Speech disorder: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
m (Bot: Removing from Primary care)
 
(14 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown)
Line 17: Line 17:


Difficulty in producing specific speech sounds (most often certain consonant, such as /s/ or /r/) may be considered a '''[[Speech sound disorder]]''', and subdivided into '''[[Speech-Language Pathology in School Settings#Articulation Disorders|Articulation Disorders]]''' (also called '''Phonetic Disorders''') and '''[[Speech sound disorder#Phonemic Disorders|Phonemic Disorders]]'''.  Phonetic disorders are characterized by difficulty learning to physically produce sounds, and are popularly referred to as "speech impediments."  Phonemic disorders are characterized by difficulty in learning the sound distinctions of a language, so that one sound may be used in place of many.  However, it is not uncommon for a single person to have a mixed speech sound disorder with both phonemic and phonetic components.
Difficulty in producing specific speech sounds (most often certain consonant, such as /s/ or /r/) may be considered a '''[[Speech sound disorder]]''', and subdivided into '''[[Speech-Language Pathology in School Settings#Articulation Disorders|Articulation Disorders]]''' (also called '''Phonetic Disorders''') and '''[[Speech sound disorder#Phonemic Disorders|Phonemic Disorders]]'''.  Phonetic disorders are characterized by difficulty learning to physically produce sounds, and are popularly referred to as "speech impediments."  Phonemic disorders are characterized by difficulty in learning the sound distinctions of a language, so that one sound may be used in place of many.  However, it is not uncommon for a single person to have a mixed speech sound disorder with both phonemic and phonetic components.
===Types of Speech Disorders===
*[[Cluttering]]
*[[Stuttering]]
*[[Apraxia]]
*[[Lisp]]
*[[Rhotacism]]
*[[Spasmodic dysphonia]]
*[[Aphasia]]
*[[Dysarthria]]
*[[Huntington's disease]]
*[[Laryngeal cancer]]
*[[Selective mutism]]
*[[Specific language impairment|Specific Language Impairment]]
*[[Speech sound disorder]]
*[[List of voice disorders|Voice disorders]]
===Language Disorders===
Language disorders are usually considered distinct from speech disorders, even though they are often used synonymously.
Speech disorders refer to problems in producing the sounds of speech or with the quality of voice, where language disorders are usually an impairment of either understanding words or being able to use words and does not have to do with speech production<ref>http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs11txt.htm</ref>


==Causes==
==Causes==
In many cases the cause is unknown.  However, there are various known causes of speech impediments, such as "hearing loss, neurological disorders, [[Traumatic brain injury|brain injury]], [[mental retardation]], [[drug abuse]], physical impairments such as [[Cleft|cleft lip]] or palate, and vocal abuse or misuse."<ref name="ref1">"Disability Info: Speech and Language Disorders Fact Sheet (FS11)." National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities. http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs11txt.htm</ref>  [[Child Abuse]] may also be a cause in some cases.  <ref> http://www.lbfdtraining.com/Pages/emt/sectiond/childabuse.html Long Beach (California) Fire Department</ref>
In many cases the cause is unknown.  However, there are various known causes of speech impediments, such as "hearing loss, neurological disorders, [[Traumatic brain injury|brain injury]], [[mental retardation]], [[drug abuse]], physical impairments such as [[Cleft|cleft lip]] or palate, and vocal abuse or misuse."<ref name="ref1">"Disability Info: Speech and Language Disorders Fact Sheet (FS11)." National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities. http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs11txt.htm</ref>  [[Child Abuse]] may also be a cause in some cases.  <ref> http://www.lbfdtraining.com/Pages/emt/sectiond/childabuse.html Long Beach (California) Fire Department</ref>


==Differential Diagnosis==
*Hearing or other sensory impairment
*[[Intellectual disability]] (intellectual developmental disorder)
*Language regression
*[[Neurological disorders]]
*Normal variations in language<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>
==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
 
*Genetic predisposition<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>
===Genetic and  Physiological===
*Language disorders are highly heritable, and family members are more likely to have a history of language impairment.
 
==Natural History,Complications,and Prognosis==
===Prognosis<ref>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>===
Children with receptive language impairments have a poorer prognosis than those with predominantly expressive impairments. They are more resistant to treatment, and difficulties
with reading comprehension are frequently seen.


