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{{EAM}}
'''Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CMG}}[[Mailto:charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com|charlesmichaelgibson@gmail.com]] '''Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:'''{{EAM}}


<br />
==Overview==
[[Burn (injury)|Burn]] injuries is the most frequently observed form of [[scald]] (thermal) injuries, and it typically develops in Children, younger children  and younger patients. An estimated 1,344,100 fires Americans of all ages have [[Burn (injury)|burn]] injuries. An estimated patients aged 20 and 30 years are the most prevalent age group . Burn injuries has been known to affect females more than males. people of low and middle income and people in low-income countries are more likely to develop [[Burn (injury)|burn]] injuries than older whites. [[Pulmonary]] complications following burns and [[inhalation]] injury are responsible for up to 77 percent of the deaths.


==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
The [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]][[/prevalence]] of [[Burn (injury)|burn]] injury  is approximately '''86%  of''' sustained [[burns]]/ [[scald]] (thermal) injuries, 4%sustained [[Electrical burns|electrical]] burn injuries, and 3%remaining Are [[chemical]].  <ref name="urlijmedph.org">{{cite web |url=http://ijmedph.org/sites/default/files/IntJMedPubHealth-10-2-54.pdf |title=ijmedph.org |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid2012">Stamm O, Latscha U, Janecek P, Campana A (1976) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2012 Development of a special electrode for continuous subcutaneous pH measurement in the infant scalp.] ''Am J Obstet Gynecol'' 124 (2):193-5. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(16)33297-5 DOI:10.1016/s0002-9378(16)33297-5] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/Lancet . 2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2095-128. doi: 10.1 Lancet . 2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2095-128. doi: 10.1]</ref><ref name="urlBurn Evaluation And Management - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430741/ |title=Burn Evaluation And Management - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


In the 10 years from 2008 to 2017, the [[incidence]] in the [[United States]] of [[burns]] is approximately 1,344,100 fires, resulting in deaths per 100,000 individuals with a case-[[Fatality rate|fatality]] rate of  3190 [[Civilian Internee|civilian]], 16,225 [[Civilian Internee|civilian]] injuries.
*The incidence of [[Burn (injury)|burn]] injury  is approximately 86% of sustained [[burns]]/ scald (thermal) [[injuries]], 4%sustained [[electrical burn]] injuries, and 3%remaining Are [[chemical]].  <ref name="pmid2012">Stamm O, Latscha U, Janecek P, Campana A (1976) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2012 Development of a special electrode for continuous subcutaneous pH measurement in the infant scalp.] ''Am J Obstet Gynecol'' 124 (2):193-5. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9378(16)33297-5 DOI:10.1016/s0002-9378(16)33297-5] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/Lancet . 2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2095-128. doi: 10.1 Lancet . 2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2095-128. doi: 10.1]</ref><ref name="urlBurn Evaluation And Management - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430741/ |title=Burn Evaluation And Management - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>


[[Patients]] of all age groups may develop [[burns]] injury, but [[flame]] and [[Scale-inverse-chi-square distribution|scale]] burns it’s commonly affects individuals Children and younger('''children younger than five years old are more often injured with scald burns)''' than/older(More '''adults are injured with flame [[burns]] ).''' it reported 122 case in this age.122 were aged between 16-35 yrs. 189 people who sustained [[burns]]/ [[scald]] injuries 33 were children aged 15 yrs or less <ref name="pmid27733281">GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (2016) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27733281 Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.] ''Lancet'' 388 (10053):1459-1544. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/PMID: 27733281 PMID: 27733281]</ref>.
*In the 10 years from 2008 to 2017, the incidence in  the United States of [[burns]] is approximately 1,344,100 fires, resulting in deaths per 100,000 individuals with a [[case-fatality rate]] of 3190 civilian, 16,225 civilian injuries.


There is no [[racial]] predilection to [[Burn (injury)|burn]] injury.
*Patients of all age groups may develop [[burns]] injury, but [[flame]] and [[scale burns]] it’s commonly affects individuals Children and younger(children younger than five years old are more often injured with scald burns) than/older(More adults are injured with flame burns ).  [[patients]] aged between 20 and 30 years are the most prevalent age group, representing 15 percent of cases <ref name="pmid27733281">GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (2016) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27733281 Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.] ''Lancet'' 388 (10053):1459-1544. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/PMID: 27733281 PMID: 27733281]</ref>. Older adults are most likely to sustain a burn in the bathroom, followed by the kitchen<ref name="pmid14556726">{{cite journal| author=Mabrouk A, Maher A, Nasser S| title=An epidemiologic study of elderly burn patients in Ain Shams University Burn Unit, Cairo, Egypt. | journal=Burns | year= 2003 | volume= 29 | issue= 7 | pages= 687-90 | pmid=14556726 | doi=10.1016/s0305-4179(03)00071-8 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14556726  }}</ref> . Pediatric burns occur more commonly in the home (84 percent) when children are unsupervised (80 percent)<ref name="pmid16777340">{{cite journal| author=Forjuoh SN| title=Burns in low- and middle-income countries: a review of available literature on descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and prevention. | journal=Burns | year= 2006 | volume= 32 | issue= 5 | pages= 529-37 | pmid=16777340 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2006.04.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16777340  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9725680">{{cite journal| author=Rossi LA, Braga EC, Barruffini RC, Carvalho EC| title=Childhood burn injuries: circumstances of occurrences and their prevention in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. | journal=Burns | year= 1998 | volume= 24 | issue= 5 | pages= 416-9 | pmid=9725680 | doi=10.1016/s0305-4179(98)00046-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9725680  }}</ref> .


[[Female]] <ref name="RibeiroJacobsen2008">{{cite journal|last1=Ribeiro|first1=Priscila S.|last2=Jacobsen|first2=Kathryn H.|last3=Mathers|first3=Colin D.|last4=Garcia-Moreno|first4=Claudia|title=Priorities for women's health from the Global Burden of Disease study|journal=International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics|volume=102|issue=1|year=2008|pages=82–90|issn=00207292|doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.01.025}}</ref>are more commonly affected by critical [[Burn (injury)|burn]] injury than [[male]] (>25% body surface area) was statistically significant in [[adults]]<ref name="pmid27733282">GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (2016) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27733282 Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.] ''Lancet'' 388 (10053):1545-1602. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/PMID: 27733282 PMID: 27733282]</ref><ref name="HaagsmaGraetz2016">{{cite journal|last1=Haagsma|first1=Juanita A|last2=Graetz|first2=Nicholas|last3=Bolliger|first3=Ian|last4=Naghavi|first4=Mohsen|last5=Higashi|first5=Hideki|last6=Mullany|first6=Erin C|last7=Abera|first7=Semaw Ferede|last8=Abraham|first8=Jerry Puthenpurakal|last9=Adofo|first9=Koranteng|last10=Alsharif|first10=Ubai|last11=Ameh|first11=Emmanuel A|last12=Ammar|first12=Walid|last13=Antonio|first13=Carl Abelardo T|last14=Barrero|first14=Lope H|last15=Bekele|first15=Tolesa|last16=Bose|first16=Dipan|last17=Brazinova|first17=Alexandra|last18=Catalá-López|first18=Ferrán|last19=Dandona|first19=Lalit|last20=Dandona|first20=Rakhi|last21=Dargan|first21=Paul I|last22=De Leo|first22=Diego|last23=Degenhardt|first23=Louisa|last24=Derrett|first24=Sarah|last25=Dharmaratne|first25=Samath D|last26=Driscoll|first26=Tim R|last27=Duan|first27=Leilei|last28=Petrovich Ermakov|first28=Sergey|last29=Farzadfar|first29=Farshad|last30=Feigin|first30=Valery L|last31=Franklin|first31=Richard C|last32=Gabbe|first32=Belinda|last33=Gosselin|first33=Richard A|last34=Hafezi-Nejad|first34=Nima|last35=Hamadeh|first35=Randah Ribhi|last36=Hijar|first36=Martha|last37=Hu|first37=Guoqing|last38=Jayaraman|first38=Sudha P|last39=Jiang|first39=Guohong|last40=Khader|first40=Yousef Saleh|last41=Khan|first41=Ejaz Ahmad|last42=Krishnaswami|first42=Sanjay|last43=Kulkarni|first43=Chanda|last44=Lecky|first44=Fiona E|last45=Leung|first45=Ricky|last46=Lunevicius|first46=Raimundas|last47=Lyons|first47=Ronan Anthony|last48=Majdan|first48=Marek|last49=Mason-Jones|first49=Amanda J|last50=Matzopoulos|first50=Richard|last51=Meaney|first51=Peter A|last52=Mekonnen|first52=Wubegzier|last53=Miller|first53=Ted R|last54=Mock|first54=Charles N|last55=Norman|first55=Rosana E|last56=Orozco|first56=Ricardo|last57=Polinder|first57=Suzanne|last58=Pourmalek|first58=Farshad|last59=Rahimi-Movaghar|first59=Vafa|last60=Refaat|first60=Amany|last61=Rojas-Rueda|first61=David|last62=Roy|first62=Nobhojit|last63=Schwebel|first63=David C|last64=Shaheen|first64=Amira|last65=Shahraz|first65=Saeid|last66=Skirbekk|first66=Vegard|last67=Søreide|first67=Kjetil|last68=Soshnikov|first68=Sergey|last69=Stein|first69=Dan J|last70=Sykes|first70=Bryan L|last71=Tabb|first71=Karen M|last72=Temesgen|first72=Awoke Misganaw|last73=Tenkorang|first73=Eric Yeboah|last74=Theadom|first74=Alice M|last75=Tran|first75=Bach Xuan|last76=Vasankari|first76=Tommi J|last77=Vavilala|first77=Monica S|last78=Vlassov|first78=Vasiliy Victorovich|last79=Woldeyohannes|first79=Solomon Meseret|last80=Yip|first80=Paul|last81=Yonemoto|first81=Naohiro|last82=Younis|first82=Mustafa Z|last83=Yu|first83=Chuanhua|last84=Murray|first84=Christopher J L|last85=Vos|first85=Theo|last86=Balalla|first86=Shivanthi|last87=Phillips|first87=Michael R|title=The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the Global Burden of Disease study 2013|journal=Injury Prevention|volume=22|issue=1|year=2016|pages=3–18|issn=1353-8047|doi=10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041616}}</ref><ref name="pmid23245604">Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V | display-authors=etal (2012) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23245604 Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.] ''Lancet'' 380 (9859):2095-128. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/PMID: 23245604 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 PMID: 23245604 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0]</ref>
*There is no racial predilection to [[Burn (injury)|burn]] injury.


{{cite book | last = Herndon | first = David | title = Total burn care | publisher = Saunders Elsevier | location = Edinburgh New York | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1-4377-2786-9 }}
*Female <ref name="RibeiroJacobsen2008">{{cite journal|last1=Ribeiro|first1=Priscila S.|last2=Jacobsen|first2=Kathryn H.|last3=Mathers|first3=Colin D.|last4=Garcia-Moreno|first4=Claudia|title=Priorities for women's health from the Global Burden of Disease study|journal=International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics|volume=102|issue=1|year=2008|pages=82–90|issn=00207292|doi=10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.01.025}}</ref>are more commonly affected by critical [[Burn (injury)|burn]] injury  than male (>25% body surface area) was [[statistically]] significant in adults<ref name="pmid27733282">GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (2016) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27733282 Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.] ''Lancet'' 388 (10053):1545-1602. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/PMID: 27733282 PMID: 27733282]</ref><ref name="HaagsmaGraetz2016">{{cite journal|last1=Haagsma|first1=Juanita A|last2=Graetz|first2=Nicholas|last3=Bolliger|first3=Ian|last4=Naghavi|first4=Mohsen|last5=Higashi|first5=Hideki|last6=Mullany|first6=Erin C|last7=Abera|first7=Semaw Ferede|last8=Abraham|first8=Jerry Puthenpurakal|last9=Adofo|first9=Koranteng|last10=Alsharif|first10=Ubai|last11=Ameh|first11=Emmanuel A|last12=Ammar|first12=Walid|last13=Antonio|first13=Carl Abelardo T|last14=Barrero|first14=Lope H|last15=Bekele|first15=Tolesa|last16=Bose|first16=Dipan|last17=Brazinova|first17=Alexandra|last18=Catalá-López|first18=Ferrán|last19=Dandona|first19=Lalit|last20=Dandona|first20=Rakhi|last21=Dargan|first21=Paul I|last22=De Leo|first22=Diego|last23=Degenhardt|first23=Louisa|last24=Derrett|first24=Sarah|last25=Dharmaratne|first25=Samath D|last26=Driscoll|first26=Tim R|last27=Duan|first27=Leilei|last28=Petrovich Ermakov|first28=Sergey|last29=Farzadfar|first29=Farshad|last30=Feigin|first30=Valery L|last31=Franklin|first31=Richard C|last32=Gabbe|first32=Belinda|last33=Gosselin|first33=Richard A|last34=Hafezi-Nejad|first34=Nima|last35=Hamadeh|first35=Randah Ribhi|last36=Hijar|first36=Martha|last37=Hu|first37=Guoqing|last38=Jayaraman|first38=Sudha P|last39=Jiang|first39=Guohong|last40=Khader|first40=Yousef Saleh|last41=Khan|first41=Ejaz Ahmad|last42=Krishnaswami|first42=Sanjay|last43=Kulkarni|first43=Chanda|last44=Lecky|first44=Fiona E|last45=Leung|first45=Ricky|last46=Lunevicius|first46=Raimundas|last47=Lyons|first47=Ronan Anthony|last48=Majdan|first48=Marek|last49=Mason-Jones|first49=Amanda J|last50=Matzopoulos|first50=Richard|last51=Meaney|first51=Peter A|last52=Mekonnen|first52=Wubegzier|last53=Miller|first53=Ted R|last54=Mock|first54=Charles N|last55=Norman|first55=Rosana E|last56=Orozco|first56=Ricardo|last57=Polinder|first57=Suzanne|last58=Pourmalek|first58=Farshad|last59=Rahimi-Movaghar|first59=Vafa|last60=Refaat|first60=Amany|last61=Rojas-Rueda|first61=David|last62=Roy|first62=Nobhojit|last63=Schwebel|first63=David C|last64=Shaheen|first64=Amira|last65=Shahraz|first65=Saeid|last66=Skirbekk|first66=Vegard|last67=Søreide|first67=Kjetil|last68=Soshnikov|first68=Sergey|last69=Stein|first69=Dan J|last70=Sykes|first70=Bryan L|last71=Tabb|first71=Karen M|last72=Temesgen|first72=Awoke Misganaw|last73=Tenkorang|first73=Eric Yeboah|last74=Theadom|first74=Alice M|last75=Tran|first75=Bach Xuan|last76=Vasankari|first76=Tommi J|last77=Vavilala|first77=Monica S|last78=Vlassov|first78=Vasiliy Victorovich|last79=Woldeyohannes|first79=Solomon Meseret|last80=Yip|first80=Paul|last81=Yonemoto|first81=Naohiro|last82=Younis|first82=Mustafa Z|last83=Yu|first83=Chuanhua|last84=Murray|first84=Christopher J L|last85=Vos|first85=Theo|last86=Balalla|first86=Shivanthi|last87=Phillips|first87=Michael R|title=The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the Global Burden of Disease study 2013|journal=Injury Prevention|volume=22|issue=1|year=2016|pages=3–18|issn=1353-8047|doi=10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041616}}</ref><ref name="pmid23245604">Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V | display-authors=etal (2012) [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23245604 Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.] ''Lancet'' 380 (9859):2095-128. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0] PMID: [https://pubmed.gov/PMID: 23245604 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 PMID: 23245604 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0]</ref>


'''[[Burn (injury)|Burn]] injuries more commonly affect people of low and middle income and people in low-income countries'''<ref name="urlBurn Evaluation And Management - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430741/ |title=Burn Evaluation And Management - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref>
*[[Burn]] injuries more commonly affect people of low and middle income and people in low-income countries<ref name="urlBurn Evaluation And Management - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430741/ |title=Burn Evaluation And Management - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf |format= |work= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name="pmid97256802">{{cite journal| author=Rossi LA, Braga EC, Barruffini RC, Carvalho EC| title=Childhood burn injuries: circumstances of occurrences and their prevention in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil. | journal=Burns | year= 1998 | volume= 24 | issue= 5 | pages= 416-9 | pmid=9725680 | doi=10.1016/s0305-4179(98)00046-1 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9725680  }}</ref><ref name="pmid9789183">{{cite journal| author=Forjuoh SN| title=The mechanisms, intensity of treatment, and outcomes of hospitalized burns: issues for prevention. | journal=J Burn Care Rehabil | year= 1998 | volume= 19 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-60 | pmid=9789183 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9789183  }}</ref><ref name="pmid97891832">{{cite journal| author=Forjuoh SN| title=The mechanisms, intensity of treatment, and outcomes of hospitalized burns: issues for prevention. | journal=J Burn Care Rehabil | year= 1998 | volume= 19 | issue= 5 | pages= 456-60 | pmid=9789183 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9789183  }}</ref><ref name="pmid1475697">{{cite journal| author=Híjar-Medina MC, Tapia-Yáñez JR, Lozano-Ascencio R, López-López MV| title=[Home accidents in children less than 10 years of age: causes and consequences]. | journal=Salud Publica Mex | year= 1992 | volume= 34 | issue= 6 | pages= 615-25 | pmid=1475697 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1475697  }}</ref><ref name="pmid19250664">{{cite journal| author=Sanghavi P, Bhalla K, Das V| title=Fire-related deaths in India in 2001: a retrospective analysis of data. | journal=Lancet | year= 2009 | volume= 373 | issue= 9671 | pages= 1282-8 | pmid=19250664 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60235-X | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19250664  }}</ref>.


[[Pulmonary]] complications following burns and [[inhalation]] injury are responsible for up to 77 percent of the deaths, among which the majority are due to [[carbon monoxide poisoning]]<ref name="pmidPMID: 9449729">{{cite journal| author=Ryan CM, Schoenfeld DA, Thorpe WP, Sheridan RL, Cassem EH, Tompkins RG| title=Objective estimates of the probability of death from burn injuries. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1998 | volume= 338 | issue= 6 | pages= 362-6 | pmid=PMID: 9449729 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199802053380604 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9449729  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8577005">{{cite journal| author=Darling GE, Keresteci MA, Ibañez D, Pugash RA, Peters WJ, Neligan PC| title=Pulmonary complications in inhalation injuries with associated cutaneous burn. | journal=J Trauma | year= 1996 | volume= 40 | issue= 1 | pages= 83-9 | pmid=8577005 | doi=10.1097/00005373-199601000-00016 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8577005  }}</ref> . Inhalation injury is common following burn injury and increases in incidence with the size of the burn injury and age of the patient [5,6]. In addition, inhalation injury has been shown to be an independent predictor of mortality in burn patients [7].
*Pulmonary complications following [[burns]] and [[inhalation]] injury are responsible for up to 77 percent of the deaths, among which the majority are due to [[carbon monoxide poisoning]]<ref name="pmidPMID: 9449729">{{cite journal| author=Ryan CM, Schoenfeld DA, Thorpe WP, Sheridan RL, Cassem EH, Tompkins RG| title=Objective estimates of the probability of death from burn injuries. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1998 | volume= 338 | issue= 6 | pages= 362-6 | pmid=PMID: 9449729 | doi=10.1056/NEJM199802053380604 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9449729  }}</ref><ref name="pmid8577005">{{cite journal| author=Darling GE, Keresteci MA, Ibañez D, Pugash RA, Peters WJ, Neligan PC| title=Pulmonary complications in inhalation injuries with associated cutaneous burn. | journal=J Trauma | year= 1996 | volume= 40 | issue= 1 | pages= 83-9 | pmid=8577005 | doi=10.1097/00005373-199601000-00016 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8577005  }}</ref>. [[Inhalation]] injury is a common then  [[Burn (injury)|burn]] injury that tends to affect patient. The incidence of this injury  increases with age and size of the [[Burn (injury)|burn]] injury<ref name="pmid19826269">{{cite journal| author=Carr JA, Phillips BD, Bowling WM| title=The utility of bronchoscopy after inhalation injury complicated by pneumonia in burn patients: results from the National Burn Repository. | journal=J Burn Care Res | year= 2009 | volume= 30 | issue= 6 | pages= 967-74 | pmid=19826269 | doi=10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181bfb77b | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19826269  }}</ref><ref name="pmid18786768">{{cite journal| author=Guo F, Chen XL, Wang YJ, Wang F, Chen XY, Sun YX| title=Management of burns of over 80% of total body surface area: a comparative study. | journal=Burns | year= 2009 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 210-4 | pmid=18786768 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2008.05.021 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18786768  }}</ref> .In addition, [[inhalation]] injury has been shown to be an independent predictor of [[mortality]] in [[Burn (injury)|burn]]<ref name="pmid3800465">{{cite journal| author=Shirani KZ, Pruitt BA, Mason AD| title=The influence of inhalation injury and pneumonia on burn mortality. | journal=Ann Surg | year= 1987 | volume= 205 | issue= 1 | pages= 82-7 | pmid=3800465 | doi=10.1097/00000658-198701000-00015 | pmc=1492872 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3800465  }}</ref>.
 
*Armed conflict increases the [[Incidence|incidenc]]<nowiki/>e of [[burns]], as shown by a survey of [[burns]] in Baghdad that demonstrated a rise in [[incidence]] from 30 per 100,000 in 2003 to 117 per 100,000 after invasion<ref name="pmid26526376">{{cite journal| author=Stewart BT, Lafta R, Esa Al Shatari SA, Cherewick M, Burnham G, Hagopian A | display-authors=etal| title=Burns in Baghdad from 2003 to 2014: Results of a randomized household cluster survey. | journal=Burns | year= 2016 | volume= 42 | issue= 1 | pages= 48-55 | pmid=26526376 | doi=10.1016/j.burns.2015.10.002 | pmc=4724468 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26526376  }}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 13:41, 9 February 2021

Editor-In-Chief: Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1][[2]] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief:Eman Alademi, M.D.[3]

Overview

Burn injuries is the most frequently observed form of scald (thermal) injuries, and it typically develops in Children, younger children and younger patients. An estimated 1,344,100 fires Americans of all ages have burn injuries. An estimated patients aged 20 and 30 years are the most prevalent age group . Burn injuries has been known to affect females more than males. people of low and middle income and people in low-income countries are more likely to develop burn injuries than older whites. