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{{Lead poisoning}}
{{Lead poisoning}}


{{CMG}}; {{AE}}  
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{AKS}}
 
==Overview==
==Overview==
Disease name] may be caused by [cause1], [cause2], or [cause3].
Common causes of [[lead poisoning]] include ingestion, inhalation and skin exposure to lead and lead particles.


OR
==Causes==
 
Common causes of [disease] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].


OR
The most common cause of [disease name] is [cause 1]. Less common causes of [disease name] include [cause 2], [cause 3], and [cause 4].
OR
The cause of [disease name] has not been identified. To review risk factors for the development of [disease name], click [[Pericarditis causes#Overview|here]].
==Causes==
===Life-threatening Causes===
===Life-threatening Causes===
*Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life-threatening causes of [[disease name]], however complications resulting from untreated [[disease name]] is common.
*Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.  
*Life-threatening causes of [symptom/manifestation] include [cause1], [cause2], and [cause3].
*Life-threatening causes of [[lead poisoning]] include ingestion of lead base paint by small children, eventually leading to seizures, unconsciousness, coma and even death.
*[Cause] is a life-threatening cause of [disease].


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
[Disease name] may be caused by:
[[Lead poisoning]] may be caused by:
*[Cause1]
* Occupational hazards
*[Cause2]
**In adults, occupational exposure is the main cause of lead poisoning.People can be exposed when working in facilities that produce a variety of lead-containing products; these include [[radiation shields]], ammunition, certain surgical equipment, developing dental x-ray films prior to digital x-rays, fetal monitors, plumbing, circuit boards, jet engines, and ceramic glazes, lead miners and smelters, plumbers and fitters, auto mechanics, glass manufacturers, construction workers, battery manufacturers and recyclers, firing range instructors, and plastic manufacturers are at risk for lead exposure.<ref name="Sanborn"/> <ref name="Dart041424">[[#CITEREFDart04|Dart, Hurlbut, Boyer-Hassen (2004)]] p. 1424</ref> <ref name="Dart041424"/> <ref name="SBU2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sbu.se/en/publications/sbu-assesses/occupational-health-and-safety--chemical-exposure/|title=Occupational health and safety – chemical exposure|publisher=[[Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services]] (SBU)|date=2017-03-28|website=www.sbu.se|language=en|access-date=2017-06-07|df=}}</ref>
*[Cause3]


* Ingestion of lead contaminated [[soil]]
**[[Tetraethyllead]], which used to be added to automotive gasoline (and still is added to some [[avgas|aviation gasolines]]), contributed to soil contamination. Residual lead in soil contributes to lead exposure in urban areas.<ref name="Guidotti07-PedClin"/>


OR
* Ingestion of lead dust or chips from deteriorating [[lead-based paints]].
**[[Lead compounds]] are very colorful and are used widely in paints, <ref name="Henretig06">[[#CITEREFHenretig06|Henretig (2006)]] p. 1310</ref> and lead paint is a major route of lead exposure in children.<ref name="Gilbert06">{{cite journal|last1=Gilbert|first1=SG|last2=Weiss|first2=B|title=A rationale for lowering the blood lead action level from 10 to 2 μg/dL|journal=Neurotoxicology|volume=27|issue=5|pages=693–701|year=2006|pmid=16889836|pmc=2212280|doi=10.1016/j.neuro.2006.06.008}}</ref> A study conducted in 1998–2000 found that 38 million housing units in the US had lead-based paint, down from a 1990 estimate of 64 million.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite journal|title=The prevalence of lead-based paint hazards in U.S. housing|doi=10.1289/ehp.021100599|jstor=3455813|year=2002|last1=Jacobs|first1=David E.|last2=Clickner|first2=Robert P.|last3=Zhou|first3=Joey Y.|last4=Viet|first4=Susan M.|last5=Marker|first5=David A.|last6=Rogers|first6=John W.|last7=Zeldin|first7=Darryl C.|last8=Broene|first8=Pamela|last9=Friedman|first9=Warren| displayauthors = 8|journal=Environmental Health Perspectives|volume=110|issue=10|pages=A599–606|pmid=12361941|pmc=1241046}}</ref> Deteriorating lead paint can produce dangerous lead levels in household dust and soil.<ref name="Dart041423">[[#CITEREFDart04|Dart, Hurlbut, Boyer-Hassen (2004)]] p. 1423</ref> Deteriorating lead paint and lead-containing household dust are the main causes of chronic lead poisoning.<ref name="Pearce07-EurNeurol"/> The lead breaks down into the dust and since children are more prone to crawling on the floor, it is easily ingested.<ref name="autogenerated1"/>


