|
|
| (356 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) |
| Line 14: |
Line 14: |
|
| |
|
| {{Bronchogenic cyst}} | | {{Bronchogenic cyst}} |
| {{CMG}}''' Associate Editor:''' {{CZ}} | | {{CMG}}''' Associate Editor:''' {{JE}} |
|
| |
|
| {{SK}} Bronchial cyst | | {{SK}} Bronchial cyst |
|
| |
|
| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst overview|Overview]]== | | ==[[Bronchogenic cyst overview|Overview]]== |
| Bronchogenic cyst is a [[congenital malformation]] of the [[respiratory tract|tracheobronchial tree]] derived from the ventral aspect of the [[foregut]]. It is most frequently occurs in the middle mediastinum, in the early stages of [[gestation]] or in the lungs, at the later stages of gestation.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== | | ==[[Bronchogenic cyst historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| There is currently no information on the historical perspective of bronchogenic cyst.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst classification|Classification]]== | | ==[[Bronchogenic cyst classification|Classification]]== |
| Bronchogenic cyst can be classified based on location as follows<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250 }} </ref>
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| 1. '''[[Pulmonary]]'''
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| A. [[Pleural cavity|Plural]]
| |
|
| |
| i. [[Pleural cavity|Visceral]]
| |
|
| |
| ii. [[Pleural cavity|Parietal]]
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| B. [[respiratory tract|Tracheobronchial tree]]
| |
|
| |
| i. [[Vertebrate trachea|Paratracheal]]
| |
|
| |
| ii. [[Vertebrate trachea|Carinal]]
| |
|
| |
| iii. [[Hilum of lung|Hilar]]
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| 2. '''Extra-pulmonary'''
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| A. [[Skull|Cranial]]
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| B. [[Cervical vertebrae|Cervical]]
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| C. [[Mediastinum|Mediastinal]]
| |
|
| |
| i. [[Esophagus|Esophageal]]<ref name="pmid23013612">{{cite journal| author=Wang W, Ni Y, Zhang L, Li X, Ke C, Lu Q | display-authors=etal| title=A case report of para-esophageal bronchogenic cyst with esophageal communication. | journal=J Cardiothorac Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 7 | issue= | pages= 94 | pmid=23013612 | doi=10.1186/1749-8090-7-94 | pmc=3599576 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23013612 }} </ref>
| |
|
| |
| ii. [[Heart|Cardiac]]
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| D. [[Abdomen|Abdominal]]
| |
|
| |
| i. [[Peritoneum|Intraperitoneal]]
| |
|
| |
| * [[Thoracic diaphragm|Dipgragmatic]]
| |
|
| |
| * [[Stomach|Gastric]]
| |
|
| |
| * [[Liver|Hepatic]]
| |
|
| |
| ii. [[Peritoneum|Retroperitoneal]]
| |
|
| |
| * [[Spinal cord|Spinal]]
| |
|
| |
| - [[Spinal cord|Paraspinal]]
| |
|
| |
| - [[Spinal cord|Intraspinal]]
| |
|
| |
| * [[Adrenal gland|Adrenal]]
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| E. [[Anus|Perianal]]
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {{family tree/start}}{{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | |A01=Bronchogenic cyst}}
| |
| {{family tree| | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | |}}
| |
| {{family tree| | | | | | | | | B01| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |B02| | | | | | | | |B01=Pulmonary|B02=Extra-pulmonary}}
| |
| {{family tree| | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}}
| |
| {{family tree| | |C01| | | | | | | |C02| | | | | | |C03| |C06| |C04| | |C05| |C07| | | | | |C01=Plural|C02=Tracheobronchial tree|C03=Cranial|C04=Mediastinal|C05=Abdominal|C06=Cervical|C07=Perianal}}
| |
| {{family tree| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | |!|}}
| |
| {{family tree|D01| |D02| |D03| |D04| |D05| | | | | | | | |D06| |D07| |!| | | | | | |D01=Visceral|D02=Parietal|D03=Paratracheal|D04=Carinal|D05=Hilar|D06=esophageal|D07=Cardiac}}
| |
| {{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|.| | | | |}}
| |
| {{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | | | | |E01| | | | | | | | |E02| | |E01=Intraperitoneal|E02=Retroperitoneal}}
| |
| {{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|+|-|-|-|.|}}
| |
| {{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |F01| | |F02| |F03| |F04||F05| |F06|F01=Diphragmatic|F02=Gastric|F03=Hepatic|F04=Spinal|F05=Adrenal|F06=Pancreatic}}
| |
| {{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | |}}
| |
| {{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |G01| |G02| | |G01=Paraspinal|G02=Intraspinal}}
| |
| {{family tree/end}}
| |
|
| |
|
| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== | | ==[[Bronchogenic cyst pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| It is thought that bronchogenic cyst arises from abnormal budding of the ventral <ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156 }} </ref> portion of the primitive [[foregut]],<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref>destined to become the [[respiratory tract|tracheobronchial tree]]. <ref name="pmid30725658">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=30725658 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> At such, it is always found in relation to the trachea or esophagus. <ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8090-7-94">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8090-7-94 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10 }} </ref> If the connection is maintained, the cyst becomes intrapulmonary. <ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26002606">{{cite journal| author=Suda K, Sueyoshi R, Okawada M, Koga H, Lane GJ, Yamataka A | display-authors=etal| title=Completely intramural bronchogenic cyst of the cervical esophagus in a neonate. | journal=Pediatr Surg Int | year= 2015 | volume= 31 | issue= 7 | pages= 683-7 | pmid=26002606 | doi=10.1007/s00383-015-3720-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26002606 }} </ref> This abnormally is thought to occur between days 26 - 40 of [[gestation]]. <ref name="pmid30725658">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=30725658 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
