Kidney stone causes: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The common causes of nephrolithiasis include [[hypercalcemia]], [[hyperparathyroidism]], [[hypercalciuria]], infection with urea splitting microorganisms like [[Proteus]] and [[Pseudomonas]], [[gout]], [[dehydration]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]]. Less common causes of nephrolithiasis include drugs such as [[loop diuretics]][[acetazolamide|, Acetazolamide]], [[ciprofloxacin]], [[indinavir]], [[guaifenesin]] [[triamterene]] and [[magnesium trisilicate]]. | |||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
===Common Causes=== | ===Common Causes=== | ||
The common causes of nephrolithiasis: | The common causes of nephrolithiasis: | ||
*[[Hypercalcemia]] | *[[Hypercalcemia]] | ||
**[[Hyperparathyroidism]] | **[[Hyperparathyroidism]] | ||
*[[Hypercalciuria]] | *[[Hypercalciuria]] | ||
*Infection with urea splitting microorganisms like [[Proteus]] and [[Pseudomonas]] | *Infection with urea splitting microorganisms like [[Proteus]] and [[Pseudomonas]] | ||
*[[Gout]] | |||
*[[Dehydration]] | *[[Dehydration]] | ||
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]] | *[[Inflammatory bowel disease]] | ||
| Line 18: | Line 19: | ||
===Less Common Causes=== | ===Less Common Causes=== | ||
Less common causes of nephrolithiasis include: | Less common causes of nephrolithiasis include: | ||
*Drugs: | *Drugs: | ||
** [[Loop diuretics]] | ** [[Loop diuretics]] | ||
** [[Acetazolamide]] | ** [[Acetazolamide]] | ||
** [[Ciprofloxacin]] | ** [[Ciprofloxacin]] | ||
** [[Indinavir]] | ** [[Indinavir]] | ||
** [[Guaifenesin]] | |||
** [[Triamterene]] | ** [[Triamterene]] | ||
** [[Magnesium trisilicate]] | |||
** [[Cobicistat]] | ** [[Cobicistat]] | ||
** [[Febuxostat]] | ** [[Febuxostat]] | ||
** [[Sulfasalazine]] and other sulfa drugs | |||
** [[Sulfasalazine]] | |||
** [[Topiramate]] | ** [[Topiramate]] | ||
** [[Zonisamide]] | |||
===Causes by Organ System=== | ===Causes by Organ System=== | ||
| Line 52: | Line 52: | ||
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Drug Side Effect''' | | '''Drug Side Effect''' | ||
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Ciprofloxacin]],[[Cobicistat]], [[Febuxostat]], [[Indinavir]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[Loop diuretics]], [[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Sulfasalazine]], [[Tocilizumab]], [[Topiramate]],[[Triamterene]], [[Zonisamide]] | | bgcolor="Beige" |[[Ciprofloxacin]], [[Cobicistat]], [[Febuxostat]], [[Guaifenesin]], [[Indinavir]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[Loop diuretics]], [[Magnesium trisilicate]] [[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Sulfasalazine]], [[Tocilizumab]], [[Topiramate]],[[Triamterene]], [[Zonisamide]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| Line 166: | Line 166: | ||
*Excessive [[Vitamin C]] intake | *Excessive [[Vitamin C]] intake | ||
*[[Gout]] | *[[Gout]] | ||
*[[Guaifenesin]] | |||
*Higher Dietary animal [[protein]] | *Higher Dietary animal [[protein]] | ||
*Higher Dietary [[fructose]] | *Higher Dietary [[fructose]] | ||
| Line 204: | Line 205: | ||
*Lower Urinary [[citrate]] | *Lower Urinary [[citrate]] | ||
*Lower Urinary volume | *Lower Urinary volume | ||
*[[Magnesium trisilicate]] | |||
*[[Medullary sponge kidney]] | *[[Medullary sponge kidney]] | ||
*[[Milk-alkali syndrome]] | *[[Milk-alkali syndrome]] | ||
| Line 272: | Line 274: | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | |||
{{WS}} | |||
[[Category:Needs overview]] | [[Category:Needs overview]] | ||
| Line 279: | Line 283: | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | [[Category:Intensive care medicine]] | ||
Latest revision as of 22:27, 29 July 2020
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Kidney stone Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Kidney stone causes On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Kidney stone causes |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[2]
Overview
The common causes of nephrolithiasis include hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, hypercalciuria, infection with urea splitting microorganisms like Proteus and Pseudomonas, gout, dehydration, inflammatory bowel disease. Less common causes of nephrolithiasis include drugs such as loop diuretics, Acetazolamide, ciprofloxacin, indinavir, guaifenesin triamterene and magnesium trisilicate.
