Kidney stone causes: Difference between revisions

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{{Kidney stone}}
{{Kidney stone}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{ADS}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
Kidney stones can be due to underlying metabolic conditions, such as [[renal tubular acidosis]], [[Dent's disease]] and [[medullary sponge kidney]]. Many health facilities will screen for such disorders in patients with recurrent kidney stones. This is typically done with a 24 hour urine collection that is chemically analyzed for deficiencies and excesses that promote stone formation.
The common causes of nephrolithiasis include [[hypercalcemia]], [[hyperparathyroidism]], [[hypercalciuria]], infection with urea splitting microorganisms like [[Proteus]] and [[Pseudomonas]], [[gout]], [[dehydration]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]]. Less common causes of nephrolithiasis include drugs such as [[loop diuretics]][[acetazolamide|, Acetazolamide]], [[ciprofloxacin]], [[indinavir]], [[guaifenesin]] [[triamterene]] and [[magnesium trisilicate]].


==Causes==
===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
The common causes of nephrolithiasis:
*[[Hypercalcemia]]
*[[Hypercalcemia]]
**[[Hyperparathyroidism]]
*[[Hypercalciuria]]
*[[Hypercalciuria]]
*Infection with urea splitting microorganisms like [[Proteus]] and [[Pseudomonas]]
*Infection with urea splitting microorganisms like [[Proteus]] and [[Pseudomonas]]
*[[Gout]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
===Less Common Causes===
Less common causes of nephrolithiasis include:
*Drugs:
** [[Loop diuretics]]
** [[Acetazolamide]]
** [[Ciprofloxacin]]
** [[Indinavir]]
** [[Guaifenesin]]
** [[Triamterene]]
** [[Magnesium trisilicate]]
** [[Cobicistat]]
** [[Febuxostat]]
** [[Sulfasalazine]] and other sulfa drugs
** [[Topiramate]]
** [[Zonisamide]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:82%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Zonisamide]], [[Topiramate ]], [[Indinavir ]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Ciprofloxacin]], [[Cobicistat]], [[Febuxostat]], [[Guaifenesin]], [[Indinavir]], [[Ixabepilone]], [[Loop diuretics]], [[Magnesium trisilicate]] [[Oxcarbazepine]], [[Pramipexole]], [[Sulfasalazine]],  [[Tocilizumab]], [[Topiramate]],[[Triamterene]], [[Zonisamide]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|Primary type 2 [[Hyperparathyroidism]], [[Primary hyperparathyroidism]], [[Diabetes mellitus]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[hyperparathyroidism]], [[hypoparathyroidism]], [[Diabetes mellitus]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Short bowel syndrome ]], [[Inflammatory bowel disease]], Increased intestinal absorption of [[oxalates]], Chronic [[Malabsorption syndrome ]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Short bowel syndrome]], [[Inflammatory bowel disease]], Increased intestinal absorption of [[oxalates]], Chronic [[Malabsorption syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|X-linked recessive [[nephrolithiasis]] type 1, X-linked [[hypophosphataemia ]], [[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |X-linked recessive [[nephrolithiasis]] type 1, X-linked [[hypophosphataemia]], [[Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Leukemia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Leukemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Urinary tract infection]], [[Pseudomonas]], [[Proteus ]], [[Klebsiella]], [[Infection]] with urea splitting microorganisms, [[Berylliosis ]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Urinary tract infection]], [[Pseudomonas]], [[Proteus]], [[Klebsiella]], [[Infection]] with urea splitting microorganisms, [[Berylliosis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Paget's Disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Paget's Disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Xanthinuria]] type 2, [[Xanthinuria]] type 1, Primary type 1 [[Hyperoxaluria]], Lower Dietary[[ potassium]], Lower Dietary [[phytate]], Lower dietary [[calcium]], [[Hypervitaminosis D]], Higher Dietary [[vitamin C]], Higher Dietary [[sucrose]], Higher Dietary [[sodium]], Higher Dietary [[oxalate]], Higher Dietary [[fructose]], Higher Dietary animal [[protein]], Excessive [[Vitamin C]] intake
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Xanthinuria]] type 2, [[Xanthinuria]] type 1, Primary type 1 [[Hyperoxaluria]], Lower Dietary[[ potassium]], Lower Dietary [[phytate]], Lower dietary [[calcium]], [[Hypervitaminosis D]], Higher Dietary [[vitamin C]], Higher Dietary [[sucrose]], Higher Dietary [[sodium]], Higher Dietary [[oxalate]], Higher Dietary [[fructose]], Higher Dietary animal [[protein]], Excessive [[Vitamin C]] intake
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Tumor]] [[hypercalcemia]], [[Bone]] [[metastasis]], [[Leukemia]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Tumor]] [[hypercalcemia]], [[Bone]] [[metastasis]], [[Leukemia]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Alcohol abuse]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Alcohol abuse]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|Urine [[PH]] less than 5.5, Type I (distal) [[renal tubular acidosis]], Primary Hypokalaemic [[distal renal tubular acidosis ]], [[Medullary sponge kidney]], Lower Urinary volume, Lower Urinary [[citrate]], [[Hypophosphaturia]], [[Hypocitraturia]], [[Hyperuricosuria]], [[Hyperuricemia ]], [[Hyperoxaluria]], [[Hypercalciuria]], [[Hypercalcemia]], [[Horseshoe kidney]], Higher Urinary [[pH]] (CaP stones), Higher Urinary [[oxalate]] (CaOx stones), Higher Urinary [[calcium]], Distal (type 1) [[renal tubular acidosis]], Cysteinuria, Chronic [[metabolic acidosis]], [[ Hyperoxaluria]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |Urine [[PH]] less than 5.5, Type I (distal) [[renal tubular acidosis]], Primary Hypokalaemic [[distal renal tubular acidosis ]] , [[Medullary sponge kidney]], Lower Urinary volume, Lower Urinary [[citrate]], [[Hypophosphaturia]], [[Hypocitraturia]], [[Hyperuricosuria]], [[Hyperuricemia ]] , [[Hyperoxaluria]], [[Hypercalciuria]], [[Hypercalcemia]], [[Horseshoe kidney]], Higher Urinary [[pH]] (CaP stones), Higher Urinary [[oxalate]] (CaOx stones), Higher Urinary [[calcium]], Distal (type 1) [[renal tubular acidosis]], Cysteinuria, Chronic [[metabolic acidosis]], [[ Hyperoxaluria]]


|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Sarcoidosis]], [[Gout]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |[[Sarcoidosis]], [[Gout]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|Urinary stasis, [[Urinary obstruction]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |Urinary stasis, [[Urinary obstruction]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|Supersaturatin of stone forming compunds in [[urine]], Presence of nidus for crystal precipitation, [[Obesity]], [[Milk-alkali syndrome]], Lower fluid intake, [[Lesch-Nyhan syndrome ]], [[Idiopathic]], [[Dent's disease ]], [[Dehydration]]
| bgcolor="Beige" |Supersaturatin of stone forming compunds in [[urine]], Presence of nidus for crystal precipitation, [[Obesity]], [[Milk-alkali syndrome]], Lower fluid intake, [[Lesch-Nyhan syndrome]], [[Idiopathic]], [[Dent's disease]], [[Dehydration]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 137: Line 157:
*Chronic [[Malabsorption syndrome ]]
*Chronic [[Malabsorption syndrome ]]
*Chronic [[metabolic acidosis]]
*Chronic [[metabolic acidosis]]
*[[Cobicistat]]
*[[Ciprofloxacin]]
*Cysteinuria  
*Cysteinuria  
*[[Dehydration]]
*[[Dehydration]]
Line 144: Line 166:
*Excessive [[Vitamin C]] intake
*Excessive [[Vitamin C]] intake
*[[Gout]]
*[[Gout]]
*[[Guaifenesin]]
*Higher Dietary animal [[protein]]
*Higher Dietary animal [[protein]]
*Higher Dietary [[fructose]]
*Higher Dietary [[fructose]]
Line 157: Line 180:
*[[Hypercalciuria]]
*[[Hypercalciuria]]
*[[Hyperoxaluria]]
*[[Hyperoxaluria]]
*[[Hyperparathyroidism]]
*[[Hyperuricemia ]]
*[[Hyperuricemia ]]
*[[Hyperuricosuria]]
*[[Hyperuricosuria]]
*[[Hypervitaminosis D]]
*[[Hypervitaminosis D]]
*[[Hypocitraturia]]
*[[Hypocitraturia]]
*[[Hypoparathyroidism]]
*Hypophosphaturia
*Hypophosphaturia
*[[Idiopathic]]
*[[Idiopathic]]
Line 167: Line 192:
*Infection with urea splitting microorganisms
*Infection with urea splitting microorganisms
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
*[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
*[[Loop diuretics]]
*[[Ixabepilone]]
{{ColBreak}}
{{ColBreak}}
*[[Klebsiella]]
*[[Klebsiella]]
Line 178: Line 205:
*Lower Urinary [[citrate]]
*Lower Urinary [[citrate]]
*Lower Urinary volume
*Lower Urinary volume
*[[Magnesium trisilicate]]
*[[Medullary sponge kidney]]
*[[Medullary sponge kidney]]
*[[Milk-alkali syndrome]]
*[[Milk-alkali syndrome]]
Line 183: Line 211:
*[[Paget's Disease]]
*[[Paget's Disease]]
*Presence of nidus for crystal precipitation
*Presence of nidus for crystal precipitation
*[[Primary hyperparathyroidism]]
*Primary Hypokalaemic [[distal renal tubular acidosis]]
*Primary Hypokalaemic [[distal renal tubular acidosis]]
*Primary type 1 [[Hyperoxaluria]]
*Primary type 1 [[Hyperoxaluria]]
Line 247: Line 274:
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}