 
* Drinking tap water.
*[Disease name] is caused by an infection with [pathogen name].
** It can come from plumbing and fixtures that are either made of lead or have trace amounts of lead in them.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.waterwebster.com/WashingtonD.C.lead.htm |title=Lead in drinking water|accessdate=2007-08-14 |format= |work=}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web
*[Pathogen name] is caused by [pathogen name].
  | last =
  | first =
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors =
  | title =Alum Wins Investigative Reporting Award with Post Team
  | work =
  | publisher =[[University of Maryland (College Park)|University of Maryland]]
  | date =February 25, 2005
  | url =http://www.journalism.umd.edu/newrel/05newrel/scohen05.html
  | format =html
  | doi =
  | accessdate = 2007-11-07 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation
  | last =
  | first =
  | author-link =
  | last2 =
  | first2 =
  | author2-link =
  | title =HONORS
  | newspaper =The Washington Post
  | pages =
  | year =
  | date =February 23, 2005
  | url = }}</ref>


===Less Common Causes===
===Less Common Causes===
Less common causes of [[disease name]] include:
Less common causes of [[lead poisoning]] include exposure to metallic lead via:
*[Cause1]
**Imported cosmetics such as [[kohl (cosmetics)|Kohl]] and Surma
*[Cause2]
**Folk remedies like Azarcon which contains 95 percent lead and is used to "cure" [[empacho]].
*[Cause3]
**Contracted through the mucous membranes through direct contact to mouth, nose, eyes, and breaks in skin.


===Genetic Causes===
===Genetic Causes===
*[Disease name] is caused by a mutation in the [gene name] gene.
*[[Lead poisoning]] is not caused by a mutation in any gene.
*On the other hand so far three [[polymorphic genes]] have been identified to be able to potentially influence the [[bioaccumulation]] and [[toxicokinetics]] of [[lead]] in humans. These genes are [[delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) gene]], the [[hemochromatosis gene]] and the [[vitamin D receptor]] [[(VDR)]]. Their relation to susceptibility especially to lead nephrotoxicity in high lead-exposed workers has been established. <ref name="pmid19548578">{{cite journal| author=Wang A, Wang Q, Song Q, Xu J| title=[Study of ALAD and VDR gene polymorphisms associated with lead nephrotoxicity susceptibility]. | journal=Wei Sheng Yan Jiu | year= 2009 | volume= 38 | issue= 3 | pages= 326-9 | pmid=19548578 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19548578  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15209014">{{cite journal| author=Wu S, Yan C, Shen X| title=[Molecular genetic susceptibility to lead poisoning]. | journal=Wei Sheng Yan Jiu | year= 2004 | volume= 33 | issue= 2 | pages= 226-8, 232 | pmid=15209014 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15209014  }} </ref>
*[[Delta -aminolevulinic acid dehydratase]] [[(ALAD)]] plays an important role in [[lead poisoning]], and [[polymorphisms]] in the [[ALAD gene]] might affect the symptoms the individual patients experience. <ref name="pmid19028776">{{cite journal| author=Shaik AP, Jamil K| title=A study on the ALAD gene polymorphisms associated with lead exposure. | journal=Toxicol Ind Health | year= 2008 | volume= 24 | issue= 7 | pages= 501-6 | pmid=19028776 | doi=10.1177/0748233708095770 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19028776  }} </ref>
 
 
 


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
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|-
|-
|}
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
List the causes of the disease in alphabetical order.
{{columns-list|
{{columns-list|3|
* [[Bullets]]
* Cause 1
* Dust
* Cause 2
* Food
* Cause 3
* [[Ingestion]]
* Cause 4
* [[Inhalation]]
* Cause 5
* Occupation
* Cause 6
* [[Paint]]
* Cause 7
* Skin
* Cause 8
* Soil
* Cause 9
* Water
* Cause 10
}}
}}


Latest revision as of 21:48, 10 January 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aksiniya Stevasarova, M.D.

Overview

Common causes of lead poisoning include ingestion, inhalation and skin exposure to lead and lead particles.

