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{{Tuberculous pericarditis}}
{{Tuberculous pericarditis}}


{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' [[Varun Kumar]], M.B.B.S.; [[Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan]], M.B.B.S.
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{Fs}}, [[Varun Kumar]], M.B.B.S.; [[Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan]], M.B.B.S.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Overview==
Tuberculous pericarditis is found in approximately 1-2% of patients with [[pulmonary tuberculosis]] It is the most common cause of pericarditis in Africa and other developing countries where TB is a major public health problem<ref>Mayosi BM, Volmink JA, Commerford PJ. Pericardial disease: an evidence-based approach to diagnosis and treatment. In: Yusuf S, Cairns JA, Camm AJ, Fallen BJ, eds. Evidence-Based Cardiology. 2nd ed. London: BMJ Books; 2003: 735–748.</ref>. The incidence is increasing rapidly in the presence of [[HIV]]<ref name="pmid1967676">{{cite journal| author=Cegielski JP, Ramiya K, Lallinger GJ, Mtulia IA, Mbaga IM| title=Pericardial disease and human immunodeficiency virus in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. | journal=Lancet | year= 1990 | volume= 335 | issue= 8683 | pages= 209-12 | pmid=1967676 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>.  
The [[prevalence]] of tuberculous pericarditis is approximately 1-2% of patients with [[pulmonary tuberculosis]]. [[Patients]] of all age groups may develop tuberculous pericarditis. The [[incidence]] of tuberculous pericarditis increases with age. Tuberculous pericarditis commonly affects [[elderly]]. Tuberculous pericarditis usually affects individuals of the [[black]] race. [[Men]] are more commonly affected by tuberculous pericarditis than [[female]]. Since the [[prevalence]] of tuberculous pericarditis may follow [[tuberculosis]] [[prevalence]], The majority of tuberculous pericarditis cases are reported in South Africa, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, India, and China.
 
In a study in Western Cape Province of South Africa, tuberculous pericarditis was noted in 69.5% of patients who were referred for diagnostic [[pericardiocentesis]]. It should noted that one half of the patients were infected with [[HIV]]<ref name="pmid15962545">{{cite journal| author=Reuter H, Burgess LJ, Doubell AF| title=Epidemiology of pericardial effusions at a large academic hospital in South Africa. | journal=Epidemiol Infect | year= 2005 | volume= 133 | issue= 3 | pages= 393-9 | pmid=15962545 | doi= | pmc=PMC2870262 | url= }} </ref>. In contrast, the incidence of tuberculous pericarditis is 4% in developed countries<ref name="pmid3351140">{{cite journal| author=Sagristà-Sauleda J, Permanyer-Miralda G, Soler-Soler J| title=Tuberculous pericarditis: ten year experience with a prospective protocol for diagnosis and treatment. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1988 | volume= 11 | issue= 4 | pages= 724-8 | pmid=3351140 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3351140  }} </ref>.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
===Prevalence===
===Prevalence===
*The prevalence of tuberculous pericarditis is approximately 1-2% of patients with [[pulmonary tuberculosis]].<ref name="pmid2046135">{{cite journal| author=Fowler NO| title=Tuberculous pericarditis. | journal=JAMA | year= 1991 | volume= 266 | issue= 1 | pages= 99-103 | pmid=2046135 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid7377888">{{cite journal| author=Larrieu AJ, Tyers GF, Williams EH, Derrick JR| title=Recent experience with tuberculous pericarditis. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 1980 | volume= 29 | issue= 5 | pages= 464-8 | pmid=7377888 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
*The [[prevalence]] of tuberculous pericarditis is approximately 1-2% of patients with [[pulmonary tuberculosis]].<ref name="pmid2046135">{{cite journal| author=Fowler NO| title=Tuberculous pericarditis. | journal=JAMA | year= 1991 | volume= 266 | issue= 1 | pages= 99-103 | pmid=2046135 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid7377888">{{cite journal| author=Larrieu AJ, Tyers GF, Williams EH, Derrick JR| title=Recent experience with tuberculous pericarditis. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 1980 | volume= 29 | issue= 5 | pages= 464-8 | pmid=7377888 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
 
===Case-fatality rate/Mortality rate===
*In [year], the incidence of [disease name] is approximately [number range] per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [number range]%.
*The case-fatality rate/mortality rate of [disease name] is approximately [number range].


===Age===
===Age===
*Patients of all age groups may develop tuberculous pericarditis.
*[[Patients]] of all age groups may develop tuberculous pericarditis.
*The incidence of tuberculous pericarditis increases with age.
*The [[incidence]] of tuberculous pericarditis increases with age.
*Tuberculous pericarditis commonly affects elderly
*Tuberculous pericarditis commonly affects [[elderly]].