==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
Line 35: Line 55:
===Diagnostic Criteria===
===Diagnostic Criteria===


====DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Language Disorder<ref>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>====
====DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Language Disorder<ref name=DSMV>{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5 | publisher = American Psychiatric Association | location = Washington, D.C | year = 2013 | isbn = 0890425558 }}</ref>====
{{cquote|
{{cquote|
* A. Persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language across modalities (i.e., spoken, written, sign language, or other) due to deficits in comprehension or production that include the following:
* A. Persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language across modalities (i.e., spoken, written, sign language, or other) due to deficits in comprehension or production that include the following:
Line 54: Line 74:
In the United States, school-age children with a speech disorder are often placed in [[special education]] programs. More than 700,000 of the students served in the public schools’ special education programs in the 2000-2001 school year were categorized as having a speech or language impairment. This estimate does not include children who have speech/language problems secondary to other conditions such as deafness"<ref name="ref1" />.Many [[school district]]s provide the students with speech therapy during school hours, although extended day and summer services may be appropriate under certain circumstances.
In the United States, school-age children with a speech disorder are often placed in [[special education]] programs. More than 700,000 of the students served in the public schools’ special education programs in the 2000-2001 school year were categorized as having a speech or language impairment. This estimate does not include children who have speech/language problems secondary to other conditions such as deafness"<ref name="ref1" />.Many [[school district]]s provide the students with speech therapy during school hours, although extended day and summer services may be appropriate under certain circumstances.


==Social effects of speech disorders==
==Social Effects of Speech Disorders==
Suffering from a speech disorder can have negative social effects, especially among young children.  Those with a speech disorder can be targets of [[bullying]] because of their disorder.  The bullying can result in decreased [[self-esteem]].  As well, having a speech disorder can cause some sufferers to be shy and have poor [[public speaking]] skills.
Suffering from a speech disorder can have negative social effects, especially among young children.  Those with a speech disorder can be targets of [[bullying]] because of their disorder.  The bullying can result in decreased [[self-esteem]].  As well, having a speech disorder can cause some sufferers to be shy and have poor [[public speaking]] skills.


==Types of speech disorders==
==Famous People with Speech Impediments==
*[[Cluttering]]
*[[Stuttering]]
*[[Apraxia]]
*[[Lisp]]
*[[Rhotacism]]
*[[Spasmodic dysphonia]]
*[[Aphasia]]
*[[Dysarthria]]
*[[Huntington's disease]]
*[[Laryngeal cancer]]
*[[Selective mutism]]
*[[Specific language impairment|Specific Language Impairment]]
*[[Speech sound disorder]]
*[[List of voice disorders|Voice disorders]]
 
==Language disorders==
Language disorders are usually considered distinct from speech disorders, even though they are often used synonymously.
 
Speech disorders refer to problems in producing the sounds of speech or with the quality of voice, where language disorders are usually an impairment of either understanding words or being able to use words and does not have to do with speech production<ref>http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs11txt.htm</ref>
 
==Famous people with speech impediments==
*[[Humphrey Bogart]], [[lisp]]
*[[Humphrey Bogart]], [[lisp]]
*[[Nicholas Brendon]], actor &mdash; stutter
*[[Nicholas Brendon]], actor &mdash; stutter
Line 124: Line 123:
==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
[[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Communication disorders]]
[[de:Sprechstörung]]
[[de:Sprechstörung]]
[[lt:Kalbos sutrikimai]]
[[lt:Kalbos sutrikimai]]
Line 138: Line 131:
{{WH}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}
{{WS}}
[[Category:Psychiatry]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]
[[Category:Communication disorders]]

Latest revision as of 00:14, 30 July 2020

For patient information, click here

WikiDoc Resources for Speech disorder

Articles

Most recent articles on Speech disorder

Most cited articles on Speech disorder

Review articles on Speech disorder

Articles on Speech disorder in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Speech disorder

Images of Speech disorder

Photos of Speech disorder

Podcasts & MP3s on Speech disorder

Videos on Speech disorder

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Speech disorder

Bandolier on Speech disorder

TRIP on Speech disorder

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Speech disorder at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Speech disorder

Clinical Trials on Speech disorder at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Speech disorder

NICE Guidance on Speech disorder

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Speech disorder

CDC on Speech disorder

Books

Books on Speech disorder

News

Speech disorder in the news

Be alerted to news on Speech disorder

News trends on Speech disorder

Commentary

Blogs on Speech disorder

Definitions

Definitions of Speech disorder

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Speech disorder

Discussion groups on Speech disorder

Patient Handouts on Speech disorder

Directions to Hospitals Treating Speech disorder

Risk calculators and risk factors for Speech disorder

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Speech disorder

Causes & Risk Factors for Speech disorder

Diagnostic studies for Speech disorder

Treatment of Speech disorder

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Speech disorder

International

Speech disorder en Espanol

Speech disorder en Francais

Business

Speech disorder in the Marketplace

Patents on Speech disorder

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Speech disorder

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Kiran Singh, M.D. [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Language disorder

Overview

Speech disorders or speech impediments, as they are also called, are a type of communication disorders where 'normal' speech is disrupted. This can mean stuttering, lisps, etc. Someone who is totally unable to speak due to a speech disorder is considered mute.

Classification

Classifying speech into normal and disordered is more problematic than it first seems. By a strict classification, only 5% to 10% of the population has a completely normal manner of speaking (with respect to all parameters) and healthy voice; all others suffer from one disorder or another.

  • Stuttering is quite common.
  • Cluttering, a speech disorder that has similarities to stuttering.
  • Dysprosody is the rarest neurological speech disorder. It is characterized by alterations in intensity, in the timing of utterance segments, and in rhythm, cadency, and intonation of words. The changes to the duration, the fundamental frequency, and the intensity of tonic and atonic syllables of the sentences spoken, deprive an individual's particular speech of its characteristics. The cause of dysprosody is usually associated with neurological pathologies such as brain vascular accidents, cranioencephalic traumatisms, and brain tumors.[1]

Difficulty in producing specific speech sounds (most often certain consonant, such as /s/ or /r/) may be considered a Speech sound disorder, and subdivided into Articulation Disorders (also called Phonetic Disorders) and Phonemic Disorders. Phonetic disorders are characterized by difficulty learning to physically produce sounds, and are popularly referred to as "speech impediments." Phonemic disorders are characterized by difficulty in learning the sound distinctions of a language, so that one sound may be used in place of many. However, it is not uncommon for a single person to have a mixed speech sound disorder with both phonemic and phonetic components.

Types of Speech Disorders

Language Disorders

Language disorders are usually considered distinct from speech disorders, even though they are often used synonymously.

Speech disorders refer to problems in producing the sounds of speech or with the quality of voice, where language disorders are usually an impairment of either understanding words or being able to use words and does not have to do with speech production[2]

Causes

In many cases the cause is unknown. However, there are various known causes of speech impediments, such as "hearing loss, neurological disorders, brain injury, mental retardation, drug abuse, physical impairments such as cleft lip or palate, and vocal abuse or misuse."[3] Child Abuse may also be a cause in some cases. [4]

Differential Diagnosis

Risk Factors

  • Genetic predisposition[5]

Diagnosis

Diagnostic Criteria

DSM-V Diagnostic Criteria for Language Disorder[5]

“
  • A. Persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language across modalities (i.e., spoken, written, sign language, or other) due to deficits in comprehension or production that include the following:
  • 1. Reduced vocabulary (word knowledge and use).
  • 2. Limited sentence structure (ability to put words and word endings together to form sentences based on the rules of grammar and morphology).
  • 3. Impairments in discourse (ability to use vocabulary and connect sentences to explain or describe a topic or series of events or have a conversation).

AND

  • B. Language abilities are substantially and quantifiably below those expected for age, resulting in functional limitations in effective communication, social participation, academic achievement, or occupational performance, individually or in any combination.

AND

  • C. Onset of symptoms is in the early developmental period.

AND

  • D. The difficulties are not attributable to hearing or other sensory impairment, motor dysfunction, or another medical or neurological condition and are not better explained by intellectual disability (intellectual developmental disorder) or global developmental delay.
 ”

Treatment

Many of these types of disorders can be treated by speech therapy, but others require medical attention by a doctor in phoniatrics. Other treatments include correction of organic conditions and psychotherapy[6].

In the United States, school-age children with a speech disorder are often placed in special education programs. More than 700,000 of the students served in the public schools’ special education programs in the 2000-2001 school year were categorized as having a speech or language impairment. This estimate does not include children who have speech/language problems secondary to other conditions such as deafness"[3].Many school districts provide the students with speech therapy during school hours, although extended day and summer services may be appropriate under certain circumstances.

Social Effects of Speech Disorders

Suffering from a speech disorder can have negative social effects, especially among young children. Those with a speech disorder can be targets of bullying because of their disorder. The bullying can result in decreased self-esteem. As well, having a speech disorder can cause some sufferers to be shy and have poor public speaking skills.

Famous People with Speech Impediments

References

  1. ↑ Pinto JA, Corso RJ, Guilherme AC, Pinho SR, Nobrega Mde O.: Dysprosody nonassociated with neurological diseases--a case report (2004), found on: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=15070228&dopt=Abstract
  2. ↑ http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs11txt.htm
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Disability Info: Speech and Language Disorders Fact Sheet (FS11)." National Dissemination Center for Children with Disabilities. http://www.nichcy.org/pubs/factshe/fs11txt.htm
  4. ↑ http://www.lbfdtraining.com/Pages/emt/sectiond/childabuse.html Long Beach (California) Fire Department
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5. Washington, D.C: American Psychiatric Association. 2013. ISBN 0890425558.
  6. ↑ "Speech Defect." Encyclopedia.com. http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-speechde.html
  7. ↑ "Famous people with disabilities." Disabled-World. http://www.disabled-world.com/artman/publish/article_0060.shtml

de:Sprechstörung lt:Kalbos sutrikimai sr:Говорни поремећај fi:Puhevika

Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Speech_disorder&oldid=1643454"