Bronchogenic cyst: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
VisualWikitext
Joanna Ekabua (talk | contribs)
1,658 edits
Joanna Ekabua (talk | contribs)
1,658 edits
No edit summary
 
(156 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 14: Line 14:


{{Bronchogenic cyst}}
{{Bronchogenic cyst}}
{{CMG}}''' Associate Editor:''' {{CZ}}
{{CMG}}''' Associate Editor:''' {{JE}}  


{{SK}} Bronchial cyst
{{SK}} Bronchial cyst


==[[Bronchogenic cyst overview|Overview]]==
==[[Bronchogenic cyst overview|Overview]]==
Bronchogenic [[cyst]] is a [[benign]] [[congenital malformation]] of the [[respiratory tract|tracheobronchial tree]] derived from the ventral aspect of the [[foregut]]. It most frequently occurs in the middle mediastinum, in the early stages of [[gestation]] or in the lungs, at the later stages of gestation. Atypical locations may be explained by its embryologic origin.
Patients with bronchogenic [[cyst]] may be asymptomatic or present with [[respiratory distress]], increasing [[stridor]],  feeding difficulties, [[chest pain]], [[cough]], progressive [[dysphagia]], [[odynophagia]], purulent sputum, [[dyspnea]], [[anorexia]] and/or[[ weight loss]].
Radiologic findings are useful to differentiate bronchogenic [[cysts]] from other [[cysts]] but may they not always confirm the diagnosis. Diagnosis is confirmed by surgical excision, which is curative, and histological findings of ciliated [[columnar epithelial]] lining of the [[cyst]].


==[[Bronchogenic cyst historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
==[[Bronchogenic cyst historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
There is limited information about the historical perspective of bronchogenic [[cyst]].


==[[Bronchogenic cyst classification|Classification]]==
==[[Bronchogenic cyst classification|Classification]]==
Bronchogenic [[cyst]] can be classified based on location as follows<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref>
1. '''[[Pulmonary]]'''
A. [[Pleural cavity|Plural]]<ref name="pmid19204476">{{cite journal| author=Nakagawa M, Hara M, Oshima H, Shibamoto Y, Sato Y, Kondo S | display-authors=etal| title=Pleural bronchogenic cysts: imaging findings. | journal=J Thorac Imaging | year= 2008 | volume= 23 | issue= 4 | pages= 284-8 | pmid=19204476 | doi=10.1097/RTI.0b013e318176b935 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19204476  }} </ref>
i. [[Pleural cavity|Visceral]]
ii. [[Pleural cavity|Parietal]]
B. [[respiratory tract|Tracheobronchial tree]]<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref>
i. [[Vertebrate trachea|Paratracheal]]
ii. [[Vertebrate trachea|Carinal]]
iii. [[Hilum of lung|Hilar]]
2. '''Extra-pulmonary'''
A. [[Skull|Cranial]]<ref name="pmid31348319">{{cite journal| author=Bian B, Yu M, Liu S, Li S, Wei Y, Zhang B| title=A suprasellar bronchogenic cyst: A case report. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2019 | volume= 98 | issue= 30 | pages= e16650 | pmid=31348319 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000016650 | pmc=6709100 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31348319  }} </ref>
B. [[Cervical vertebrae|Cervical]]<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445  }} </ref>
C. [[Mediastinum|Mediastinal]]<ref name="pmid26329634">{{cite journal| author=Mega S| title=[Anterior Mediastinal Bronchogenic Cyst Associated with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ; Report of a Case]. | journal=Kyobu Geka | year= 2015 | volume= 68 | issue= 10 | pages= 871-3 | pmid=26329634 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26329634  }} </ref>
i. [[Esophagus|Esophageal]]<ref name="pmid23013612">{{cite journal| author=Wang W, Ni Y, Zhang L, Li X, Ke C, Lu Q | display-authors=etal| title=A case report of para-esophageal bronchogenic cyst with esophageal communication. | journal=J Cardiothorac Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 7 | issue=  | pages= 94 | pmid=23013612 | doi=10.1186/1749-8090-7-94 | pmc=3599576 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23013612  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17874358">{{cite journal| author=Chuang KH, Huang TW, Cheng YL, Chen JC, Tzao C, Chang H | display-authors=etal| title=Esophageal bronchogenic cyst: a rare entity. | journal=Z Gastroenterol | year= 2007 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 958-60 | pmid=17874358 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-963069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17874358  }} </ref><ref name="pmid31462259">{{cite journal| author=Yang X, Zong Y, Zhao HY, Wu YD, Ji M| title=Complete excision of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection: a case presentation. | journal=BMC Gastroenterol | year= 2019 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 155 | pmid=31462259 | doi=10.1186/s12876-019-1072-3 | pmc=6714396 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31462259  }} </ref>
ii. [[Heart|Cardiac]]<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref><ref name="pmid28139004">{{cite journal| author=Miwa E, Tani T, Okada Y, Furukawa Y| title=A rare cardiac tumor: Bronchogenic cyst of interatrial septum. | journal=Echocardiography | year= 2017 | volume= 34 | issue= 3 | pages= 474-475 | pmid=28139004 | doi=10.1111/echo.13445 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28139004  }} </ref>
D. [[Abdomen|Abdominal]]<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref>
i. [[Peritoneum|Intraperitoneal]]
* [[Thoracic diaphragm|Dipgragmatic]]<ref name="pmid25131363">{{cite journal| author=Legras A, Mordant P, Gibault L, Hernigou A, Le Pimpec Barthes F, Riquet M| title=[Diaphragmatic bronchogenic cyst: an exceptional location]. | journal=Rev Pneumol Clin | year= 2014 | volume= 70 | issue= 6 | pages= 357-61 | pmid=25131363 | doi=10.1016/j.pneumo.2014.05.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25131363  }} </ref><ref name="pmid31268025">{{cite journal| author=Ikeda T, Nakano J, Sano T| title=[Intraphrenic Bronchogenic Cyst;Report of a Case]. | journal=Kyobu Geka | year= 2019 | volume= 72 | issue= 6 | pages= 477-479 | pmid=31268025 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31268025  }} </ref>
* [[Stomach|Gastric]]<ref name="pmid31484624">{{cite journal| author=Han WG, Xue HD, Pan WD| title=[Bronchogenic Cyst of Stomach:Report of One Case]. | journal=Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao | year= 2019 | volume= 41 | issue= 4 | pages= 572-574 | pmid=31484624 | doi=10.3881/j.issn.1000-503X.10798 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31484624  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30902375">{{cite journal| author=Ruiz Molina I, Landauro Comesaña C, Solís García E, Cívico Amat V, Sánchez Quintana F| title=[Gastric bronchogenic cysts. An unusual location]. | journal=Rev Esp Patol | year= 2019 | volume= 52 | issue= 2 | pages= 117-119 | pmid=30902375 | doi=10.1016/j.patol.2017.12.003 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30902375  }} </ref>
* [[Liver|Hepatic]]
ii. [[Peritoneum|Retroperitoneal]]
* [[Spinal cord|Spinal]]
- [[Spinal cord|Paraspinal]]
- [[Spinal cord|Intraspinal]]<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref>
* [[Adrenal gland|Adrenal]]<ref name="pmid11577133">{{cite journal| author=Haddadin WJ, Reid R, Jindal RM| title=A retroperitoneal bronchogenic cyst: a rare cause of a mass in the adrenal region. | journal=J Clin Pathol | year= 2001 | volume= 54 | issue= 10 | pages= 801-2 | pmid=11577133 | doi=10.1136/jcp.54.10.801 | pmc=1731290 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11577133  }} </ref>
E. [[Anus|Perianal]]
{{family tree/start}}{{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A01 | | | | | | | | | | |A01=Bronchogenic cyst}}
{{family tree| | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | |}}
{{family tree| | | | | | | | | B01| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |B02| | | | | | | | |B01=Pulmonary|B02=Extra-pulmonary}}
{{family tree| | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|.|}}
{{family tree| | |C01| | | | | | | |C02| | | | | | |C03| |C06| |C04| | |C05| |C07| | | | | |C01=Plural|C02=Tracheobronchial tree|C03=Cranial|C04=Mediastinal|C05=Abdominal|C06=Cervical|C07=Perianal}}
{{family tree| |,|-|^|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | |!|}}
{{family tree|D01| |D02| |D03| |D04| |D05| | | | | | | | |D06| |D07| |!| | | | | | |D01=Visceral|D02=Parietal|D03=Paratracheal|D04=Carinal|D05=Hilar|D06=esophageal|D07=Cardiac}}
{{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|^|.| | | | |}}
{{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | || | | | | | | | | | | |E01| | | | | | | | |E02| | |E01=Intraperitoneal|E02=Retroperitoneal}}
{{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|+|-|-|-|.|}}
{{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |F01| | |F02| |F03| |F04||F05| |F06|F01=Diphragmatic|F02=Gastric|F03=Hepatic|F04=Spinal|F05=Adrenal|F06=Pancreatic}}
{{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|.| | |}}
{{family tree| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |G01| |G02| | |G01=Paraspinal|G02=Intraspinal}}
{{family tree/end}}