Causes

Life-threatening Causes

  • Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
  • Life-threatening causes of lead poisoning include ingestion of lead base paint by small children, eventually leading to seizures, unconsciousness, coma and even death.

Common Causes

Lead poisoning may be caused by:

  • Occupational hazards
    • In adults, occupational exposure is the main cause of lead poisoning.People can be exposed when working in facilities that produce a variety of lead-containing products; these include radiation shields, ammunition, certain surgical equipment, developing dental x-ray films prior to digital x-rays, fetal monitors, plumbing, circuit boards, jet engines, and ceramic glazes, lead miners and smelters, plumbers and fitters, auto mechanics, glass manufacturers, construction workers, battery manufacturers and recyclers, firing range instructors, and plastic manufacturers are at risk for lead exposure.[1] [2] [2] [3]
  • Ingestion of lead contaminated soil
    • Tetraethyllead, which used to be added to automotive gasoline (and still is added to some aviation gasolines), contributed to soil contamination. Residual lead in soil contributes to lead exposure in urban areas.[4]
  • Ingestion of lead dust or chips from deteriorating lead-based paints.
    • Lead compounds are very colorful and are used widely in paints, [5] and lead paint is a major route of lead exposure in children.[6] A study conducted in 1998–2000 found that 38 million housing units in the US had lead-based paint, down from a 1990 estimate of 64 million.[7] Deteriorating lead paint can produce dangerous lead levels in household dust and soil.[8] Deteriorating lead paint and lead-containing household dust are the main causes of chronic lead poisoning.[9] The lead breaks down into the dust and since children are more prone to crawling on the floor, it is easily ingested.[7]
  • Drinking tap water.
    • It can come from plumbing and fixtures that are either made of lead or have trace amounts of lead in them.[10] [11][12]

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of lead poisoning include exposure to metallic lead via:

    • Imported cosmetics such as Kohl and Surma
    • Folk remedies like Azarcon which contains 95 percent lead and is used to "cure" empacho.
    • Contracted through the mucous membranes through direct contact to mouth, nose, eyes, and breaks in skin.

Genetic Causes



Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Sanborn
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Dart, Hurlbut, Boyer-Hassen (2004) p. 1424
  3. ↑ "Occupational health and safety – chemical exposure". www.sbu.se. Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services (SBU). 2017-03-28. Retrieved 2017-06-07.
  4. ↑ Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Guidotti07-PedClin
  5. ↑ Henretig (2006) p. 1310
  6. ↑ Gilbert, SG; Weiss, B (2006). "A rationale for lowering the blood lead action level from 10 to 2 μg/dL". Neurotoxicology. 27 (5): 693–701. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2006.06.008. PMC 2212280. PMID 16889836.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Jacobs, David E.; Clickner, Robert P.; Zhou, Joey Y.; Viet, Susan M.; Marker, David A.; Rogers, John W.; Zeldin, Darryl C.; Broene, Pamela; et al. (2002). "The prevalence of lead-based paint hazards in U.S. housing". Environmental Health Perspectives. 110 (10): A599–606. doi:10.1289/ehp.021100599. JSTOR 3455813. PMC 1241046. PMID 12361941.
  8. ↑ Dart, Hurlbut, Boyer-Hassen (2004) p. 1423
  9. ↑ Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Pearce07-EurNeurol
  10. ↑ "Lead in drinking water". Retrieved 2007-08-14.
  11. ↑ "Alum Wins Investigative Reporting Award with Post Team" (html). University of Maryland. February 25, 2005. Retrieved 2007-11-07.
  12. ↑ "HONORS", The Washington Post, February 23, 2005
  13. ↑ Wang A, Wang Q, Song Q, Xu J (2009). "[Study of ALAD and VDR gene polymorphisms associated with lead nephrotoxicity susceptibility]". Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 38 (3): 326–9. PMID 19548578.
  14. ↑ Wu S, Yan C, Shen X (2004). "[Molecular genetic susceptibility to lead poisoning]". Wei Sheng Yan Jiu. 33 (2): 226–8, 232. PMID 15209014.
  15. ↑ Shaik AP, Jamil K (2008). "A study on the ALAD gene polymorphisms associated with lead exposure". Toxicol Ind Health. 24 (7): 501–6. doi:10.1177/0748233708095770. PMID 19028776.

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