kaposi's sarcoma and prior immunosuppressive therapy: a 5-year material of Kaposi's sarcoma in Norway. | journal=Cancer | year= 1978 | volume= 42 | issue= 6 | pages= 2626-30 | pmid=728865 | doi=10.1002/1097-0142(197812)42:6<2626::aid-cncr2820420618>3.0.co;2-7 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=728865  }}</ref>
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* The association of [[KS]] with [[immunosuppression]] is noted in solid [[organ]] [[transplant]] [[patients]] and other [[patients]] on chronic [[immunosuppressive]] agents
* The association of [[KS]] with [[immunosuppression]] is noted in solid [[organ]] [[transplant]] [[patients]] and other [[patients]] on chronic [[immunosuppressive]] agents
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*
*
|-
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| rowspan="1;" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" |(Epidemic) [[AIDS]]-associated Kaposi's sarcoma<ref name="pmid21751599">{{cite journal| author=Thomas S, Sindhu CB, Sreekumar S, Sasidharan PK| title=AIDS associated Kaposi's sarcoma. | journal=J Assoc Physicians India | year= 2011 | volume= 59 | issue=  | pages= 387-9 | pmid=21751599 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21751599  }}</ref>
| rowspan="1;" style="padding: 5px 5px; background: #DCDCDC; font-weight: bold;" |(Epidemic) [[AIDS]]-associated Kaposi's sarcoma<ref name="pmid21751599">{{cite journal| author=Thomas S, Sindhu CB, Sreekumar S, Sasidharan PK| title=AIDS associated Kaposi's sarcoma. | journal=J Assoc Physicians India | year= 2011 | volume= 59 | issue=  | pages= 387-9 | pmid=21751599 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21751599  }}</ref><ref name="Friedman-KienSaltzman1990">{{cite journal|last1=Friedman-Kien|first1=Alvin E.|last2=Saltzman|first2=Brian R.|title=Clinical manifestations of classical, endemic African, and epidemic AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma|journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology|volume=22|issue=6|year=1990|pages=1237–1250|issn=01909622|doi=10.1016/0190-9622(90)70169-I}}</ref>
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* The most common [[malignant]] [[neoplasm]] occurring in [[HIV]] [[patients]]
* The most common [[malignant]] [[neoplasm]] occurring in [[AIDS]] [[patients]]
*A highly varied [[neoplastic]] disease
*Characterized by multifocal [[mucocutaneous]] [[lesions]], often with [[lymphatic]] and [[visceral]] involvement
*The first [[epidemic]] occurred in [[homosexual]] men in 1981 in NewYork and California.
*95% of all [[AIDS]]_associated Kaposi's sarcoma ([[AIDS]]-KS) are in [[homosexual]] men
*The remaining 5% occurs in other population who are at risk of [[AIDS]]
*[[Etiology]] [[hypotheses]]:
**Endothelial-tumor [[growth factors]]
**[[Oncogenic]] [[expression]]
**[[Genetic]] predisposition
**Environmental cofactors
**Direct [[virus]]-like agent unidentified yet
*All available [[treatments]] help control the [[lesions]], none lengthens [[Survival rate|survival]]
*[[Treatments|Treatment]] includes:
**Localized [[radiation]] therapy
**[[Cryotherapy]]
**[[Electrocautery|Electrocauterization]]
**[[Surgical]] [[excision]]
**[[Systemic]] [[chemotherapeutic]] regimens
**[[Interferon]]
 
*


<br />
<br />

Latest revision as of 16:00, 4 November 2019


Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Haytham Allaham, M.D. [2] Huda A. Karman, M.D.

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Overview

Kaposi's sarcoma may be classified according to the clinical setting of the disease into five subtypes include Classic Kaposi's sarcoma, African cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma, African lymphadenopathic Kaposi's sarcoma, Immunosuppression-associated Kaposi's sarcoma, and AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma.