==[[Bronchogenic cyst pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
==[[Bronchogenic cyst pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
It is thought that bronchogenic [[cyst]] is the result of abnormal budding of the ventral <ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref> portion of the primitive [[foregut]]<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445  }} </ref>destined to become the [[respiratory tract|tracheobronchial tree]]<ref name="pmid30725658">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=30725658 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> between days 26 - 40 of  [[gestation]]. <ref name="pmid30725658">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=30725658 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> At such, it is always found in relation to the trachea or esophagus.<ref name="pmidhttps://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8090-7-94">{{cite journal| author=Schmoldt A, Benthe HF, Haberland G| title=Digitoxin metabolism by rat liver microsomes. | journal=Biochem Pharmacol | year= 1975 | volume= 24 | issue= 17 | pages= 1639-41 | pmid=https://doi.org/10.1186/1749-8090-7-94 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10  }} </ref> If  the cell mass maintains its connection with the [[respiratory tract|tracheobronchial tree]], the [[cyst]] becomes intrapulmonary or in close association with the lungs. If separated, there is no contiunity with the bronchia lumen. Such [[cyst]] increases in size gradually due to secretions produced within the cavity, leading to compressive symptoms.<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26002606">{{cite journal| author=Suda K, Sueyoshi R, Okawada M, Koga H, Lane GJ, Yamataka A | display-authors=etal| title=Completely intramural bronchogenic cyst of the cervical esophagus in a neonate. | journal=Pediatr Surg Int | year= 2015 | volume= 31 | issue= 7 | pages= 683-7 | pmid=26002606 | doi=10.1007/s00383-015-3720-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26002606  }} </ref>
==Gross pathology==
Bronchogenic [[cyst]] appear as single or multiple smooth spherical pink masses which may be unlobulated or [[lobulated]]. <ref name="pmid30725658">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=30725658 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref> The lobules could be  of various sizes, communicating or noncommunicating. The wall is relatively thin and frequently trabeculated,<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref> even though there may be thicker portions. [[Cyst]] often appear to have check valves,<ref name="pmid8651761">{{cite journal| author=Ribet ME, Copin MC, Gosselin BH| title=Bronchogenic cysts of the lung. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 1996 | volume= 61 | issue= 6 | pages= 1636-40 | pmid=8651761 | doi=10.1016/0003-4975(96)00172-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8651761  }} </ref> leading to their enlargement from secretions by its clilated [[columnar epithelium]]. Secretions may be a thick, white mucoid material if uninfected, and a dirty brown mucoid to purulent material if infected.<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref> Occassionally, secretions could be [[hemorrhagic]] or [[pneumatocele|pneumatic]].<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref>
==Histopathology==
Bronchogenic [[cysts]] are usually lined by ciliated [[columnar epithelium]] of respiratory type, leading to distention as a result of  secretions produced within the cavity. [[Cyst]] wall may be composed of [[cartilage]], [[smooth muscle]], [[fibrous tissue]], chronic inflammatory infiltrates, [[necrotic tissue]], focal areas of [[squamous metaplasia]], vascular proliferation, [[Reid index|bronchial gland]], and [[mucous glands]].<ref name="pmid30725658">{{cite journal| author=| title=StatPearls | journal= | year= 2020 | volume=  | issue=  | pages=  | pmid=30725658 | doi= | pmc= | url= }} </ref> <ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid15081229">{{cite journal| author=Mehta RP, Faquin WC, Cunningham MJ| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: a consideration in the differential diagnosis of pediatric cervical cystic masses. | journal=Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol | year= 2004 | volume= 68 | issue= 5 | pages= 563-8 | pmid=15081229 | doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2003.12.015 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15081229  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460  }} </ref>


