Hyperparathyroidism causes: Difference between revisions
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===Causes of tertiary hyperparathyroidism=== | ===Causes of tertiary hyperparathyroidism=== | ||
Causes of tertiary hyperparathyroidism are as follows: | Causes of tertiary hyperparathyroidism are as follows: | ||
====Common causes==== | =====Common causes===== | ||
*[[Chronic renal failure]] (leading to parathyroid [[hyperplasia]]) | *[[Chronic renal failure]] (leading to parathyroid [[hyperplasia]]) | ||
*[[Renal transplantation|Renal transplant]] patients<ref name="pmid9780988">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kilgo MS, Pirsch JD, Warner TF, Starling JR |title=Tertiary hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation: surgical strategy |journal=Surgery |volume=124 |issue=4 |pages=677–83; discussion 683–4 |year=1998 |pmid=9780988 |doi=10.1067/msy.1998.91483 |url=}}</ref> | *[[Renal transplantation|Renal transplant]] patients<ref name="pmid9780988">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kilgo MS, Pirsch JD, Warner TF, Starling JR |title=Tertiary hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation: surgical strategy |journal=Surgery |volume=124 |issue=4 |pages=677–83; discussion 683–4 |year=1998 |pmid=9780988 |doi=10.1067/msy.1998.91483 |url=}}</ref> | ||
| Line 93: | Line 93: | ||
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Genetic''' | | '''Genetic''' | ||
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia]], neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism | ||
|- | |- | ||
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Hematologic''' | | '''Hematologic''' | ||
| bgcolor="Beige" | | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| Line 170: | Line 170: | ||
===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | ||
<div style="-moz-column-count:3; column-count:3;"> | |||
*[[Celiac disease]] | *[[Celiac disease]] | ||
*[[Chronic renal failure]] | *[[Chronic renal failure]] | ||
| Line 177: | Line 177: | ||
*Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism | *Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism | ||
*[[Gastric bypass surgery]] | *[[Gastric bypass surgery]] | ||
* | *Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome | ||
*[[Malabsorption syndrome]] | *[[Malabsorption syndrome]] | ||
*[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]]([[MEN 1]]) | *[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]]([[MEN 1]]) | ||
* | *Neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism | ||
*[[Parathyroid adenoma]] | *[[Parathyroid adenoma]] | ||
*[[Parathyroid carcinoma]] | *[[Parathyroid carcinoma]] | ||
*Parathyroid [[hyperplasia]] | *[[Parathyroid]] [[hyperplasia]] | ||
*[[Radiation exposure]] | *[[Radiation exposure]] | ||
*[[Renal transplant]] patients | *[[Renal transplant]] patients | ||
*Severe [[calcium deficiency]] | *Severe [[calcium deficiency]] | ||
*[[Vitamin D deficiency]] | *[[Vitamin D deficiency]] | ||
</div> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
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[[Category:Disease]] | |||
[[Category:Medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Endocrinology]] | |||
[[Category:Parathyroid disorders]] | [[Category:Parathyroid disorders]] | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] | ||
Latest revision as of 22:16, 29 July 2020
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Hyperparathyroidism Microchapters |
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Hyperparathyroidism causes On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hyperparathyroidism causes |
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Hyperparathyroidism causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Anmol Pitliya, M.B.B.S. M.D.[2]
Overview
Hyperparathyroidism is caused by an increase in concentration of parathyroid hormone in serum. There are three type of hyperparathyroidism including primary, secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism. There are an array of different causes for all types of hyperparathyroidism. Most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism is parathyroid adenoma (85%) followed by parathyroid hyperplasia (15%), and parathyroid carcinoma (5%). Most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism is chronic renal failure and vitamin D deficiency. Most common cause of tertiary hyperparathyroidism is post renal transplantation.
Hyperparathyroidism causes
Hyperparathyroidism causes can be divided based on the hyperthyroidism category.
Causes of Primary hyperparathyroidism
Causes of primary hyperparathyroidism are as follows:
Life Threatening causes
Life threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. There are no life threatening causes of primary hyperparathyroidism.
Common causes
- Parathyroid adenoma[1]
- Usually single gland affected
- Sometimes multiple gland affected
Less common causes
- Parathyroid hyperplasia
- Parathyroid carcinoma
- Familial isloated hyperparathyroidism
- Radiation exposure (due to development of parathyroid adenoma or parathyroid hyperplasia)[2][3][4]
- Celiac disease[5][6]
Genetic causes
- Calcium-sensing receptor gene mutation[7]
- HRPT2 gene mutations (hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor (HPT-JT) syndrome) [8]
- Cyclin D1 gene (CCND1)/PRAD1 gene translocation or overexression (parathyroid adenoma)[9][10]
- MEN1 gene (Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1)[9][11]
- RET gene mutations (multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A)[12]
Causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism
Causes of secondary hyperparathyroidism are as follows:
Common causes
- Chronic renal failure (leading to parathyroid hyperplasia)[13]
- Vitamin D deficiency[14]
Less common causes
- Severe calcium deficiency[15]
- Gastric bypass surgery, particularly roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGBP)[16]
- Malabsorption syndrome[17]
Causes of tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Causes of tertiary hyperparathyroidism are as follows:
Common causes
- Chronic renal failure (leading to parathyroid hyperplasia)
- Renal transplant patients[18]
Less common cause
- Long standing celiac disease[5]
- Long standing hypocalcemia[19]
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | No underlying causes |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | Parathyroid adenoma, parathyroid hyperplasia, parathyroid carcinoma, neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism, familial isolated hyperparathyroidism, Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | Celiac disease, gastric bypass surgery, malabsorption syndrome |
| Genetic | Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia, neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | Gastric bypass surgery, radiation exposure |
| Infectious Disease | No underlying causes |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | Vitamin D deficiency, severe calcium deficiency |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome, parathyroid adenoma,parathyroid carcinoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1), multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2A (MEN 2A), multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4 (MEN 4) |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | Chronic renal failure, renal transplant, severe calcium deficiency |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Celiac disease |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | No underlying causes |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Celiac disease
- Chronic renal failure
- Chronic dialysis
- Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
- Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism
- Gastric bypass surgery
- Hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome
- Malabsorption syndrome
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1(MEN 1)
- Neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism
- Parathyroid adenoma
- Parathyroid carcinoma
- Parathyroid hyperplasia
- Radiation exposure
- Renal transplant patients
- Severe calcium deficiency
- Vitamin D deficiency
References
- ↑ Wieneke JA, Smith A (2008). "Parathyroid adenoma". Head Neck Pathol. 2 (4): 305–8. doi:10.1007/s12105-008-0088-8. PMC 2807581. PMID 20614300.
