Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis differential diagnosis: Difference between revisions
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{{non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis}} | {{non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{ | {{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{Aisha}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[ | [[Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis]] must be differentiated from other [[diseases]] that cause a new or changed [[heart murmur]], multiple [[Systemic embolization|systemic emboli]], +/-[[fever]], such as [[infective endocarditis]], [[Valvular Diseases|degenerative valvular disease]], and [[Pulmonary embolism|pulmonary infarction]]. | ||
==Differential Diagnosis== | |||
[[Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis]] must be differentiated from other [[diseases]] that cause a new or changed [[heart murmur]], multiple [[Systemic embolization|systemic emboli]], +/-[[fever]], such as;<ref name="urlLibman-Sacks Endocarditis Differential Diagnoses">{{cite web |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/155230-differential |title=Libman-Sacks Endocarditis Differential Diagnoses |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="urlNonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis: Clinicopathologic Study of a Necropsy Series | Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)">{{cite web |url=https://www.revespcardiol.org/en-nonbacterial-thrombotic-endocarditis-clinicopathologic-study-articulo-13106392 |title=Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis: Clinicopathologic Study of a Necropsy Series | Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid3548296">{{cite journal |vauthors=Lopez JA, Ross RS, Fishbein MC, Siegel RJ |title=Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis: a review |journal=Am. Heart J. |volume=113 |issue=3 |pages=773–84 |date=March 1987 |pmid=3548296 |doi=10.1016/0002-8703(87)90719-8 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid15919332">{{cite journal |vauthors=Borowski A, Ghodsizad A, Cohnen M, Gams E |title=Recurrent embolism in the course of marantic endocarditis |journal=Ann. Thorac. Surg. |volume=79 |issue=6 |pages=2145–7 |date=June 2005 |pmid=15919332 |doi=10.1016/j.athoracsur.2003.12.024 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid16965557">{{cite journal |vauthors=Aryana A, Esterbrooks DJ, Morris PC |title=Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis with recurrent embolic events as manifestation of ovarian neoplasm |journal=J Gen Intern Med |volume=21 |issue=12 |pages=C12–5 |date=December 2006 |pmid=16965557 |pmc=1924740 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00614.x |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid11988602">{{cite journal |vauthors=Singhal AB, Topcuoglu MA, Buonanno FS |title=Acute ischemic stroke patterns in infective and nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis: a diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging study |journal=Stroke |volume=33 |issue=5 |pages=1267–73 |date=May 2002 |pmid=11988602 |doi=10.1161/01.str.0000015029.91577.36 |url=}}</ref>. | |||
*[[Infective endocarditis]], | |||
*[[Valvular Diseases|Degenerative valvular disease]], and | |||
== | *[[Pulmonary embolism|Pulmonary infarction]]. | ||
[ | |||
<small> | |||
{| | {| | ||
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" | |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" | ||
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! rowspan="2" |<small>Other Findings</small> | ! rowspan="2" |<small>Other Findings</small> | ||
|- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" | |- style="background: #4479BA; color: #FFFFFF; text-align: center;" | ||
!<small>CT scan and MRI</small> | !<small>CT scan and MRI</small> | ||
!<small>EKG</small> | !<small>EKG</small> | ||
!<small>Chest X-ray</small> | !<small>Chest X-ray</small> | ||
!<small>Tachypnea</small> | !<small>Tachypnea</small> | ||
!<small>Tachycardia</small> | !<small>Tachycardia</small> | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary embolism]] | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Pulmonary embolism]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px; text-align:center" | | ||
*On [[CT angiography]]: | * On [[CT angiography]]: | ||
** Intra-luminal filling defect | ** Intra-luminal filling defect | ||
*On [[MRI]]: | *On [[MRI]]: | ||
** Narrowing of involved [[Blood vessel|vessel]] | ** Narrowing of involved [[Blood vessel|vessel]] | ||
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** Polo-mint sign (partial filling defect surrounded by contrast) | ** Polo-mint sign (partial filling defect surrounded by contrast) | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
*[[Pulmonary embolism electrocardiogram|S1Q3T3]] pattern representing acute [[right heart]] strain | * [[Pulmonary embolism electrocardiogram|S1Q3T3]] pattern representing acute [[right heart]] strain | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
*[[Fleischner sign]] (enlarged pulmonary artery), [[Hampton's hump|Hampton hump]], [[Westermark's sign]] | * [[Fleischner sign]] (enlarged pulmonary artery), [[Hampton's hump|Hampton hump]], [[Westermark's sign]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ (In case of massive PE) | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ (In case of massive PE) | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
*Hypercoagulating conditions ([[Factor V Leiden]], [[thrombophilia]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], immobilization, [[malignancy]], [[pregnancy]]) | *Hypercoagulating conditions ([[Factor V Leiden]], [[thrombophilia]], [[deep vein thrombosis]], immobilization, [[malignancy]], [[pregnancy]]) | ||
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* May be associated with [[metabolic alkalosis]] and [[syncope]] | * May be associated with [[metabolic alkalosis]] and [[syncope]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[ | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" | [[Infective Endocarditis]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
*Goldberg's criteria may aid in diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction: (High specificity) | *Goldberg's criteria may aid in diagnosis of left ventricular dysfunction: (High specificity) | ||
