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| __NOTOC__ | | __NOTOC__ |
| | {{Zika virus}} |
| {{About1|Zika virus}} | | {{About1|Zika virus}} |
| '''''For patient information, click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]].'''''<br>
| | '''For patient information, click [[{{PAGENAME}} (patient information)|here]].'''<br> |
| {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{NRM}} {{LRO}} | | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{YD}}; {{NRM}}; {{LRO}}; {{IMD}}; {{SSK}}; {{YK}}; {{TarekNafee}} |
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| {{SK}} Zika virus; ZIKV; ZIKV disease; Zika; Zika virus disease; Zika disease; Zika fever | | {{SK}} Zika virus; ZIKV; ZIKV disease; Zika; Zika virus disease; Zika disease; Zika fever |
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| ==Overview== | | ==[[Zika virus infection overview|Overview]]== |
| Zika fever is an illness caused by the Zika virus, a member of the family [[Flaviviridae]]. The fever and virus are named after the Ugandan forest where the virus was first isolated. The virus is commonly found in Africa but has also been found in Malaysia and Micronesia. Symptoms are similar to [[dengue fever]], but are milder in form and usually last four to seven days. No hemorrhagic manifestations have been documented. Common symptoms include a maculopapular skin rash that starts on the face or trunk before moving to the rest of the body, conjunctivitis, joint pain, low-grade fevers and headache.
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| ==Historical Perspective== | | ==[[Zika virus infection historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]== |
| *Zika virus was first isolated in 1947 from a rhesus monkey in the Zika Forest of Uganda. The first human isolation of the virus occurred in 1968 in Nigeria. <ref name="pmid19788800">{{cite journal| author=Hayes EB| title=Zika virus outside Africa. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2009 | volume= 15 | issue= 9 | pages= 1347-50 | pmid=19788800 | doi=10.3201/eid1509.090442 | pmc=PMC2819875 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19788800 }} </ref>
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| *Between 1951 through 1981, evidence of human [[Infection|infection]] was additionally reported in the following countries:<ref name="pmid19788800"></ref>
| | ==[[Zika virus infection pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]== |
| **'''Africa:''' Tanzania, Egypt, Central African Republic, Sierra Leone, and Gabon
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| **'''Asia:''' India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia
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| *The first outbreak of Zika virus outside of Africa and Asia occurred in April 2007 on the Yap Island in the Federated States of Micronesia. The disease was initially thought to be [[Dengue fever|dengue]], but the [[Chikungunya virus|Chikungunya]] and [[Ross River virus|Ross River]] viruses were also suspected.<ref name="pmid19788800"></ref>
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| *A larger outbreak of Zika virus occurred in the Brazilian district of Camaçari and neighboring Salvador City in April 2015. An unknown agent was causing flu-like symptoms, followed by [[Rash|rash]] and [[Arthralgia|arthralgia]], in approximately 500 individuals. RT-PCR techniques by researchers at the Federal University of Bahia confirmed the causative organism to be Zika virus.<ref name="pmid26401719">{{cite journal| author=Campos GS, Bandeira AC, Sardi SI| title=Zika Virus Outbreak, Bahia, Brazil. | journal=Emerg Infect Dis | year= 2015 | volume= 21 | issue= 10 | pages= 1885-6 | pmid=26401719 | doi=10.3201/eid2110.150847 | pmc=PMC4593454 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26401719 }} </ref>
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| ==[[Zika virus|Causes]]== | | ==[[Zika virus|Causes]]== |
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| ==Classification== | | ==[[Zika virus infection classification|Classification]]== |
| The illness caused by Zika virus is usually mild with symptoms lasting from several days to a week. Severe cases requiring hospitalization are uncommon.<ref name= “Zika Medicaltherapy”> Zika virus. Center for Disease Control and Prevention for Medical Professionals. http://www.cdc.gov/zika/index.html Accessed on December 10, 2015</ref> A schema for classification of Zika virus infection is yet to be identified.
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| ==Risk Factors== | | ==[[Zika virus infection differential diagnosis|Differentiating Zika virus infection from other Diseases]]== |
| '''Most Common'''
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| *Mosquito Bites in Endemic Areas (as listed below as areas of prior outbreaks).
| | ==[[Zika virus infection epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]== |
| *The most potent risk factors related to contracting Zika virus are travelling to endemic areas, such as Asia and Africa (reported prior to 2007), The Federated States of Micronesia (reported in 2007), and most recently in the South American regions of Chile (reported in 2014), Brazil and Colombia(reported in 2015), Guatemala, El Salvador, Paraguay, Suriname, Venezuela, and Mexico (all cases were reported in 2015.)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&Itemid=270&gid=32405&lang=en |title=Epidemiological Alert: Neurological Syndromes, Congenital Malformations, and Zika Virus Infection. Implications for Public Health in the Americas |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=December 1, 2015 |website=Pan American Health Organization|publisher=Pan American Health Organization |access-date=December 11, 2015 |quote=}}</ref>
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| '''Less Common'''
| | ==[[Zika virus infection risk factors|Risk Factors]]== |
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| *Blood transfusion from an asymptomatic donor in an endemic area.
| | ==[[Zika virus infection natural history, complications, and prognosis|Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis]]== |
| *Perinatal and sexual transmission.
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| ==Symptoms==
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| Symptoms associated with the contraction of the Zika virus typically span from several days to a week. The disease is rarely fatal and hospitalization is uncommon. The following symptoms are the associated with contracting the Zika Virus: <ref name="Zika Virus CDC"> Zika Virus. For Health Care Providers: Clinical Evaluation & Disease. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015). http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinicalevaluation.html Accessed on December 11, 2015</ref>
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| *Acute onset fever
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| *Maculopapular rash
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| *Arthralgia
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| *Conjunctivitis
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| *Myalgia
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| *Headache
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| *Retro-orbital pain
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| *Vomiting
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| ==Diagnosis== | | ==Diagnosis== |
| | [[Zika virus infection history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Zika virus infection physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Zika virus infection laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Zika virus infection evaluation of pregnant women|Evaluation of Pregnant Women]] | [[Zika virus infection evaluation of infants|Evaluation of Infants]] | [[Zika virus infection collection and submission of fetal tissues|Collection and Submission of Fetal Tissues]] | [[Zika virus infection other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
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| *The Zika virus is commonly misdiagnosed as many other diseases. These diseases include dengue, leptospirosis, malaria, rickettsia, group Astreptococcus, rubella, measles, parvovirus, enterovirus, adenovirus, and alphavirus infection.
| | ==Treatment== |
| *Diagnosis is initially based on patients recent history, including places traveled.
| | [[Zika virus infection medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Zika virus infection surgery|Surgery]] | [[Zika virus infection prevention|Prevention]] | [[Zika virus infection guidelines for pregnant women |Guidelines for Pregnant Women]] | [[Zika virus infection travel notice |Travel Notice]] | [[Zika virus infection response planning tips|CDC Response Planning Tips]] | [[Zika virus infection risk-based preparedness|Risk-based Preparedness for States]] |
| *Blood serum and plasma testing is conducted to detect viral nucleic acids or virus specific IgM. Laboratory testing is the primary source when differentiating between Zika and other commonly misdiagnosed viruses.<ref name= “Zika Medicaltherapy”> Zika virus. Center for Disease Control and Prevention for Medical Professionals. http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinicalevaluation.html Accessed on December 10, 2015</ref>
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| ==Medical Therapy== | | ==Related Chapters== |
| *There is currently no specific antiviral treatment for the Zika virus. | | *[[Zika virus]] |
| *Modern therapy tactics include increased rest, fluids, antipyretics (fever reducers) and analgesics (pain relievers).
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| *Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be avoided until dengue fever is no longer a potential diagnosis.<ref name= “Zika Medicaltherapy”> Zika virus. Center for Disease Control and Prevention for Medical Professionals. http://www.cdc.gov/zika/hc-providers/clinicalevaluation.html Accessed on December 14, 2015</ref>
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| ==Primary Prevention==
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| '''Avoid mosquito bites:'''
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| *Use insect repellent.
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| *Wear long sleeves and long pants.
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| *If outdoors or cannot protect against mosquitos entering the home, use bed nets, air conditioning, or insect screens
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| *Avoid standing water: gardening pots, swampy areas, etc.<ref name= “Zika Medicaltherapy”> Zika virus. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention. Accessed on December 14, 2015</ref>
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| ==[[Zika virus infection epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
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| ==[[Zika virus infection natural history, complications, and prognosis|Natural History, Complications, and Prognosis]]==
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| ==References==
| | [[Category:Emergency mdicine]] |
| {{Reflist|2}}
| | [[Category:Disease]] |
| | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] |
| | [[Category:Infectious disease]] |
| | [[Category:Dermatology]] |
| | [[Category:Pulmonology]] |
| | [[Category:Gastroenterology]] |
| | [[Category:Neurology]] |