==[[Causes]]==
==[[Causes]]==
The cause of bronchogenic cysts is undetermined.


==[[Bronchogenic cyst differential diagnosis|Differentiating Bronchogenic cyst from other Diseases]]==
==[[Differentiating Bronchogenic cyst from other Diseases|Differentiating Bronchogenic cyst from other Diseases]]==
Bronchogenic cyst must be differentiated from [[Lung abscess physical examination|lung abcess]], [[Mediastinal mass differential diagnosis|thymic cyst]], and [[Mediastinal mass differential diagnosis|esophageal duplication cysts]]
{|
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
! rowspan="4"  style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Diseases
| colspan="6" rowspan="1"  style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|'''Clinical manifestations'''
! colspan="7" rowspan="2"  style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Para-clinical findings
| colspan="1" rowspan="4"  style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|'''Gold standard'''
! rowspan="4" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Additional findings
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|'''Symptoms'''
! colspan="3" rowspan="2"  style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical examination
|-
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab Findings
! colspan="3" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging
! rowspan="2" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Histopathology
|-
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Symptom 1
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Symptom 2
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Symptom 3
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical exam 1
! colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical exam 2
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Physical exam 3
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab 1
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab 2
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Lab 3
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging 1
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging 2
! style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;|Imaging 3
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 1
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 2
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|-
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |Differential Diagnosis 3
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;"
|}


==[[Bronchogenic cyst epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
==[[Bronchogenic cyst Epidemiology and Demographics| Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
'''Incidence'''
 
*Bronchogenic [[cyst]] accounts for 10% to 15% of [[Mediastinal mass differential diagnosis|mediastinal tumors]] and 50 to 60% of all mediastinal [[cysts]].<ref name="pmid11058643">{{cite journal| author=McAdams HP, Kirejczyk WM, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Matsumoto S| title=Bronchogenic cyst: imaging features with clinical and histopathologic correlation. | journal=Radiology | year= 2000 | volume= 217 | issue= 2 | pages= 441-6 | pmid=11058643 | doi=10.1148/radiology.217.2.r00nv19441 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11058643  }} </ref>
'''Prevalences'''
 
*The [[prevalence]] of bronchogenic [[cyst]] is estimated at 1 per 42,000 and 1 per 68,000 admissions in two hospital series.<ref name="pmid18064522">{{cite journal| author=Limaïem F, Ayadi-Kaddour A, Djilani H, Kilani T, El Mezni F| title=Pulmonary and mediastinal bronchogenic cysts: a clinicopathologic study of 33 cases. | journal=Lung | year= 2008 | volume= 186 | issue= 1 | pages= 55-61 | pmid=18064522 | doi=10.1007/s00408-007-9056-4 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18064522  }} </ref>
'''Case fatality rate/mortality rate'''
 
*In 2011, broncogenic [[cyst]] was shown to have a case-fatality rate/[[Morbidity & Mortality|mortality rate]] of  20%.<ref name="pmid21420068">{{cite journal| author=Makhija Z, Moir CR, Allen MS, Cassivi SD, Deschamps C, Nichols FC | display-authors=etal| title=Surgical management of congenital cystic lung malformations in older patients. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 2011 | volume= 91 | issue= 5 | pages= 1568-73; discussion 1573 | pmid=21420068 | doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.01.080 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21420068  }} </ref>
'''Age'''
 
*Bronchogenic [[cyst]] can be found in people of all age groups.<ref name="pmid8651761">{{cite journal| author=Ribet ME, Copin MC, Gosselin BH| title=Bronchogenic cysts of the lung. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 1996 | volume= 61 | issue= 6 | pages= 1636-40 | pmid=8651761 | doi=10.1016/0003-4975(96)00172-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8651761  }} </ref>
'''Race'''
 
*There is no racial predilection to bronchogenic [[cyst]].
'''Gender'''
 
*Bronchogenic [[cyst]] is slightly more [[prevalence|prevalent]] in men and often remain undetected till the third or fourth decade of life.<ref name="pmid10554866">{{cite journal| author=Lardinois D, Gugger M, Ris HB| title=Bronchogenic cyst of the left lower lobe associated with severe hemoptysis. | journal=Eur J Cardiothorac Surg | year= 1999 | volume= 16 | issue= 3 | pages= 382-3 | pmid=10554866 | doi=10.1016/s1010-7940(99)00226-2 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10554866  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460  }} </ref>


==[[Bronchogenic cyst risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
==[[Bronchogenic cyst risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
There are no established risk factors for bronchogenic [[cyst]].