| |
|
| |
| ==Gross pathology==
| |
| Bronchogenic cyst appear as single or multiple smooth spherical pink masses which may be unlobulated or [[lobulated]]. <ref name="pmid30725658">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=30725658 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref> The lobules could be of various sizes, communicating or noncommunicating. The wall is relatively thin, although there may be thicker portions and is lined by clilated [[columnar epithelium]] which secretes a thick white to dirty brown mucoid material.<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref> Occassionally, secretions could be [[hemorrhagic]] or [[pneumatocele|pneumatic]].<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250 }} </ref>
| |
|
| |
| ==Histopathology==
| |
| Bronchogenic cysts are usually lined by Ciliated pseudostratified [[columnar epithelium]] of respiratory type, leading to distention as a result of secretions produced within the cavity. Cyst wall may be composed of [[cartilage]], [[smooth muscle]], [[fibrous tissue]] and [[mucous glands]]. <ref name="pmid30725658">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume= | issue= | pages= | pmid=30725658 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> <ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15081229">{{cite journal| author=Mehta RP, Faquin WC, Cunningham MJ| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: a consideration in the differential diagnosis of pediatric cervical cystic masses. | journal=Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2004 | volume= 68 | issue= 5 | pages= 563-8 | pmid=15081229 | doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2003.12.015 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15081229 }} </ref> <ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref>
| |
|
| |
|
| ==[[Causes]]== | | ==[[Causes]]== |
| The cause of bronchogenic cysts is undetermined.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst differential diagnosis|Differentiating Bronchogenic cyst from other Diseases]]== | | ==[[Differentiating Bronchogenic cyst from other Diseases|Differentiating Bronchogenic cyst from other Diseases]]== |
|
| |
|
| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== | | ==[[Bronchogenic cyst Epidemiology and Demographics| Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
|
| |
|
| ==[[Bronchogenic cyst risk factors|Risk Factors]]== | | ==[[Bronchogenic cyst risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
| Line 125: |
Line 39: |
|
| |
|
| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| [[Bronchogenic cyst history and symptoms| History and Symptoms]] | | [[Bronchogenic cyst Diagnostic Study of Choice|Diagnostic Study of Choice]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst History and Symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Physical Examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Laboratory Findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst X-ray|X-ray]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Electrocardiography and ultrasound|Electrocardiography and ultrasound]] | [[Bronchogenic cysts CT|CT]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst MRI|MRI]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Other imaging findings|Other imaging findings]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Other Diagnostic Studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| | |
| Clinical presentation of bronchogenic cyst varies
| |
| | |
| [[Bronchogenic cyst physical examination | Physical Examination]] | |
| | |
| [[Bronchogenic cyst laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | |
| | |
| [[Bronchogenic cyst chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | |
| | |
| [[Bronchogenic cyst CT|CT]] | |
| | |
| [[Bronchogenic cyst MRI|MRI]] | |
| | |
| [[Bronchogenic cyst ultrasound|Ultrasound]] | |
| | |
| [[Bronchogenic cyst other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | |
| | |
| [[Bronchogenic cyst other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] | |
|
| |
|
| ==Treatment== | | ==Treatment== |
| [[Bronchogenic cyst medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst surgery|Surgery]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] | | [[Bronchogenic cyst medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst intervention|Intervention]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst surgery|Surgery]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
|
| |
|
| ==Case Studies== | | ==Case Studies== |
| Line 153: |
Line 49: |
| {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} |
| {{WikiDoc Sources}} | | {{WikiDoc Sources}} |
| [[CME Category::Cardiology]] | | [[CME Category::Pulmonology]] |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Cardiology]] | | [[Category:Cardiology]] |