===Race===
===Race===


*Tuberculous pericarditis usually affects individuals of the black race.
*Tuberculous pericarditis usually affects individuals of the [[black]] race.<ref name="pmid14082261">{{cite journal |vauthors=HAGEMAN JH, D ESOPO ND, GLENN WW |title=TUBERCULOSIS OF THE PERICARDIUM. A  LONG-TERM ANALYSIS OF FORTY-FOUR PROVED CASES |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=270 |issue= |pages=327–32 |date=February 1964 |pmid=14082261 |doi=10.1056/NEJM196402132700702 |url=}}</ref>


===Gender===
===Gender===


*Men are more commonly affected by tuberculous pericarditis than female.
*[[Men]] are more commonly affected by tuberculous pericarditis than [[female]].<ref name="pmid5410398">{{cite journal |vauthors=Rooney JJ, Crocco JA, Lyons HA |title=Tuberculous pericarditis |journal=Ann. Intern. Med. |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=73–81 |date=January 1970 |pmid=5410398 |doi=10.7326/0003-4819-72-1-73 |url=}}</ref>


===Region===
===Region===
*Since the prevalence of tuberculous pericarditis may follow tuberculosis prevalence, The majority of tuberculous pericarditis cases are reported in:
*Since the [[prevalence]] of tuberculous pericarditis may follow [[tuberculosis]] [[prevalence]], The majority of tuberculous pericarditis cases are reported in:<ref name="CDC2">{{Cite web | title = WHO 2016 TB Report | url =http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/250441/1/9789241565394-eng.pdf?ua=1}}</ref>
** South Africa
** South Africa
***The incidence of tuberculosis in South Africa is '''834''' per 100,000 of the overall population.<ref name="CDC2">{{Cite web | title = WHO 2016 TB Report | url =http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/250441/1/9789241565394-eng.pdf?ua=1}}</ref>
***The [[incidence]] of [[tuberculosis]] in South Africa is '''834''' per 100,000 of the overall population.
***The mortality of tuberculosis (excluding HIV-TB coinfection) in South Africa is '''46''' per 100,000 of the overall population.<ref name="CDC2" />
***The [[mortality]] of [[Tuberculosis, pulmonary|tuberculosis]] (excluding [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]-[[TB]] coinfection) in South Africa is '''46''' per 100,000 of the overall population.
** Indonesia
** Indonesia
***The incidence of tuberculosis in Indonesia is '''395''' per 100,000 of the overall population.<ref name="CDC2" />
***The [[incidence]] of [[tuberculosis]] in Indonesia is '''395''' per 100,000 of the overall population.
***The mortality of tuberculosis (excluding HIV-TB coinfection) in Indonesia is '''40''' per 100,000 of the overall population.<ref name="CDC2" />
***The [[mortality]] of [[tuberculosis]] (excluding [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]-[[TB]] coinfection) in Indonesia is '''40''' per 100,000 of the overall population.
** Nigeria
** Nigeria
***The incidence of tuberculosis in Nigeria is '''322''' per 100,000 of the overall population.<ref name="CDC2" />
***The [[incidence]] of [[tuberculosis]] in Nigeria is '''322''' per 100,000 of the overall population.
***The mortality of tuberculosis (excluding HIV-TB coinfection) in Nigeria is '''99''' per 100,000 of the overall population.<ref name="CDC2" />
***The [[mortality]] of [[tuberculosis]] (excluding [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]-[[TB]] coinfection) in Nigeria is '''99''' per 100,000 of the overall population.
** Pakistan
** Pakistan
***The incidence of tuberculosis in Pakistan is '''270''' per 100,000 of the overall population.<ref name="CDC2" />
***The [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of [[tuberculosis]] in Pakistan is '''270''' per 100,000 of the overall population.
***The mortality of tuberculosis (excluding HIV-TB coinfection) in Pakistan is '''23''' per 100,000 of the overall population.<ref name="CDC2" />
***The [[mortality]] of [[tuberculosis]] (excluding [[HIV]]-[[TB]] coinfection) in Pakistan is '''23''' per 100,000 of the overall population.
** India
** India
***The incidence of tuberculosis in India is '''217''' per 100,000 of the overall population.<ref name="CDC2" />
***The [[incidence]] of [[tuberculosis]] in India is '''217''' per 100,000 of the overall population.
***The mortality of tuberculosis (excluding HIV-TB coinfection) in India is '''36''' per 100,000 of the overall population.<ref name="CDC2" />
***The [[mortality]] of [[tuberculosis]] (excluding [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]-[[TB]] coinfection) in India is '''36''' per 100,000 of the overall population.
** China
** China
***The incidence of tuberculosis in China is '''67''' per 100,000 of the overall population.<ref name="CDC2" />
***The [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of [[Tuberculosis, pulmonary|tuberculosis]] in China is '''67''' per 100,000 of the overall population.
***The mortality of tuberculosis (excluding HIV-TB coinfection) in  China is '''2.6''' per 100,000 of the overall population.<ref name="CDC2" />
***The [[mortality]] of [[tuberculosis]] (excluding [[Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)|HIV]]-[[TB]] coinfection) in  China is '''2.6''' per 100,000 of the overall population.