==[[Bronchogenic cyst screening|Screening]]==
==[[Bronchogenic cyst screening|Screening]]==
There is insufficient evidence to recommend routine screening for bronchogenic [[cyst]] as it is usually an incidental finding.


==[[Bronchogenic cyst natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
==[[Bronchogenic cyst natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
'''Natural History'''
The symptoms of bronchogenic [[cyst]] usually develop in the third to fourth decade of life and start with symptoms such as
*[[Dyspnea]]<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref>
*Chronic dry [[cough]]<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref>
*[[chest pain|Chest discomfort]]/pain<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref>
*Flu-like symptoms
*[[Fever]]<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref>
*Purulent [[sputum]]<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref>
*[[abdominal pain|Abdominal discomfort]]
*[[paralysis|Limb weakness]]
*[[Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia]]<ref name="pmid26329634">{{cite journal| author=Mega S| title=[Anterior Mediastinal Bronchogenic Cyst Associated with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ; Report of a Case]. | journal=Kyobu Geka | year= 2015 | volume= 68 | issue= 10 | pages= 871-3 | pmid=26329634 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26329634  }} </ref>
*[[Atrioventricular block]]<ref name="pmid28139004">{{cite journal| author=Miwa E, Tani T, Okada Y, Furukawa Y| title=A rare cardiac tumor: Bronchogenic cyst of interatrial septum. | journal=Echocardiography | year= 2017 | volume= 34 | issue= 3 | pages= 474-475 | pmid=28139004 | doi=10.1111/echo.13445 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28139004  }} </ref>
*[[Amnesia|Memory impairment]]<ref name="pmid31348319">{{cite journal| author=Bian B, Yu M, Liu S, Li S, Wei Y, Zhang B| title=A suprasellar bronchogenic cyst: A case report. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2019 | volume= 98 | issue= 30 | pages= e16650 | pmid=31348319 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000016650 | pmc=6709100 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31348319  }} </ref>
*[[Asthenia]]<ref name="pmid31348319">{{cite journal| author=Bian B, Yu M, Liu S, Li S, Wei Y, Zhang B| title=A suprasellar bronchogenic cyst: A case report. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2019 | volume= 98 | issue= 30 | pages= e16650 | pmid=31348319 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000016650 | pmc=6709100 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31348319  }} </ref>
*[[Seizure]] and [[loss of consciousness]]<ref name="pmid26969135">{{cite journal| author=Khawar M, Elmahrouk A, Chaikhouni A| title=Air embolism during air flight in a passenger with bronchogenic cyst. | journal=J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 2016 | volume= 152 | issue= 1 | pages= e1-2 | pmid=26969135 | doi=10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.02.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26969135  }} </ref>
'''Complication'''
Common complications of bronchogenic [[cyst]] include
*[[Tracheal compression]]<ref name="pmid8651761">{{cite journal| author=Ribet ME, Copin MC, Gosselin BH| title=Bronchogenic cysts of the lung. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 1996 | volume= 61 | issue= 6 | pages= 1636-40 | pmid=8651761 | doi=10.1016/0003-4975(96)00172-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8651761  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460  }} </ref>
*Esophageal compression<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref>
*[[Cough]]<ref name="pmid8651761">{{cite journal| author=Ribet ME, Copin MC, Gosselin BH| title=Bronchogenic cysts of the lung. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 1996 | volume= 61 | issue= 6 | pages= 1636-40 | pmid=8651761 | doi=10.1016/0003-4975(96)00172-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8651761  }} </ref>
*[[Infection]]<ref name="pmid8651761">{{cite journal| author=Ribet ME, Copin MC, Gosselin BH| title=Bronchogenic cysts of the lung. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 1996 | volume= 61 | issue= 6 | pages= 1636-40 | pmid=8651761 | doi=10.1016/0003-4975(96)00172-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8651761  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445  }} </ref><ref name="pmid31462259">{{cite journal| author=Yang X, Zong Y, Zhao HY, Wu YD, Ji M| title=Complete excision of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection: a case presentation. | journal=BMC Gastroenterol | year= 2019 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 155 | pmid=31462259 | doi=10.1186/s12876-019-1072-3 | pmc=6714396 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31462259  }} </ref>
*[[Hemoptysis]]<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8651761">{{cite journal| author=Ribet ME, Copin MC, Gosselin BH| title=Bronchogenic cysts of the lung. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 1996 | volume= 61 | issue= 6 | pages= 1636-40 | pmid=8651761 | doi=10.1016/0003-4975(96)00172-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8651761  }} </ref>
*[[Superior vena cava syndrome]]<ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460  }} </ref>
*[[Pneumothorax]]<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460  }} </ref>
*[[Pleurisy]]<ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460  }} </ref>
*[[Pneumonia]]<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460  }} </ref>
*[[Lymphangioma]]<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445  }} </ref>
*[[bleeding|Haemorrhage]]<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445  }} </ref><ref name="pmid31462259">{{cite journal| author=Yang X, Zong Y, Zhao HY, Wu YD, Ji M| title=Complete excision of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection: a case presentation. | journal=BMC Gastroenterol | year= 2019 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 155 | pmid=31462259 | doi=10.1186/s12876-019-1072-3 | pmc=6714396 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31462259  }} </ref>
*[[Neoplasia]](adenocarcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma,  anaplastic carcinoma, and leiomyosarcoma)<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17874358">{{cite journal| author=Chuang KH, Huang TW, Cheng YL, Chen JC, Tzao C, Chang H | display-authors=etal| title=Esophageal bronchogenic cyst: a rare entity. | journal=Z Gastroenterol | year= 2007 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 958-60 | pmid=17874358 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-963069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17874358  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref><ref name="pmid31462259">{{cite journal| author=Yang X, Zong Y, Zhao HY, Wu YD, Ji M| title=Complete excision of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection: a case presentation. | journal=BMC Gastroenterol | year= 2019 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 155 | pmid=31462259 | doi=10.1186/s12876-019-1072-3 | pmc=6714396 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31462259  }} </ref>
*[[cyst|Rupture]]<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref><ref name="pmid17874358">{{cite journal| author=Chuang KH, Huang TW, Cheng YL, Chen JC, Tzao C, Chang H | display-authors=etal| title=Esophageal bronchogenic cyst: a rare entity. | journal=Z Gastroenterol | year= 2007 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 958-60 | pmid=17874358 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-963069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17874358  }} </ref><ref name="pmid31462259">{{cite journal| author=Yang X, Zong Y, Zhao HY, Wu YD, Ji M| title=Complete excision of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection: a case presentation. | journal=BMC Gastroenterol | year= 2019 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 155 | pmid=31462259 | doi=10.1186/s12876-019-1072-3 | pmc=6714396 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31462259  }} </ref>
*[[Air embolism]]<ref name="pmid26969135">{{cite journal| author=Khawar M, Elmahrouk A, Chaikhouni A| title=Air embolism during air flight in a passenger with bronchogenic cyst. | journal=J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 2016 | volume= 152 | issue= 1 | pages= e1-2 | pmid=26969135 | doi=10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.02.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26969135  }} </ref>
'''Prognosis'''
[[Prognosis]] is generally good,<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445  }} </ref> a [[Morbidity & Mortality]] rate of 20% has been recorded in older patients treated for bronchogenic [[cyst]].<ref name="pmid21420068">{{cite journal| author=Makhija Z, Moir CR, Allen MS, Cassivi SD, Deschamps C, Nichols FC | display-authors=etal| title=Surgical management of congenital cystic lung malformations in older patients. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 2011 | volume= 91 | issue= 5 | pages= 1568-73; discussion 1573 | pmid=21420068 | doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2011.01.080 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21420068  }} </ref>