Causes
Common Causes
The common causes of nephrolithiasis:
- Hypercalcemia
- Hypercalciuria
- Infection with urea splitting microorganisms like Proteus and Pseudomonas
- Gout
- Dehydration
- Inflammatory bowel disease
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of nephrolithiasis include:
- Drugs:
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | Ciprofloxacin, Cobicistat, Febuxostat, Guaifenesin, Indinavir, Ixabepilone, Loop diuretics, Magnesium trisilicate Oxcarbazepine, Pramipexole, Sulfasalazine, Tocilizumab, Topiramate,Triamterene, Zonisamide |
| Ear Nose Throat | No underlying causes |
| Endocrine | hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, Diabetes mellitus |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | Short bowel syndrome, Inflammatory bowel disease, Increased intestinal absorption of oxalates, Chronic Malabsorption syndrome |
| Genetic | X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis type 1, X-linked hypophosphataemia, Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency |
| Hematologic | Leukemia |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | Urinary tract infection, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, Infection with urea splitting microorganisms, Berylliosis |
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | Paget's Disease |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | Xanthinuria type 2, Xanthinuria type 1, Primary type 1 Hyperoxaluria, Lower Dietarypotassium, Lower Dietary phytate, Lower dietary calcium, Hypervitaminosis D, Higher Dietary vitamin C, Higher Dietary sucrose, Higher Dietary sodium, Higher Dietary oxalate, Higher Dietary fructose, Higher Dietary animal protein, Excessive Vitamin C intake |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | Tumor hypercalcemia, Bone metastasis, Leukemia |
| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | Alcohol abuse |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | Urine PH less than 5.5, Type I (distal) renal tubular acidosis, Primary Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis , Medullary sponge kidney, Lower Urinary volume, Lower Urinary citrate, Hypophosphaturia, Hypocitraturia, Hyperuricosuria, Hyperuricemia , Hyperoxaluria, Hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia, Horseshoe kidney, Higher Urinary pH (CaP stones), Higher Urinary oxalate (CaOx stones), Higher Urinary calcium, Distal (type 1) renal tubular acidosis, Cysteinuria, Chronic metabolic acidosis, Hyperoxaluria |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Sarcoidosis, Gout |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | No underlying causes |
| Urologic | Urinary stasis, Urinary obstruction |
| Miscellaneous | Supersaturatin of stone forming compunds in urine, Presence of nidus for crystal precipitation, Obesity, Milk-alkali syndrome, Lower fluid intake, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Idiopathic, Dent's disease, Dehydration |
Causes in Alphabetical Order
Causes based on type of Stones
Calcium Stones
- Bone metastasis
- Cushing's syndrome
- Distal renal tubular acidosis
- Excessive Vitamin C intake
- Hypercalcemia
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hyperoxaluria
- Hyperuricosuria
- Hypophosphaturia
- Idiopathic hypercalciuria
- Increased intestinal absorption of oxalates
- Leukemia
- Milk-alkali syndrome
- Osteoporosis
- Paget's Disease
- Sarcoidosis
- Tumor hypercalcemias
- Hypervitaminosis D
Infectious Stones
Uric Acid Stones
- Alcohol abuse
- Dehydration
- Drugs
- Gout
- Purine metabolism
- Tumor
- Idiopathic