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{{Sleep apnea}}
{{Sleep apnea}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[Kashish Goel|Kashish Goel, M.D.]]
{{CMG}} {{AE}} Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D.


==Overview==
==Overview==
The most common risk factor for the development of sleep apnea is large neck circumference. Other risk factors of  sleep apnea  include smoking, [[ alcohol]], [[sedatives]], [[tranquilizers]], males, a positive family history, certain ethnic backgrounds such as African Americans, and individuals over 60-65 years. [[Continuous positive airway pressure]] ([[CPAP]]) is a risk factor for complex sleep apnea (also known as mixed sleep apnea).
==Risk Factors==
The table below lists the risk factors for sleep apnea:
{| {{table}}
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Risk Factor'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Description'''
|-
| '''Physical Characteristics'''||Most common risk factor. Thick neck, obstructed nasal passages, large tongue, narrow airway, receding chin, overbite, certain shapes and increased rigidity of the palate and jaw
|-
| '''Smoking'''||Smoking may increase the amount of [[inflammation]] and fluid retention in the upper airway
|-
| '''Alcohol'''||This relaxes the muscles in the throat
|-
| '''Sedatives/tranquilizers'''||This relaxes the muscles in the throat the throat
|-
| '''Male Gender'''||Men are more likely to suffer sleep apnea than women and children are, though it is not uncommon in the last two population groups
|-
| '''Genetic Factors'''||A positive family history may have a higher risk of developing sleep apnea
|-


Sleep apnea occurs more frequently among adult, [[overweight]] [[males]] with a large neck circumference, and with a positive [[family history]].  There is also an increased risk among african-americans, [[smokers]] and with the use of [[alcohol]], [[sedatives]] or tranquilizers. 
| '''Ethnic Background'''||African Americans, people of Mexican origin, and Pacific Islanders


==Risk Factors==
|-
 
| '''Age'''||Sleep apnea occurs significantly in adults over 60-65
 
|}
 
===Medical conditions that are risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)===
*[[Obesity]]<ref name="Young-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Young | first1 = T. | last2 = Skatrud | first2 = J. | last3 = Peppard | first3 = PE. | title = Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults. | journal = JAMA | volume = 291 | issue = 16 | pages = 2013-6 | month = Apr | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1001/jama.291.16.2013 | PMID = 15113821 }}</ref>
:*Obesity is the most common risk factor for OSA
*[[Pregnancy]]
 
*[[ Diabetes]]<ref name="Young2004">{{cite journal|last1=Young|first1=Terry|title=Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults|journal=JAMA|volume=291|issue=16|year=2004|pages=2013|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.291.16.2013}}</ref>
 
*[[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
 
*[[Hypertension]]<ref name="Young2004">{{cite journal|last1=Young|first1=Terry|title=Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults|journal=JAMA|volume=291|issue=16|year=2004|pages=2013|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.291.16.2013}}</ref>
 
*Facial deformities
 
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
 
*[[Esophageal reflux]]
 
*Enlarged [[tonsils]] or [[adenoids]]
 
*Chronic respiratory tract conditions such as:
:*[[Asthma]]
 
:*[[Allergies]]


*[[Overweight]] ([[Obesity]]) - Fat deposits around the soft tissues of the upper airway may obstruct breathing.  However, not everyone who is overweight develop sleep apnea; it can also affect thinner individuals.  Obesity is the best documented risk factor for OSA. The prevalence of OSA progressively increases as the body mass index and associated markers (eg, neck circumference, waist-to-hip ratio) increase.<ref name="Young-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Young | first1 = T. | last2 = Skatrud | first2 = J. | last3 = Peppard | first3 = PE. | title = Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults. | journal = JAMA | volume = 291 | issue = 16 | pages = 2013-6 | month = Apr | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1001/jama.291.16.2013 | PMID = 15113821 }}</ref>
:*[[Chronic bronchitis]]


*[[Age]] - Sleep apnea occurs significantly in adults older than 60.<ref>{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Sleep apnea: Risk factors - MayoClinic.com | url = http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sleep-apnea/DS00148/DSECTION=risk-factors | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 12 August 2013 }}</ref>
:*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]


*[[Male]] gender -  Men are more likely to suffer sleep apnea than women and children are, though it is not uncommon in the last two population groups.<ref>{{Cite web| url = http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/SleepApnea/SleepApnea_WhoIsAtRisk.html | title = Sleep Apnea: Who Is At Risk for Sleep Apnea? | work = NHLBI: Health Information for the Public | publisher = U.S. Department of Health and Human Services }}</ref> 
===Medical conditions that are risk factors for central sleep apnea (CSA)===
*[[Bulbar poliomyelitis]]