===Developed Countries===
===Developed Countries===


=== After the resurgence of TB in the mid-1980s, the number of case counts steadily increased, peaking in 1992. Since the 1992 TB resurgence peak in the United States, the number of TB cases reported has decreased annually. The year 2014 marked the twenty-second year of decline in the total number of TB cases reported in the United States since the peak of the resurgence. In 2014, a total of 9,421 cases were reported from the 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC). This represented a decline of 1.5% from 2013. The number of cases per 100,000 in 2013 and 2014 has been stable at a rate of 3.0.<ref name="CDC2">{{Cite web | title = WHO 2016 TB Report | url =http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/250441/1/9789241565394-eng.pdf?ua=1}}</ref>   {| | valign="top" | [[Image:US_trend.png|thumb|center|400 px|''Image 1'' - Reported TB Cases United States, 1982–2014<SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/statistics/tbtrends.htm%7D - Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)]''<ref name="CDC2" /></SMALL></SMALL>|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/File:US_trend.png]] | style="width: 300px" | |[[Image:US2014.png|thumb|center|400 px|''Image 2'' - TB Case Rates,* United States, 2014<SMALL><SMALL>''[https://http//www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/statistics/tbtrends.htm%7D - Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)]''<ref name="CDC2" /></SMALL></SMALL>|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/File:US2014.png]] |}===
* After the resurgence of [[TB]] in the mid-1980s, the number of case counts steadily increased, peaking in 1992.<ref name="CDC2" />
* Since the 1992 TB resurgence peak in the United States, the number of TB cases reported has decreased annually.    
* The year 2014 marked the twenty-second year of decline in the total number of [[TB]] cases reported in the United States since the peak of the resurgence.
* In 2014, a total of 9,421 cases were reported from the 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC).    
* This represented a decline of 1.5% from 2013.    
* The number of cases per 100,000 in 2013 and 2014 has been stable at a rate of 3.0.     


[[Image:US_trend.png|thumb|center|400 px|''Image 1'' - Reported TB Cases United States, 1982–2014<SMALL><SMALL>''[http://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/statistics/tbtrends.htm%7D - Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)]''<ref name="CDC2" /></SMALL></SMALL>|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/File:US_trend.png]][[Image:US2014.png|thumb|center|400 px|''Image 2'' - TB Case Rates,* United States, 2014<SMALL><SMALL>''[https://http//www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/statistics/tbtrends.htm%7D - Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)]''<ref name="CDC2" /></SMALL></SMALL>|link=https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/File:US2014.png]]<br />
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}

Latest revision as of 15:43, 19 December 2019

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Fahimeh Shojaei, M.D., Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S.

Overview

The prevalence of tuberculous pericarditis is approximately 1-2% of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Patients of all age groups may develop tuberculous pericarditis. The incidence of tuberculous pericarditis increases with age. Tuberculous pericarditis commonly affects elderly. Tuberculous pericarditis usually affects individuals of the black race. Men are more commonly affected by tuberculous pericarditis than female. Since the prevalence of tuberculous pericarditis may follow tuberculosis prevalence, The majority of tuberculous pericarditis cases are reported in South Africa, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, India, and China.

Epidemiology and Demographics

Prevalence

Age

  • Patients of all age groups may develop tuberculous pericarditis.
  • The incidence of tuberculous pericarditis increases with age.
  • Tuberculous pericarditis commonly affects elderly.

Race

  • Tuberculous pericarditis usually affects individuals of the black race.[3]

Gender

  • Men are more commonly affected by tuberculous pericarditis than female.[4]

Region

Developed Countries

  • After the resurgence of TB in the mid-1980s, the number of case counts steadily increased, peaking in 1992.[5]
  • Since the 1992 TB resurgence peak in the United States, the number of TB cases reported has decreased annually.
  • The year 2014 marked the twenty-second year of decline in the total number of TB cases reported in the United States since the peak of the resurgence.
  • In 2014, a total of 9,421 cases were reported from the 50 states and the District of Columbia (DC).
  • This represented a decline of 1.5% from 2013.
  • The number of cases per 100,000 in 2013 and 2014 has been stable at a rate of 3.0.
Image 1 - Reported TB Cases United States, 1982–2014- Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)[5]
Image 2 - TB Case Rates,* United States, 2014- Center for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)[5]


References

  1. ↑ Fowler NO (1991). "Tuberculous pericarditis". JAMA. 266 (1): 99–103. PMID 2046135.
  2. ↑ Larrieu AJ, Tyers GF, Williams EH, Derrick JR (1980). "Recent experience with tuberculous pericarditis". Ann Thorac Surg. 29 (5): 464–8. PMID 7377888.
  3. ↑ HAGEMAN JH, D ESOPO ND, GLENN WW (February 1964). "TUBERCULOSIS OF THE PERICARDIUM. A LONG-TERM ANALYSIS OF FORTY-FOUR PROVED CASES". N. Engl. J. Med. 270: 327–32. doi:10.1056/NEJM196402132700702. PMID 14082261.
  4. ↑ Rooney JJ, Crocco JA, Lyons HA (January 1970). "Tuberculous pericarditis". Ann. Intern. Med. 72 (1): 73–81. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-72-1-73. PMID 5410398.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "WHO 2016 TB Report" (PDF).

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