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
[[Bronchogenic cyst history and symptoms| History and Symptoms]]
[[Bronchogenic cyst Diagnostic Study of Choice|Diagnostic Study of Choice]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst History and Symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Physical Examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Laboratory Findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] |  [[Bronchogenic cyst X-ray|X-ray]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Electrocardiography and ultrasound|Electrocardiography and ultrasound]] | [[Bronchogenic cysts CT|CT]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst MRI|MRI]] |  [[Bronchogenic cyst Ultrasound|Ultrasound]] |  [[Bronchogenic cyst Other imaging findings|Other imaging findings]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst Other Diagnostic Studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
 
The majority of patients with bronchogenic [[cyst]]  are [[asymptomatic]] and are diagnosed during investigation for other pathologies.<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref><ref name="pmid31462259">{{cite journal| author=Yang X, Zong Y, Zhao HY, Wu YD, Ji M| title=Complete excision of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection: a case presentation. | journal=BMC Gastroenterol | year= 2019 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 155 | pmid=31462259 | doi=10.1186/s12876-019-1072-3 | pmc=6714396 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31462259  }} </ref><ref name="pmid480084">{{cite journal| author=Ramenofsky ML, Leape LL, McCauley RG| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=J Pediatr Surg | year= 1979 | volume= 14 | issue= 3 | pages= 219-24 | pmid=480084 | doi=10.1016/s0022-3468(79)80474-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=480084  }} </ref>
 
When symptomatic, clinical presentation of  bronchogenic [[cyst]] depends on the age of the patient, size and the location of the [[cyst]].<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref>
 
'''In infants bronchogenic cyst presents with''' <ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8651761">{{cite journal| author=Ribet ME, Copin MC, Gosselin BH| title=Bronchogenic cysts of the lung. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 1996 | volume= 61 | issue= 6 | pages= 1636-40 | pmid=8651761 | doi=10.1016/0003-4975(96)00172-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8651761  }} </ref>
*[[respiratory distress]]
*Increasing [[stridor]]
*Feeding difficulties.
 