- ↑ Boehm BO, Rosinger S, Belyi D, Dietrich JW (2011). "The parathyroid as a target for radiation damage". N Engl J Med. 365 (7): 676–8. doi:10.1056/NEJMc1104982. PMID 21848480.
- ↑ McMullen T, Bodie G, Gill A, Ihre-Lundgren C, Shun A, Bergin M; et al. (2009). "Hyperparathyroidism after irradiation for childhood malignancy". Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 73 (4): 1164–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.06.1487. PMID 18774659.
- ↑ Tisell LE, Hansson G, Lindberg S, Ragnhult I (1977). "Hyperparathyroidism in persons treated with X-rays for tuberculous cervical adenitis". Cancer. 40 (2): 846–54. PMID 890665.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Maida MJ, Praveen E, Crimmins SR, Swift GL (2006). "Coeliac disease and primary hyperparathyroidism: an association?". Postgrad Med J. 82 (974): 833–5. doi:10.1136/pgmj.2006.045500. PMC 2653933. PMID 17148709.
- ↑ Ludvigsson JF, Kämpe O, Lebwohl B, Green PH, Silverberg SJ, Ekbom A (2012). "Primary hyperparathyroidism and celiac disease: a population-based cohort study". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 97 (3): 897–904. doi:10.1210/jc.2011-2639. PMC 3319223. PMID 22238405.
- ↑ Hosokawa Y, Pollak MR, Brown EM, Arnold A (1995). "Mutational analysis of the extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor gene in human parathyroid tumors". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 80 (11): 3107–10. doi:10.1210/jcem.80.11.7593409. PMID 7593409.
- ↑ Shattuck TM, Välimäki S, Obara T, Gaz RD, Clark OH, Shoback D; et al. (2003). "Somatic and germ-line mutations of the HRPT2 gene in sporadic parathyroid carcinoma". N Engl J Med. 349 (18): 1722–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa031237. PMID 14585940.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Westin G, Björklund P, Akerström G (2009). "Molecular genetics of parathyroid disease". World J Surg. 33 (11): 2224–33. doi:10.1007/s00268-009-0022-6. PMID 19373510.
- ↑ Hsi ED, Zukerberg LR, Yang WI, Arnold A (1996). "Cyclin D1/PRAD1 expression in parathyroid adenomas: an immunohistochemical study". J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 81 (5): 1736–9. doi:10.1210/jcem.81.5.8626826. PMID 8626826.
- ↑ Agarwal SK, Kester MB, Debelenko LV, Heppner C, Emmert-Buck MR, Skarulis MC; et al. (1997). "Germline mutations of the MEN1 gene in familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and related states". Hum Mol Genet. 6 (7): 1169–75. PMID 9215689.
- ↑ Marquard, Jessica; Eng, Charis (September 27, 1999). "Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 2". GeneReviews® [Internet].
- ↑ Rodriguez M, Nemeth E, Martin D (2005). "The calcium-sensing receptor: a key factor in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism". Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 288 (2): F253–64. doi:10.1152/ajprenal.00302.2004. PMID 15507543.
- ↑ Lips P (2001). "Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications". Endocr Rev. 22 (4): 477–501. doi:10.1210/edrv.22.4.0437. PMID 11493580.
- ↑ Mehrotra M, Gupta SK, Kumar K, Awasthi PK, Dubey M, Pandey CM; et al. (2006). "Calcium deficiency-induced secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteopenia are rapidly reversible with calcium supplementation in growing rabbit pups". Br J Nutr. 95 (3): 582–90. PMID 16512945.
- ↑ Johnson JM, Maher JW, DeMaria EJ, Downs RW, Wolfe LG, Kellum JM (2006). "The long-term effects of gastric bypass on vitamin D metabolism". Ann. Surg. 243 (5): 701–4, discussion 704–5. doi:10.1097/01.sla.0000216773.47825.c1. PMC 1570540. PMID 16633006.
- ↑ Pitt SC, Sippel RS, Chen H (2009). "Secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, state of the art surgical management". Surg. Clin. North Am. 89 (5): 1227–39. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2009.06.011. PMC 2905047. PMID 19836494.
- ↑ Kilgo MS, Pirsch JD, Warner TF, Starling JR (1998). "Tertiary hyperparathyroidism after renal transplantation: surgical strategy". Surgery. 124 (4): 677–83, discussion 683–4. doi:10.1067/msy.1998.91483. PMID 9780988.
- ↑ Pitt SC, Sippel RS, Chen H (2009). "Secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism, state of the art surgical management". Surg. Clin. North Am. 89 (5): 1227–39. doi:10.1016/j.suc.2009.06.011. PMC 2905047. PMID 19836494.