[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
Line 254: Line 283:
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Intensive care medicine]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 22:27, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Amandeep Singh M.D.[2]

Overview

The common causes of nephrolithiasis include hypercalcemia, hyperparathyroidism, hypercalciuria, infection with urea splitting microorganisms like Proteus and Pseudomonas, gout, dehydration, inflammatory bowel disease. Less common causes of nephrolithiasis include drugs such as loop diuretics, Acetazolamide, ciprofloxacin, indinavir, guaifenesin triamterene and magnesium trisilicate.

Causes

Common Causes

The common causes of nephrolithiasis:

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of nephrolithiasis include:

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Ciprofloxacin, Cobicistat, Febuxostat, Guaifenesin, Indinavir, Ixabepilone, Loop diuretics, Magnesium trisilicate Oxcarbazepine, Pramipexole, Sulfasalazine, Tocilizumab, Topiramate,Triamterene, Zonisamide
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, Diabetes mellitus
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Short bowel syndrome, Inflammatory bowel disease, Increased intestinal absorption of oxalates, Chronic Malabsorption syndrome
Genetic X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis type 1, X-linked hypophosphataemia, Adenine phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency
Hematologic Leukemia
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease Urinary tract infection, Pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, Infection with urea splitting microorganisms, Berylliosis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Paget's Disease
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic Xanthinuria type 2, Xanthinuria type 1, Primary type 1 Hyperoxaluria, Lower Dietarypotassium, Lower Dietary phytate, Lower dietary calcium, Hypervitaminosis D, Higher Dietary vitamin C, Higher Dietary sucrose, Higher Dietary sodium, Higher Dietary oxalate, Higher Dietary fructose, Higher Dietary animal protein, Excessive Vitamin C intake
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Tumor hypercalcemia, Bone metastasis, Leukemia
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity Alcohol abuse
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte Urine PH less than 5.5, Type I (distal) renal tubular acidosis, Primary Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis , Medullary sponge kidney, Lower Urinary volume, Lower Urinary citrate, Hypophosphaturia, Hypocitraturia, Hyperuricosuria, Hyperuricemia , Hyperoxaluria, Hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia, Horseshoe kidney, Higher Urinary pH (CaP stones), Higher Urinary oxalate (CaOx stones), Higher Urinary calcium, Distal (type 1) renal tubular acidosis, Cysteinuria, Chronic metabolic acidosis, Hyperoxaluria
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Sarcoidosis, Gout
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic Urinary stasis, Urinary obstruction
Miscellaneous Supersaturatin of stone forming compunds in urine, Presence of nidus for crystal precipitation, Obesity, Milk-alkali syndrome, Lower fluid intake, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Idiopathic, Dent's disease, Dehydration

Causes in Alphabetical Order


Causes based on type of Stones

Calcium Stones

Infectious Stones

Uric Acid Stones

Congenital Stones

References

Template:WH Template:WS

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