'''In children and adults, bronchogenic cyst presents with'''
*Dull [[chest pain]],<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref> with radiation to the shoulder in diaphragmatic broncogenuc [[cyst]].<ref name="pmid25131363">{{cite journal| author=Legras A, Mordant P, Gibault L, Hernigou A, Le Pimpec Barthes F, Riquet M| title=[Diaphragmatic bronchogenic cyst: an exceptional location]. | journal=Rev Pneumol Clin | year= 2014 | volume= 70 | issue= 6 | pages= 357-61 | pmid=25131363 | doi=10.1016/j.pneumo.2014.05.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25131363  }} </ref>
*[[Cough]]<ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30846076">{{cite journal| author=Ayub II, Balakrishnan H, Arshad AM, Manimaran N, Thangaswamy D, Chockalingam C| title=A 44-Year-Old Man With Nonproductive Cough and Sensation of Heaviness Over the Upper Chest. | journal=Chest | year= 2019 | volume= 155 | issue= 3 | pages= e65-e68 | pmid=30846076 | doi=10.1016/j.chest.2018.09.035 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30846076  }} </ref>
*Progressive [[dysphagia]]<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref>
*[[Odynophagia]]<ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref>
*[[Wheeze|wheezing]]<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref> 
*[[Fever]]<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref>
*[[Empyema|purulent sputum]]<ref name="pmid17859095">{{cite journal| author=Maier HC| title=Bronchiogenic Cysts of the Mediastinum. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1948 | volume= 127 | issue= 3 | pages= 476-502 | pmid=17859095 | doi=10.1097/00000658-194803000-00010 | pmc=1513836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17859095  }} </ref>
*[[Hemoptysis]]<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref>
*[[Dyspnea]]<ref name="pmid17874358">{{cite journal| author=Chuang KH, Huang TW, Cheng YL, Chen JC, Tzao C, Chang H | display-authors=etal| title=Esophageal bronchogenic cyst: a rare entity. | journal=Z Gastroenterol | year= 2007 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 958-60 | pmid=17874358 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-963069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17874358 }} </ref>
*[[Anorexia]] and/or [[weight loss]]<ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460  }} </ref>
*[[Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia]]<ref name="pmid26329634">{{cite journal| author=Mega S| title=[Anterior Mediastinal Bronchogenic Cyst Associated with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia ; Report of a Case]. | journal=Kyobu Geka | year= 2015 | volume= 68 | issue= 10 | pages= 871-3 | pmid=26329634 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26329634  }} </ref>
*[[Atrioventricular block]]<ref name="pmid28139004">{{cite journal| author=Miwa E, Tani T, Okada Y, Furukawa Y| title=A rare cardiac tumor: Bronchogenic cyst of interatrial septum. | journal=Echocardiography | year= 2017 | volume= 34 | issue= 3 | pages= 474-475 | pmid=28139004 | doi=10.1111/echo.13445 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28139004  }} </ref>
*[[Amnesia|Memory impairment]]<ref name="pmid31348319">{{cite journal| author=Bian B, Yu M, Liu S, Li S, Wei Y, Zhang B| title=A suprasellar bronchogenic cyst: A case report. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2019 | volume= 98 | issue= 30 | pages= e16650 | pmid=31348319 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000016650 | pmc=6709100 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31348319  }} </ref>
*[[Asthenia]]<ref name="pmid31348319">{{cite journal| author=Bian B, Yu M, Liu S, Li S, Wei Y, Zhang B| title=A suprasellar bronchogenic cyst: A case report. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2019 | volume= 98 | issue= 30 | pages= e16650 | pmid=31348319 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000016650 | pmc=6709100 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31348319  }} </ref>
*[[Seizure]] and [[loss of consciousness]]<ref name="pmid26969135">{{cite journal| author=Khawar M, Elmahrouk A, Chaikhouni A| title=Air embolism during air flight in a passenger with bronchogenic cyst. | journal=J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg | year= 2016 | volume= 152 | issue= 1 | pages= e1-2 | pmid=26969135 | doi=10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.02.014 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26969135  }} </ref>
 
[[Bronchogenic cyst physical examination | Physical Examination]]
 
*Physical examination of patients with bronchogenic [[cyst]] is usually normal.
 
[[Bronchogenic cyst laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]]
 
*Some patients with bronchogenic [[cyst]] may have elevated serum [[tumor marker]] CA125 and CA199, which is usually suggestive of progression/complication.<ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref>
 
'''Despite enhanced imaging modalities, a definitive diagnosis of bronchogenic [[cyst]] is challenging preoperatively.'''<ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref>
 
[[Bronchogenic cyst chest x ray|Chest X Ray]]
 
An x-ray with [[esophagography]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of bronchogenic [[cyst]]. Findings on an x-ray suggestive of  bronchogenic [[cyst]] include:<ref name="pmid8651761">{{cite journal| author=Ribet ME, Copin MC, Gosselin BH| title=Bronchogenic cysts of the lung. | journal=Ann Thorac Surg | year= 1996 | volume= 61 | issue= 6 | pages= 1636-40 | pmid=8651761 | doi=10.1016/0003-4975(96)00172-5 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8651761  }} </ref><ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref>
*Well-defined anterior mediastinal mass with incomplete peripheral thin linear calcification.
*Homogeneous non-calcified soft tissue density mass.
*Round to oval opacity
*Secondary excavation
*Cavity with or without levels
*[[Atelectasis]]
*[[Hydropneumothorax]]
 
[[Bronchogenic cyst CT|CT]]  
 
CT scan may be helpful in the diagnosis of bronchogenic [[cyst]]. Findings on CT scan suggestive of bronchogenic [[cyst]] is an
*[[cyst|Cysic mass]] with air-fluid levels<ref name="pmid23013612">{{cite journal| author=Wang W, Ni Y, Zhang L, Li X, Ke C, Lu Q | display-authors=etal| title=A case report of para-esophageal bronchogenic cyst with esophageal communication. | journal=J Cardiothorac Surg | year= 2012 | volume= 7 | issue=  | pages= 94 | pmid=23013612 | doi=10.1186/1749-8090-7-94 | pmc=3599576 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23013612  }} </ref>
*ovoid and well-defined encapsulated low-density [[cyst|cystic mass]] with no contrast enhancement.<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref>
*Thin subtle walls
The density of bronchogenic [[cysts]] is variable from water density to high density due to blood, anthracotic pigment, increased calcium content, or increased protein content of the fluid.<ref name="pmid11058643">{{cite journal| author=McAdams HP, Kirejczyk WM, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Matsumoto S| title=Bronchogenic cyst: imaging features with clinical and histopathologic correlation. | journal=Radiology | year= 2000 | volume= 217 | issue= 2 | pages= 441-6 | pmid=11058643 | doi=10.1148/radiology.217.2.r00nv19441 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11058643  }} </ref><ref name="pmid29939368">{{cite journal| author=Chen TJ, Liao CH, Shen TC| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=QJM | year= 2018 | volume= 111 | issue= 12 | pages= 905 | pmid=29939368 | doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcy140 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29939368  }} </ref>
 