Classification

Types Characteristics
Classic (Mediterranean) Kaposi's sarcoma [4][5][6][7]
Endemic African Kaposi's sarcoma [8] Common features
  • Usually seen in areas with high prevalence of HHV-8 such as sub-Saharan Africa, called, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)
  • Seropositivity in Sub-Saharan Africa is >50%
  • If caused by an undiagnosed HIV infection, it can be treated by antiretroviral medications
  • If caused by infection other than HIV, it can be treated by radiotherapy or chemotherapy
  • The limitations of achieving an optimal and affordable therapeutic approach in sub-Saharan Africa is:
    • Resource-limited settings and infrastructure issues such as lack of trained personnel to administer chemotherapy and lack of infusion centers, and the inability to monitor blood work, a high rate of co-morbid tuberculosis
  • Oral agents such as etoposide may have the benefit of easing the administration
African cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma
African lymphadenopathic Kaposi's sarcoma
Iatrogenic (transplant-related) Kaposi's sarcoma (immunosuppression-associated Kaposi's sarcoma)[9][10]


(Epidemic) AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma[11][12]


References

  1. ↑ Uldrick TS, Whitby D (June 2011). "Update on KSHV epidemiology, Kaposi Sarcoma pathogenesis, and treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma". Cancer Lett. 305 (2): 150–62. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.006. PMID 21377267.
  2. ↑ Krigel RL, Laubenstein LJ, Muggia FM (June 1983). "Kaposi's sarcoma: a new staging classification". Cancer Treat Rep. 67 (6): 531–4. PMID 6861160.
  3. ↑ Grayson W, Pantanowitz L (July 2008). "Histological variants of cutaneous Kaposi sarcoma". Diagn Pathol. 3: 31. doi:10.1186/1746-1596-3-31. PMC 2526984. PMID 18655700.
  4. ↑ Vincenzi B, D'Onofrio L, Frezza AM, Grasso RF, Fausti V, Santini D; et al. (2015). "Classic Kaposi Sarcoma: to treat or not to treat?". BMC Res Notes. 8: 138. doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1076-1. PMC 4395989. PMID 25889316.
  5. ↑ Stratigos, John; Potouridou, Irene; Katoulis, Alexander; Hatziolou, Eftichia; Christofidou, Eleftheria; Stratigos, Alexander; Hatzakis, Angelos; Stavrianeas, Nicholas (1997). "Classic Kaposi's sarcoma in Greece: a clinico-epidemiological profile". International Journal of Dermatology. 36 (10): 735–740. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.1997.00284.x. ISSN 0011-9059.
  6. ↑ Landau HJ, Poiesz BJ, Dube S, Bogart JA, Weiner LB, Souid AK (2001). "Classic Kaposi's sarcoma associated with human herpesvirus 8 infection in a 13-year-old male: a case report". Clin Cancer Res. 7 (8): 2263–8. PMID 11489800.
  7. ↑ Cetin, Bulent; Aktas, Bilge; Bal, Oznur; Algin, Efnan; Akman, Tulay; Koral, Lokman; Kaplan, Mehmet Ali; Demirci, Umut; Uncu, Dogan; Ozet, Ahmet (2018). "Classic Kaposi's sarcoma: A review of 156 cases". Dermatologica Sinica. 36 (4): 185–189. doi:10.1016/j.dsi.2018.06.005. ISSN 1027-8117.
  8. ↑ Uldrick TS, Whitby D (2011). "Update on KSHV epidemiology, Kaposi Sarcoma pathogenesis, and treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma". Cancer Lett. 305 (2): 150–62. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.006. PMC 3085592. PMID 21377267.
  9. ↑ Siegel JH, Janis R, Alper JC, Schutte H, Robbins L, Blaufox MD (1969). "Disseminated visceral Kaposi's sarcoma. Appearance after human renal homograft operation". JAMA. 207 (8): 1493–6. PMID 4884743.
  10. ↑ Klepp O, Dahl O, Stenwig JT (1978). "Association of Kaposi's sarcoma and prior immunosuppressive therapy: a 5-year material of Kaposi's sarcoma in Norway". Cancer. 42 (6): 2626–30. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(197812)42:6<2626::aid-cncr2820420618>3.0.co;2-7. PMID 728865.
  11. ↑ Thomas S, Sindhu CB, Sreekumar S, Sasidharan PK (2011). "AIDS associated Kaposi's sarcoma". J Assoc Physicians India. 59: 387–9. PMID 21751599.
  12. ↑ Friedman-Kien, Alvin E.; Saltzman, Brian R. (1990). "Clinical manifestations of classical, endemic African, and epidemic AIDS-associated Kaposi's sarcoma". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 22 (6): 1237–1250. doi:10.1016/0190-9622(90)70169-I. ISSN 0190-9622.


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