**[[S wave|S]]V1 or [[S wave|S]]V2 + [[R wave|R]]V5 or [[R wave|R]]V6 ≥3.5 mV | **[[S wave|S]]V1 or [[S wave|S]]V2 + [[R wave|R]]V5 or [[R wave|R]]V6 ≥3.5 mV | ||
**Total [[QRS complex|QRS]] amplitude in each of the limb leads ≤0.8 mV | **Total [[QRS complex|QRS]] amplitude in each of the limb leads ≤0.8 mV | ||
**[[R wave|R]]/[[S wave|S]] ratio <1 in lead V4 | ** [[R wave|R]]/[[S wave|S]] ratio <1 in lead V4 | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
*Previous [[myocardial infarction]] | *Previous [[myocardial infarction]] | ||
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
*[[Right heart failure]] associated with: | *[[Right heart failure]] associated with: | ||
**[[Hepatomegaly]] | **[[Hepatomegaly]] | ||
**Positive hepato-jugular reflex | **Positive hepato-jugular reflex | ||
**Increased [[jugular venous pressure]] | **Increased [[jugular venous pressure]] | ||
**[[Peripheral edema]] | **[[Peripheral edema]] | ||
*[[Left heart failure]] associated with: | *[[Left heart failure]] associated with: | ||
**[[Pulmonary edema]] | **[[Pulmonary edema]] | ||
**Eventual [[right heart failure]] | **Eventual [[right heart failure]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[ | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis|Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
*ST elevation | *ST elevation | ||
*PR depression | *PR depression | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ (Low grade) | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ (Low grade) | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ (Relieved by sitting up and leaning forward) | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ (Relieved by sitting up and leaning forward) | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
*Infections: | *Infections: | ||
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**Chronic (> 6 months) | **Chronic (> 6 months) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[ | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Libman Sack Endocarditis]] | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
*Prolonged [[PR interval]] | *Prolonged [[PR interval]] | ||
*Transient [[T wave]] inversions | *Transient [[T wave]] inversions | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
*Ill-contact | *Ill-contact | ||
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**Masses or nodules ([[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]]-associated granulomatous vasculitis) | **Masses or nodules ([[Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody|ANCA]]-associated granulomatous vasculitis) | ||
*On [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]: | *On [[Magnetic resonance imaging|MRI]]: | ||
Homogeneous, circumferential [[Blood vessel|vessel]] wall [[swelling]] | |||
Homogeneous, circumferential [[Blood vessel|vessel]] wall [[swelling]] | |||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
*[[Bundle branch block|Right or left bundle-branch block]] ([[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]) | *[[Bundle branch block|Right or left bundle-branch block]] ([[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]) | ||
*[[Atrial fibrillation]] ([[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]) | *[[Atrial fibrillation]] ([[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]) | ||
*Non-specific [[ST interval|ST segment]] and [[T wave]] changes | *Non-specific [[ST interval|ST segment]] and [[T wave]] changes | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
*[[Nodule (medicine)|Nodules]] | *[[Nodule (medicine)|Nodules]] | ||
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
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| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
|- | |- | ||
| style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[ | | style="background: #DCDCDC; padding: 5px; text-align: center;" |[[Fever of unknown origin]] (FUO) | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
*[[Multifocal atrial tachycardia]] (atleast 3 distinct [[P waves|P wave]] morphologies) | *[[Multifocal atrial tachycardia]] (atleast 3 distinct [[P waves|P wave]] morphologies) | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" |✔ | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | - | ||
| style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | | style="background: #F5F5F5; padding: 5px;" | | ||
*[[Smoking]] | *[[Smoking]] | ||
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*[[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency|Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency]] may be associated with [[hepatomegaly]] | *[[Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency|Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency]] may be associated with [[hepatomegaly]] | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Differentiating [Disease name] from other Diseases== | |||
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3]. | |||
OR | |||
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3]. | |||
OR | |||
As [disease name] manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. [Subtype name 1] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], such as [differential dx1] and [differential dx2]. In contrast, [subtype name 2] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 2], such as [differential dx3] and [differential dx4]. | |||
==References== | ==References== |
Latest revision as of 19:11, 6 August 2020
non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis |
Differentiating non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis from other Diseases |
---|
Diagnosis |
Treatment |
Case Studies |
Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis differential diagnosis On the Web |
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis differential diagnosis |
FDA on Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis differential diagnosis |
CDC on Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis differential diagnosis |
Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis differential diagnosis in the news |
Blogs on Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis differential diagnosis |
Risk calculators and risk factors for Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis differential diagnosis |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aisha Adigun, B.Sc., M.D.[2]
Overview
Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause a new or changed heart murmur, multiple systemic emboli, +/-fever, such as infective endocarditis, degenerative valvular disease, and pulmonary infarction.
Differential Diagnosis
Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis must be differentiated from other diseases that cause a new or changed heart murmur, multiple systemic emboli, +/-fever, such as;[1][2][3][4][5][6].
Diseases | Diagnostic tests | Physical Examination | Symptoms | Past medical history | Other Findings | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CT scan and MRI | EKG | Chest X-ray | Tachypnea | Tachycardia | Fever | Chest Pain | Hemoptysis | Dyspnea on Exertion | Wheezing | Chest Tenderness | Nasalopharyngeal Ulceration | Carotid Bruit | |||
Pulmonary embolism |
|
|
|
✔ | ✔ | ✔ (Low grade) | ✔ | ✔ (In case of massive PE) | ✔ | - | - | - | - |
|
|
Infective Endocarditis | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | - | - | ✔ | - | - | - | - |
|
| |||
Non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis |
|
✔ | ✔ | ✔ (Low grade) | ✔ (Relieved by sitting up and leaning forward) | - | ✔ | - | - | - | - |
|
| ||
Libman Sack Endocarditis |
|
✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | - | ✔ | ✔ | - | - | - |
|
| ||
Vasculitis |
|
|
✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | - | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
|
||
Fever of unknown origin (FUO) |
|
✔ | ✔ | - | - | - | ✔ | ✔ | - | - | - |
|
|
Differentiating [Disease name] from other Diseases
[Disease name] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], [clinical feature 2], and [clinical feature 3], such as [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
OR
[Disease name] must be differentiated from [differential dx1], [differential dx2], and [differential dx3].
OR
As [disease name] manifests in a variety of clinical forms, differentiation must be established in accordance with the particular subtype. [Subtype name 1] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 1], such as [differential dx1] and [differential dx2]. In contrast, [subtype name 2] must be differentiated from other diseases that cause [clinical feature 2], such as [differential dx3] and [differential dx4].
References
- ↑ "Libman-Sacks Endocarditis Differential Diagnoses".
- ↑ "Nonbacterial Thrombotic Endocarditis: Clinicopathologic Study of a Necropsy Series | Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition)".
- ↑ Lopez JA, Ross RS, Fishbein MC, Siegel RJ (March 1987). "Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis: a review". Am. Heart J. 113 (3): 773–84. doi:10.1016/0002-8703(87)90719-8. PMID 3548296.
- ↑ Borowski A, Ghodsizad A, Cohnen M, Gams E (June 2005). "Recurrent embolism in the course of marantic endocarditis". Ann. Thorac. Surg. 79 (6): 2145–7. doi:10.1016/j.athoracsur.2003.12.024. PMID 15919332.
- ↑ Aryana A, Esterbrooks DJ, Morris PC (December 2006). "Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis with recurrent embolic events as manifestation of ovarian neoplasm". J Gen Intern Med. 21 (12): C12–5. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2006.00614.x. PMC 1924740. PMID 16965557.
- ↑ Singhal AB, Topcuoglu MA, Buonanno FS (May 2002). "Acute ischemic stroke patterns in infective and nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis: a diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging study". Stroke. 33 (5): 1267–73. doi:10.1161/01.str.0000015029.91577.36. PMID 11988602.