[[Bronchogenic cyst MRI|MRI]]  
 
*MRI may be helpful in the diagnosis of bronchogenic [[cyst]]. Findings on MRI suggestive of bronchogenic [[cyst]] include
*T1-weighted images show ipointense signal
*T2-weighted images show hyperintense signal.
After contrast injection, enhancement of the [[cyst]] is frequently absent.<ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11058643">{{cite journal| author=McAdams HP, Kirejczyk WM, Rosado-de-Christenson ML, Matsumoto S| title=Bronchogenic cyst: imaging features with clinical and histopathologic correlation. | journal=Radiology | year= 2000 | volume= 217 | issue= 2 | pages= 441-6 | pmid=11058643 | doi=10.1148/radiology.217.2.r00nv19441 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11058643  }} </ref><ref name="pmid29939368">{{cite journal| author=Chen TJ, Liao CH, Shen TC| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=QJM | year= 2018 | volume= 111 | issue= 12 | pages= 905 | pmid=29939368 | doi=10.1093/qjmed/hcy140 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29939368 }} </ref>
 
[[Bronchogenic cyst ultrasound|Ultrasound]]  
 
*Endobronchial [[ultrasound]] may be helpful in the diagnosis of bronchogenic [[cyst]]. Finding on an [[ultrasound]] suggestive of bronchogenic [[cyst]] is an anechoic or hypoechoic  fluid filled solid mass.<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445 }} </ref><ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30846076">{{cite journal| author=Ayub II, Balakrishnan H, Arshad AM, Manimaran N, Thangaswamy D, Chockalingam C| title=A 44-Year-Old Man With Nonproductive Cough and Sensation of Heaviness Over the Upper Chest. | journal=Chest | year= 2019 | volume= 155 | issue= 3 | pages= e65-e68 | pmid=30846076 | doi=10.1016/j.chest.2018.09.035 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30846076  }} </ref>
*Transthoracic echocardiography revealing intracardiac [[cyst|cystic mass]]<ref name="pmid28139004">{{cite journal| author=Miwa E, Tani T, Okada Y, Furukawa Y| title=A rare cardiac tumor: Bronchogenic cyst of interatrial septum. | journal=Echocardiography | year= 2017 | volume= 34 | issue= 3 | pages= 474-475 | pmid=28139004 | doi=10.1111/echo.13445 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28139004  }} </ref>
 
[[Bronchogenic cyst other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
 
Other diagnostic studies for bronchogenic cyst include:
*[[Excision]] and [[H&E stain|Hematoxylin and Eosin staining]],<ref name="pmid17874358">{{cite journal| author=Chuang KH, Huang TW, Cheng YL, Chen JC, Tzao C, Chang H | display-authors=etal| title=Esophageal bronchogenic cyst: a rare entity. | journal=Z Gastroenterol | year= 2007 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 958-60 | pmid=17874358 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-963069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17874358  }} </ref> which demonstrates cillated [[columar epithelia]] cells is definitive for broncogenic [[cyst]].<ref name="pmid17874358">{{cite journal| author=Chuang KH, Huang TW, Cheng YL, Chen JC, Tzao C, Chang H | display-authors=etal| title=Esophageal bronchogenic cyst: a rare entity. | journal=Z Gastroenterol | year= 2007 | volume= 45 | issue= 9 | pages= 958-60 | pmid=17874358 | doi=10.1055/s-2007-963069 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17874358  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref><ref name="pmid31462259">{{cite journal| author=Yang X, Zong Y, Zhao HY, Wu YD, Ji M| title=Complete excision of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection: a case presentation. | journal=BMC Gastroenterol | year= 2019 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 155 | pmid=31462259 | doi=10.1186/s12876-019-1072-3 | pmc=6714396 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31462259  }} </ref><ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460  }} </ref>
*[[Immunohistochemistry|Immunohistochemical staining]]of bronchogenic [[cyst]] of esophagus , whcich demonstartes a positive expression of CA199 and CA125.<ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref>
*[[Bronchoscopy]], which demonstrates pink [[cyst|cystic mass]] with bronchial attachment<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref>
*[[endoscopy|Gastroendoscopy]] and [[endoscopy|endoscopic ultrasonography]], which demonstartes abdominal anatomic relations.<ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref>


==Treatment==
==Treatment==
[[Surgery]]
[[Bronchogenic cyst medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst intervention|Intervention]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst surgery|Surgery]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Bronchogenic cyst future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
 
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for bronchogenic [[cyst]] even when the patients are asymptomatic,<ref name="pmid31462259">{{cite journal| author=Yang X, Zong Y, Zhao HY, Wu YD, Ji M| title=Complete excision of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection: a case presentation. | journal=BMC Gastroenterol | year= 2019 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 155 | pmid=31462259 | doi=10.1186/s12876-019-1072-3 | pmc=6714396 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31462259  }} </ref>conservative approach is not approved.<ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460  }} </ref>  Surgery is imperative with symptoms such as <ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref>
*[[Dyspnea]]  
*[[Dysphagia]]
*Pain
*Purulent [[sputum]]
*[[Hemoptysis]]
 
