Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease risk factors: Difference between revisions
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{{Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease}} | {{Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease}} | ||
{{CMG}}; [[Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H.]] [mailto:pmarcus192@aol.com]; {{ | {{CMG}}; [[Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H.]] [mailto:pmarcus192@aol.com]; {{AE}} {{CZ}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Common risk factors in the development of COPD are [[Smoking|cigarette smoking]], occupational pollutants, [[air pollution]] and genetics. Other [[Risk factor|risk factors]] are increasing age, male gender, allergy and repeated airway infection. | |||
== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
=== | === Common risk factors === | ||
=== | ====Cigarette smoking==== | ||
A primary factor of COPD is chronic [[tobacco smoking]]. In the United States, around 90% of cases of COPD are due to smoking.<ref name="medcauses">[http://www.medicinenet.com/chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease_copd/page3.htm7whatcauses MedicineNet.com - COPD causes]</ref> Not all smokers will develop COPD, but continuous smokers have at least a 25% risk.<ref>Lokke A, Lange P, Scharling H, Fabricius P, Vestbo J. Developing COPD: a 25 year follow up study of the general population. ''Thorax''. 2006 Nov;61(11):935-9. PMID 17071833</ref> | |||
===Genetics=== | ====Occupational pollutants==== | ||
Very rarely, there may be a deficiency in an [[enzyme]] known as [[alpha 1-antitrypsin]] which causes a form of COPD.<ref>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000091.htm MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia]</ref> | Some occupational pollutants, such as [[cadmium]] and [[silica]], have shown to be a contributing risk factor for COPD. The people at highest risk for these pollutants include: | ||
* Coal workers | |||
* Construction workers | |||
* Metal workers | |||
* Cotton workers | |||
However, in most cases these pollutants are combined with cigarette smoking further increasing the chance of developing COPD.These occupations are commonly associated with [[Occupational lung disease|other respiratory diseases]], particularly [[pneumoconiosis]] (black lung disease). | |||
====Air pollution==== | |||
* Urban [[air pollution]] may be a contributing factor for COPD as it is thought to impair the development of the lung function. In developing countries indoor air pollution, usually due to biomass fuel, has been linked to COPD, especially in women. | |||
====Genetics==== | |||
* Very rarely, there may be a deficiency in an [[enzyme]] known as [[alpha 1-antitrypsin]] which causes a form of COPD.<ref>[http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000091.htm MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia]</ref> | |||
====Diet==== | |||
A recent French study conducted over 12 years with almost 43,000 men concluded that eating a [[Mediterranean diet]] "halves the risk of serious lung disease like emphysema and bronchitis". <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6647811.stm]</ref> | |||
===Less common risk factors=== | |||
* Increasing age | |||
* [[Male]] gender | |||
* [[Allergy]] | |||
* Repeated airway infection | |||
* General impaired [[lung]] function | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | |||
{{WikiDoc Sources}} | |||
[[Category:Pulmonology]] | [[Category:Pulmonology]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
Latest revision as of 20:58, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]; Philip Marcus, M.D., M.P.H. [3]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [4]
Overview
Common risk factors in the development of COPD are cigarette smoking, occupational pollutants, air pollution and genetics. Other risk factors are increasing age, male gender, allergy and repeated airway infection.
Risk Factors
Common risk factors
Cigarette smoking
A primary factor of COPD is chronic tobacco smoking. In the United States, around 90% of cases of COPD are due to smoking.[1] Not all smokers will develop COPD, but continuous smokers have at least a 25% risk.[2]
Occupational pollutants
Some occupational pollutants, such as cadmium and silica, have shown to be a contributing risk factor for COPD. The people at highest risk for these pollutants include:
- Coal workers
- Construction workers
- Metal workers
- Cotton workers
However, in most cases these pollutants are combined with cigarette smoking further increasing the chance of developing COPD.These occupations are commonly associated with other respiratory diseases, particularly pneumoconiosis (black lung disease).
Air pollution
- Urban air pollution may be a contributing factor for COPD as it is thought to impair the development of the lung function. In developing countries indoor air pollution, usually due to biomass fuel, has been linked to COPD, especially in women.
Genetics
- Very rarely, there may be a deficiency in an enzyme known as alpha 1-antitrypsin which causes a form of COPD.[3]
Diet
A recent French study conducted over 12 years with almost 43,000 men concluded that eating a Mediterranean diet "halves the risk of serious lung disease like emphysema and bronchitis". [4]
Less common risk factors
References
- ↑ MedicineNet.com - COPD causes
- ↑ Lokke A, Lange P, Scharling H, Fabricius P, Vestbo J. Developing COPD: a 25 year follow up study of the general population. Thorax. 2006 Nov;61(11):935-9. PMID 17071833
- ↑ MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
- ↑ [1]