*Narrowed airway - This may be inherited, or due to an [[enlarged adenoids]] or [[Palatine tonsils#Tonsillar hypertrophy|enlarged tonsils]] which may block the airway.
*[[Encephalitis]]


*Neck circumference - Individuals with a thicker neck may have a narrower airway.
*[[Neurodegenerative diseases]]


*[[Family history]] - If you have family members with sleep apnea, you may have a higher risk of developing the condition.
*[[Stroke]]


*[[Race]] - African American men younger than 39 years and between 50 and 59 years have a higher rate of sleep apnea compared to white men of the same ages.<ref name="Pranathiageswaran-2013">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Pranathiageswaran | first1 = S. | last2 = Badr | first2 = MS. | last3 = Severson | first3 = R. | last4 = Rowley | first4 = JA. | title = The influence of race on the severity of sleep disordered breathing. | journal = J Clin Sleep Med | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 303-9 | month = Apr | year = 2013 | doi = 10.5664/jcsm.2572 | PMID = 23585743 }}</ref>  However, there was no difference in mortality between African Americans and whites with sleep apnea within the specified age group.<ref name="Pranathiageswaran-2013">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Pranathiageswaran | first1 = S. | last2 = Badr | first2 = MS. | last3 = Severson | first3 = R. | last4 = Rowley | first4 = JA. | title = The influence of race on the severity of sleep disordered breathing. | journal = J Clin Sleep Med | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 303-9 | month = Apr | year = 2013 | doi = 10.5664/jcsm.2572 | PMID = 23585743 }}</ref>
*Problems after cervical spine surgery


*Use of [[alcohol]], [[sedatives]] or [[tranquilizers]] - These substances relax the muscles in the throat.
*[[Primary hypoventilation syndrome]]


*[[Smoking]] - Smokers are three times more likely to have obstructive sleep apnea than are people who have never smoked.  Smoking may increase the amount of inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway. This risk likely drops after you quit smoking.<ref>{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Sleep apnea: Risk factors - MayoClinic.com | url = http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/sleep-apnea/DS00148/DSECTION=risk-factors | publisher =  | date =  | accessdate = 12 August 2013 }}</ref>
*[[Brain tumors ]]
*[[Down syndrome]]


Risk factors for central sleep apnea include:
Prolonged [[continuous positive airway pressure]] ([[CPAP]]) is a risk factor for complex sleep apnea (also known as mixed sleep apnea) because patients with obstructive  sleep apnea may develop central sleep apnea.
*Acute stroke
*Atrial fibrillation
*Heart failure
*Renal failure
*Usage of long-acting opioid drugs<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
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[[Category:Sleep disorders]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Medical conditions related to obesity]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Needs overview]]
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Latest revision as of 00:13, 30 July 2020

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D.

Overview

The most common risk factor for the development of sleep apnea is large neck circumference. Other risk factors of sleep apnea include smoking, alcohol, sedatives, tranquilizers, males, a positive family history, certain ethnic backgrounds such as African Americans, and individuals over 60-65 years. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a risk factor for complex sleep apnea (also known as mixed sleep apnea).

Risk Factors

The table below lists the risk factors for sleep apnea:

Risk Factor Description
Physical Characteristics Most common risk factor. Thick neck, obstructed nasal passages, large tongue, narrow airway, receding chin, overbite, certain shapes and increased rigidity of the palate and jaw
Smoking Smoking may increase the amount of inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway
Alcohol This relaxes the muscles in the throat
Sedatives/tranquilizers This relaxes the muscles in the throat the throat
Male Gender Men are more likely to suffer sleep apnea than women and children are, though it is not uncommon in the last two population groups
Genetic Factors A positive family history may have a higher risk of developing sleep apnea
Ethnic Background African Americans, people of Mexican origin, and Pacific Islanders
Age Sleep apnea occurs significantly in adults over 60-65

Medical conditions that are risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

  • Obesity is the most common risk factor for OSA
  • Facial deformities
  • Chronic respiratory tract conditions such as:

Medical conditions that are risk factors for central sleep apnea (CSA)

  • Problems after cervical spine surgery

Prolonged continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a risk factor for complex sleep apnea (also known as mixed sleep apnea) because patients with obstructive sleep apnea may develop central sleep apnea.

References

  1. ↑ Young, T.; Skatrud, J.; Peppard, PE. (2004). "Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults". JAMA. 291 (16): 2013–6. doi:10.1001/jama.291.16.2013. PMID 15113821. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Young, Terry (2004). "Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults". JAMA. 291 (16): 2013. doi:10.1001/jama.291.16.2013. ISSN 0098-7484.

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