Most commonly used approaches for complete excision of  bronchogenic [[cysts]] are<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref><ref name="pmid31462259">{{cite journal| author=Yang X, Zong Y, Zhao HY, Wu YD, Ji M| title=Complete excision of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection: a case presentation. | journal=BMC Gastroenterol | year= 2019 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 155 | pmid=31462259 | doi=10.1186/s12876-019-1072-3 | pmc=6714396 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31462259  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30846076">{{cite journal| author=Ayub II, Balakrishnan H, Arshad AM, Manimaran N, Thangaswamy D, Chockalingam C| title=A 44-Year-Old Man With Nonproductive Cough and Sensation of Heaviness Over the Upper Chest. | journal=Chest | year= 2019 | volume= 155 | issue= 3 | pages= e65-e68 | pmid=30846076 | doi=10.1016/j.chest.2018.09.035 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30846076  }} </ref>
*[[Thoracotomy]]  
*[[Thoracoscopy]]
Other procedures include
*Endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection<ref name="pmid31462259">{{cite journal| author=Yang X, Zong Y, Zhao HY, Wu YD, Ji M| title=Complete excision of esophageal bronchogenic cyst by endoscopic submucosal tunnel dissection: a case presentation. | journal=BMC Gastroenterol | year= 2019 | volume= 19 | issue= 1 | pages= 155 | pmid=31462259 | doi=10.1186/s12876-019-1072-3 | pmc=6714396 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31462259  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref>
*Percutaneous catheter drainage or endoscopic ultrasonographic guided-fine needle aspiration<ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref> with sterile alcohol ablation has been used in selected high-risk patients, especially adults, but has no place in pediatric therapeutics.<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445  }} </ref>
*[[thoracoscopy|video-assisted thorascopic surgery]]<ref name="pmid25131363">{{cite journal| author=Legras A, Mordant P, Gibault L, Hernigou A, Le Pimpec Barthes F, Riquet M| title=[Diaphragmatic bronchogenic cyst: an exceptional location]. | journal=Rev Pneumol Clin | year= 2014 | volume= 70 | issue= 6 | pages= 357-61 | pmid=25131363 | doi=10.1016/j.pneumo.2014.05.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25131363  }} </ref><ref name="pmid26986156">{{cite journal| author=Han C, Lin R, Yu J, Zhang Q, Zhang Y, Liu J | display-authors=etal| title=A Case Report of Esophageal Bronchogenic Cyst and Review of the Literature With an Emphasis on Endoscopic Ultrasonography Appearance. | journal=Medicine (Baltimore) | year= 2016 | volume= 95 | issue= 11 | pages= e3111 | pmid=26986156 | doi=10.1097/MD.0000000000003111 | pmc=4839937 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26986156  }} </ref><ref name="pmid30846076">{{cite journal| author=Ayub II, Balakrishnan H, Arshad AM, Manimaran N, Thangaswamy D, Chockalingam C| title=A 44-Year-Old Man With Nonproductive Cough and Sensation of Heaviness Over the Upper Chest. | journal=Chest | year= 2019 | volume= 155 | issue= 3 | pages= e65-e68 | pmid=30846076 | doi=10.1016/j.chest.2018.09.035 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=30846076  }} </ref>
*[[Craniotomy]] with resection for cranial bronchogenic [[cyst]]craniotomy with resection
 
Complete surgical [[resection]] is curative.<ref name="pmid19015445">{{cite journal| author=Teissier N, Elmaleh-Bergès M, Ferkdadji L, François M, Van den Abbeele T| title=Cervical bronchogenic cysts: usual and unusual clinical presentations. | journal=Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg | year= 2008 | volume= 134 | issue= 11 | pages= 1165-9 | pmid=19015445 | doi=10.1001/archotol.134.11.1165 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19015445  }} </ref><ref name="pmid480084">{{cite journal| author=Ramenofsky ML, Leape LL, McCauley RG| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=J Pediatr Surg | year= 1979 | volume= 14 | issue= 3 | pages= 219-24 | pmid=480084 | doi=10.1016/s0022-3468(79)80474-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=480084  }} </ref> Risk during surgery is usually low, [[complication|complications]] include but are not limited to persistent air leak,<ref name="pmid12809250">{{cite journal| author=Sarper A, Ayten A, Golbasi I, Demircan A, Isin E| title=Bronchogenic cyst. | journal=Tex Heart Inst J | year= 2003 | volume= 30 | issue= 2 | pages= 105-8 | pmid=12809250 | doi= | pmc=161894 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12809250  }} </ref> pulmonary and vascular compressions, vascular, pleural, tracheobronchial, pulmonary, mediastinal and diaphragmatic [[adhesion|adhesions]].<ref name="pmid8902460">{{cite journal| author=Aktoğu S, Yuncu G, Halilçolar H, Ermete S, Buduneli T| title=Bronchogenic cysts: clinicopathological presentation and treatment. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 1996 | volume= 9 | issue= 10 | pages= 2017-21 | pmid=8902460 | doi=10.1183/09031936.96.09102017 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8902460  }} </ref>


==Case Studies==
==Case Studies==
Line 369: Line 49:
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
[[CME Category::Cardiology]]
[[CME Category::Pulmonology]]


[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]

Latest revision as of 17:28, 14 July 2020

Bronchogenic cyst
DiseasesDB 1707
MeSH D009404

Bronchogenic cyst Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Bronchogenic cyst from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Electrocardiogram

X-ray

Echocardiography and Ultrasound

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Imaging Findings

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Interventions

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Bronchogenic cyst On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Bronchogenic cyst

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Bronchogenic cyst

CDC on Bronchogenic cyst

Bronchogenic cyst in the news

Blogs on Bronchogenic cyst

Directions to Hospitals Treating Bronchogenic cyst

Risk calculators and risk factors for Bronchogenic cyst

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor: Joanna Ekabua, M.D. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Bronchial cyst

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Bronchogenic cyst from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Study of Choice | History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings | Electrocardiogram | X-ray | Electrocardiography and ultrasound | CT | MRI | Ultrasound | Other imaging findings | Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Intervention | Surgery | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case#1


Template:WikiDoc Sources CME Category::Pulmonology

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Bronchogenic_cyst&oldid=1626656"