Sleep apnea risk factors: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
(New page: {{Sleep apnea}} {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' Kashish Goel, M.D. ===Populations at risk=== Individuals with decreased muscle tone, increased soft tissue a...)
 
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care)
 
(22 intermediate revisions by 7 users not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
__NOTOC__
{{Sleep apnea}}
{{Sleep apnea}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' [[Kashish Goel|Kashish Goel, M.D.]]
{{CMG}} {{AE}} Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D.


==Overview==
The most common risk factor for the development of sleep apnea is large neck circumference. Other risk factors of  sleep apnea  include smoking, [[ alcohol]], [[sedatives]], [[tranquilizers]], males, a positive family history, certain ethnic backgrounds such as African Americans, and individuals over 60-65 years. [[Continuous positive airway pressure]] ([[CPAP]]) is a risk factor for complex sleep apnea (also known as mixed sleep apnea).
==Risk Factors==
The table below lists the risk factors for sleep apnea:


===Populations at risk===
{| {{table}}
Individuals with decreased muscle tone, increased soft tissue around the airway, and structural features that give rise to a narrowed airway are at high risk for obstructive sleep apnea. Men, whose anatomy is typified by increased body mass in the torso and neck, are more typical sleep apnea sufferers, especially through middle age and older.  Adult women suffer typically less frequently and to a lesser degree than men do, owing partially to physiology, but possibly to emerging links to levels of progesterone.  Prevalence in post-menopausal women approaches that of men in the same age range.


====Adults====
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Risk Factor'''
In adults, the most typical individual with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is obese, with particular heaviness at the face and neck. The hallmark symptom of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in adults is excessive daytime sleepiness. Typically, an adult or adolescent with severe long-standing obstructive sleep apnea will fall asleep for very brief periods in the course of usual daytime activities if given any opportunity to sit or rest. This behavior may be quite dramatic, sometimes occurring during conversations with others at social gatherings.


====Children====
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Description'''
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was described more than a century ago, but obstructive sleep apnea in children was first described in the 1970s. It is a common but underdiagnosed condition in children that may ultimately lead to substantial morbidity if left untreated.<ref>http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004104-overview
</ref>
Although this so called "hyper-somnolence" (excessive sleepiness) may also occur in children, it is not at all typical of younger children with sleep apnea. Toddlers and young children with severe obstructive sleep apnea instead ordinarily behave as if "over-tired" or "hyper". Studies have suggested that as many as 25 percent of children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder may actually have symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea and that much of their learning difficulty and behavior problems can be the consequence of chronic fragmented sleep. Bed-wetting, sleep-walking, retarded growth, other hormonal and metabolic problems, even "[[failure to thrive]]" can be related to sleep apnea.Adults and children with very severe obstructive sleep apnea also differ in typical body habitus.<ref>http://www.sleepapnea.org/diagnosis-and-treatment/childrens-sleep-apnea.html</ref> Adults are generally heavy, with particularly short and heavy necks. Young children, on the other hand, are generally not only thin but may have "[[failure to thrive]]", where growth is reduced. Poor growth occurs for two reasons: the work of breathing is high enough so that calories are burned at high rates even at rest, and the nose and throat are so obstructed that eating is both tasteless and physically uncomfortable. Obstructive sleep apnea in children, unlike adults, is almost always caused by obstructive [[tonsil]]s and [[adenoid]]s and is usually cured with [[tonsillectomy]] and [[adenoidectomy]].


Parents occasionally comment on breathing difficulties during sleep (eg, gasps or heroic snorts), unusual sleeping positions, morning headaches, daytime fatigue, irritability, poor growth and weight gain, and behavioral problems. Nevertheless, even in cases in which a sleep specialist conducts the diagnostic interview, the accuracy of obstructive sleep apnea prediction is poor and does not exceed a sensitivity and specificity of 50-60%, particularly in distinguishing obstructive sleep apnea from benign snoring.<ref>http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1004104-clinical</ref>.
|-


| '''Physical Characteristics'''||Most common risk factor. Thick neck, obstructed nasal passages, large tongue, narrow airway, receding chin, overbite, certain shapes and increased rigidity of the palate and jaw


==References==
|-
{{refbegin|2}}
| '''Smoking'''||Smoking may increase the amount of [[inflammation]] and fluid retention in the upper airway
|-
 
| '''Alcohol'''||This relaxes the muscles in the throat
 
|-
 
| '''Sedatives/tranquilizers'''||This relaxes the muscles in the throat the throat
 
|-
 
| '''Male Gender'''||Men are more likely to suffer sleep apnea than women and children are, though it is not uncommon in the last two population groups
 
|-
 
| '''Genetic Factors'''||A positive family history may have a higher risk of developing sleep apnea
 
|-
 
| '''Ethnic Background'''||African Americans, people of Mexican origin, and Pacific Islanders
 
|-
 
| '''Age'''||Sleep apnea occurs significantly in adults over 60-65
 
|}
 
===Medical conditions that are risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)===
*[[Obesity]]<ref name="Young-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Young | first1 = T. | last2 = Skatrud | first2 = J. | last3 = Peppard | first3 = PE. | title = Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults. | journal = JAMA | volume = 291 | issue = 16 | pages = 2013-6 | month = Apr | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1001/jama.291.16.2013 | PMID = 15113821 }}</ref>
:*Obesity is the most common risk factor for OSA
*[[Pregnancy]]
 
*[[ Diabetes]]<ref name="Young2004">{{cite journal|last1=Young|first1=Terry|title=Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults|journal=JAMA|volume=291|issue=16|year=2004|pages=2013|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.291.16.2013}}</ref>
 
*[[Polycystic ovary syndrome]]
 
*[[Hypertension]]<ref name="Young2004">{{cite journal|last1=Young|first1=Terry|title=Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults|journal=JAMA|volume=291|issue=16|year=2004|pages=2013|issn=0098-7484|doi=10.1001/jama.291.16.2013}}</ref>
 
*Facial deformities
 
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
 
*[[Esophageal reflux]]
 
*Enlarged [[tonsils]] or [[adenoids]]
 
*Chronic respiratory tract conditions such as:
:*[[Asthma]]
 
:*[[Allergies]]
 
:*[[Chronic bronchitis]]
 
:*[[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]]
 
===Medical conditions that are risk factors for central sleep apnea (CSA)===
*[[Bulbar poliomyelitis]]
 
*[[Encephalitis]]
 
*[[Neurodegenerative diseases]]
 
*[[Stroke]]
 
*Problems after cervical spine surgery
 
*[[Primary hypoventilation syndrome]]
 
*[[Brain tumors ]]
*[[Down syndrome]]


[[Category:Sleep disorders]]
Prolonged [[continuous positive airway pressure]] ([[CPAP]]) is a risk factor for complex sleep apnea (also known as mixed sleep apnea) because patients with obstructive  sleep apnea may develop central sleep apnea.
[[Category:Medical conditions related to obesity]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Primary care]]


==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
{{WikiDoc Sources}}
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Pulmonology]]

Latest revision as of 00:13, 30 July 2020

Sleep Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Sleep apnea from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

History and Symptoms

Physical Examination

Laboratory Findings

Polysomnography

Home Oximetry

CT

MRI

Ultrasound

Other Diagnostic Studies

Treatment

Medical Therapy

Surgery

Primary Prevention

Secondary Prevention

Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy

Future or Investigational Therapies

Case Studies

Case #1

Sleep apnea risk factors On the Web

Most recent articles

Most cited articles

Review articles

CME Programs

Powerpoint slides

Images

American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Sleep apnea risk factors

All Images
X-rays
Echo & Ultrasound
CT Images
MRI

Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

NICE Guidance

FDA on Sleep apnea risk factors

CDC on Sleep apnea risk factors

Sleep apnea risk factors in the news

Blogs on Sleep apnea risk factors

Directions to Hospitals Treating Sleep apnea

Risk calculators and risk factors for Sleep apnea risk factors

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Saarah T. Alkhairy, M.D.

Overview

The most common risk factor for the development of sleep apnea is large neck circumference. Other risk factors of sleep apnea include smoking, alcohol, sedatives, tranquilizers, males, a positive family history, certain ethnic backgrounds such as African Americans, and individuals over 60-65 years. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a risk factor for complex sleep apnea (also known as mixed sleep apnea).

Risk Factors

The table below lists the risk factors for sleep apnea:

Risk Factor Description
Physical Characteristics Most common risk factor. Thick neck, obstructed nasal passages, large tongue, narrow airway, receding chin, overbite, certain shapes and increased rigidity of the palate and jaw
Smoking Smoking may increase the amount of inflammation and fluid retention in the upper airway
Alcohol This relaxes the muscles in the throat
Sedatives/tranquilizers This relaxes the muscles in the throat the throat
Male Gender Men are more likely to suffer sleep apnea than women and children are, though it is not uncommon in the last two population groups
Genetic Factors A positive family history may have a higher risk of developing sleep apnea
Ethnic Background African Americans, people of Mexican origin, and Pacific Islanders
Age Sleep apnea occurs significantly in adults over 60-65

Medical conditions that are risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)

  • Obesity is the most common risk factor for OSA
  • Facial deformities
  • Chronic respiratory tract conditions such as:

Medical conditions that are risk factors for central sleep apnea (CSA)

  • Problems after cervical spine surgery

Prolonged continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is a risk factor for complex sleep apnea (also known as mixed sleep apnea) because patients with obstructive sleep apnea may develop central sleep apnea.

References

  1. ↑ Young, T.; Skatrud, J.; Peppard, PE. (2004). "Risk factors for obstructive sleep apnea in adults". JAMA. 291 (16): 2013–6. doi:10.1001/jama.291.16.2013. PMID 15113821. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Young, Terry (2004). "Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Adults". JAMA. 291 (16): 2013. doi:10.1001/jama.291.16.2013. ISSN 0098-7484.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Sleep_apnea_risk_factors&oldid=1643409"