Otitis externa causes: Difference between revisions

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__NOTOC__
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{{Otitis externa}}
{{Otitis externa}}
{{CMG}}{{AE}}{{LRO}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{LRO}}; {{TarekNafee}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
The primary cause of otitis externa is [[bacterial]]; the majority of cases result from ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'' or ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' infections. [[Otomycosis]] can cause otitis externa, with primary infectious [[fungi]] including ''[[Candida albicans]]'' and ''[[Aspergillus niger]]''. [[Allergy]]-caused [[dermatitis]] can cause non-infectious otitis externa if they spread to the [[ear canal]], including [[inflammatory]] [[dermatoses]] such as [[eczema]], [[seborrhea]], and [[psoriasis]]. [[Contact dermatitis]] can cause otitis externa from allergic reactions to cosmetic chemicals and metals. Rarely, [[psoriasis]] therapy [[secukinumab]] can cause otitis externa as an adverse reaction.  
The primary cause of otitis externa is [[bacterial]]; the majority of cases result from ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'' or ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' infections. [[Otomycosis]] can cause otitis externa with primary infectious [[fungi]] including ''[[Candida albicans]]'' and ''[[Aspergillus niger]]''. [[Allergy]]-caused [[dermatitis]] can cause non-infectious otitis externa if it spreads to the [[ear canal]]; this includes [[inflammatory]] [[dermatoses]] such as [[eczema]], [[seborrhea]], and [[psoriasis]]. [[Contact dermatitis]] can cause otitis externa from allergic reactions to cosmetic chemicals and metals. Rarely, [[psoriasis]] therapy [[secukinumab]] can cause otitis externa as an adverse reaction.  


==Causes==
==Causes==
Causes of otitis externa include all sources of[[Inflammation|inflammation]] of the external [[ear canal]].<ref name="pmid19450296">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hajioff D, Mackeith S |title=Otitis externa |journal=BMJ Clin Evid |volume=2008 |issue= |pages= |year=2008 |pmid=19450296 |pmc=2907945 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
Causes of otitis externa include all sources of [[Inflammation|inflammation]] of the external [[ear canal]].<ref name="pmid19450296">{{cite journal |vauthors=Hajioff D, Mackeith S |title=Otitis externa |journal=BMJ Clin Evid |volume=2008 |issue= |pages= |year=2008 |pmid=19450296 |pmc=2907945 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


===Bacterial===
===Bacterial===
*The primary [[bacterial]] infectious causes of otitis externa are the following:<ref name="WilliamsGillespie2010">{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=K. P.|last2=Gillespie|first2=J. J.|last3=Sobral|first3=B. W. S.|last4=Nordberg|first4=E. K.|last5=Snyder|first5=E. E.|last6=Shallom|first6=J. M.|last7=Dickerman|first7=A. W.|title=Phylogeny of Gammaproteobacteria|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=192|issue=9|year=2010|pages=2305–2314|issn=0021-9193|doi=10.1128/JB.01480-09}}</ref>
*The most common [[bacterial]] causes of otitis externa include:<ref name="WilliamsGillespie2010">{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=K. P.|last2=Gillespie|first2=J. J.|last3=Sobral|first3=B. W. S.|last4=Nordberg|first4=E. K.|last5=Snyder|first5=E. E.|last6=Shallom|first6=J. M.|last7=Dickerman|first7=A. W.|title=Phylogeny of Gammaproteobacteria|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=192|issue=9|year=2010|pages=2305–2314|issn=0021-9193|doi=10.1128/JB.01480-09}}</ref>
**''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''<ref name="WilliamsGillespie2010">{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=K. P.|last2=Gillespie|first2=J. J.|last3=Sobral|first3=B. W. S.|last4=Nordberg|first4=E. K.|last5=Snyder|first5=E. E.|last6=Shallom|first6=J. M.|last7=Dickerman|first7=A. W.|title=Phylogeny of Gammaproteobacteria|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=192|issue=9|year=2010|pages=2305–2314|issn=0021-9193|doi=10.1128/JB.01480-09}}</ref>
**''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''<ref name="WilliamsGillespie2010">{{cite journal|last1=Williams|first1=K. P.|last2=Gillespie|first2=J. J.|last3=Sobral|first3=B. W. S.|last4=Nordberg|first4=E. K.|last5=Snyder|first5=E. E.|last6=Shallom|first6=J. M.|last7=Dickerman|first7=A. W.|title=Phylogeny of Gammaproteobacteria|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=192|issue=9|year=2010|pages=2305–2314|issn=0021-9193|doi=10.1128/JB.01480-09}}</ref>
**''[[Staphylococcus aureus|Staphylococcus aureus]]''
**''[[Staphylococcus aureus|Staphylococcus aureus]]''
*Additional [[bacterial]] causes include the following:<ref name="pmid12169893">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roland PS, Stroman DW |title=Microbiology of acute otitis externa |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=112 |issue=7 Pt 1 |pages=1166–77 |year=2002 |pmid=12169893 |doi=10.1097/00005537-200207000-00005 |url=}}</ref>
*Additional [[bacterial]] causes of otitis externa include:<ref name="pmid12169893">{{cite journal |vauthors=Roland PS, Stroman DW |title=Microbiology of acute otitis externa |journal=Laryngoscope |volume=112 |issue=7 Pt 1 |pages=1166–77 |year=2002 |pmid=12169893 |doi=10.1097/00005537-200207000-00005 |url=}}</ref>
**''[[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]''
**''[[Staphylococcus epidermidis]]''
**''Microbacterium otitidis''
**''Microbacterium otitidis''
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===Fungal===
===Fungal===
*[[Otomycosis]] can cause otitis externa, with primary infectious [[fungi]] including the following:<ref name="RosenfeldBrown2006">{{cite journal|last1=Rosenfeld|first1=R|last2=Brown|first2=L|last3=Cannon|first3=C|last4=Dolor|first4=R|last5=Ganiats|first5=T|last6=Hannley|first6=M|last7=Kokemueller|first7=P|last8=Marcy|first8=S|last9=Roland|first9=P|last10=Shiffman|first10=R|title=Clinical practice guideline: Acute otitis externa|journal=Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery|volume=134|issue=4|year=2006|pages=S4–S23|issn=01945998|doi=10.1016/j.otohns.2006.02.014}}</ref>
*[[Otomycosis]] can cause otitis externa. The most common causes of fungal otitis externa include:<ref name="RosenfeldBrown2006">{{cite journal|last1=Rosenfeld|first1=R|last2=Brown|first2=L|last3=Cannon|first3=C|last4=Dolor|first4=R|last5=Ganiats|first5=T|last6=Hannley|first6=M|last7=Kokemueller|first7=P|last8=Marcy|first8=S|last9=Roland|first9=P|last10=Shiffman|first10=R|title=Clinical practice guideline: Acute otitis externa|journal=Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery|volume=134|issue=4|year=2006|pages=S4–S23|issn=01945998|doi=10.1016/j.otohns.2006.02.014}}</ref>
**''[[Candida albicans]]''
**''[[Candida albicans]]''
**''[[Aspergillus niger]]''
**''[[Aspergillus niger]]''
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**[[Psoriasis]]<ref>Kang K, Stevens SR. Pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. Clin Dermatol 2003;21:116–121.</ref>
**[[Psoriasis]]<ref>Kang K, Stevens SR. Pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. Clin Dermatol 2003;21:116–121.</ref>
**[[Contact dermatitis]] as a reaction to the following:
**[[Contact dermatitis]] as a reaction to the following:
***Metals, especially nickel or silver
***Metals such as nickel or silver
***Hearing aids
***Hearing aids
***Chemical irritants, including shampoos, soaps, cosmetics etc.
***Chemical irritants, including shampoos, soaps, cosmetics etc.,


===Drug interaction===
===Drug interaction===
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===Causes by Chronicity===
===Causes by Chronicity===
====Chronic Otitis Externa====
====Chronic Otitis Externa====
*Chronic otitis externa is primarily caused by the following:
*Chronic otitis externa is most commonly caused by the following:
**[[Otomycosis]], particularly by ''[[Candida albicans]]'' and ''[[Aspergillus niger]]''
**[[Otomycosis]], particularly by ''[[Candida albicans]]'' and ''[[Aspergillus niger]]''
**Allergic [[rhinitis]]
**Allergic [[rhinitis]]
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***[[Psoriasis]]
***[[Psoriasis]]
***[[Contact dermatitis]]
***[[Contact dermatitis]]
*Symptoms of chronic otitis externa are predominantly [[itching]], due to the presence of dermatalogical condition or [[fungal]] debris.
**[[Otorrhea]] is more common in chronic otitis externa than the acute presentation.
*Treatment of chronic otitis externa resolves around treating the underlying condition, including [[corticosteroid]] therapy for dermatological conditions and topical anti-[[fungal]] medications for [[otomycosis]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yaganeh Moghadam A, Asadi MA, Dehghani R, Zarei Mahmoudabadi A, Rayegan F, Hooshyar H, Khorshidi A |title=Evaluating the effect of a mixture of alcohol and acetic acid for otomycosis therapy |journal=Jundishapur J Microbiol |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=66–70 |year=2010 |url=http://jjm.ajums.ac.ir/_jjm/documents/Issue%207MA.pdf |format=PDF}}</ref>
====Acute Otitis Externa====
====Acute Otitis Externa====
**Primarily caused by [[bacterial]] infection of ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'' and ''[[Staphylococcus aureus|Staphylococcus aureus]]''.<ref name="pmid23198673">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schaefer P, Baugh RF |title=Acute otitis externa: an update |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=86 |issue=11 |pages=1055–61 |year=2012 |pmid=23198673 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
**Primarily caused by [[bacterial]] infection of ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'' and ''[[Staphylococcus aureus|Staphylococcus aureus]]''.<ref name="pmid23198673">{{cite journal |vauthors=Schaefer P, Baugh RF |title=Acute otitis externa: an update |journal=Am Fam Physician |volume=86 |issue=11 |pages=1055–61 |year=2012 |pmid=23198673 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
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Latest revision as of 23:29, 29 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.; Tarek Nafee, M.D. [2]

Overview

The primary cause of otitis externa is bacterial; the majority of cases result from Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus aureus infections. Otomycosis can cause otitis externa with primary infectious fungi including Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. Allergy-caused dermatitis can cause non-infectious otitis externa if it spreads to the ear canal; this includes inflammatory dermatoses such as eczema, seborrhea, and psoriasis. Contact dermatitis can cause otitis externa from allergic reactions to cosmetic chemicals and metals. Rarely, psoriasis therapy secukinumab can cause otitis externa as an adverse reaction.

Causes

Causes of otitis externa include all sources of inflammation of the external ear canal.[1]

Bacterial

Fungal

Allergic Reactions

Drug interaction

Causes by Chronicity

Chronic Otitis Externa

Acute Otitis Externa

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Hajioff D, Mackeith S (2008). "Otitis externa". BMJ Clin Evid. 2008. PMC 2907945. PMID 19450296.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Williams, K. P.; Gillespie, J. J.; Sobral, B. W. S.; Nordberg, E. K.; Snyder, E. E.; Shallom, J. M.; Dickerman, A. W. (2010). "Phylogeny of Gammaproteobacteria". Journal of Bacteriology. 192 (9): 2305–2314. doi:10.1128/JB.01480-09. ISSN 0021-9193.
  3. ↑ Roland PS, Stroman DW (2002). "Microbiology of acute otitis externa". Laryngoscope. 112 (7 Pt 1): 1166–77. doi:10.1097/00005537-200207000-00005. PMID 12169893.
  4. ↑ "Swimmer's ear : MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia".
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Rosenfeld, R; Brown, L; Cannon, C; Dolor, R; Ganiats, T; Hannley, M; Kokemueller, P; Marcy, S; Roland, P; Shiffman, R (2006). "Clinical practice guideline: Acute otitis externa". Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery. 134 (4): S4–S23. doi:10.1016/j.otohns.2006.02.014. ISSN 0194-5998.
  6. ↑ Kang K, Stevens SR. Pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis. Clin Dermatol 2003;21:116–121.
  7. ↑ "DailyMed - COSENTYX- secukinumab injection".
  8. ↑ Schaefer P, Baugh RF (2012). "Acute otitis externa: an update". Am Fam Physician. 86 (11): 1055–61. PMID 23198673.

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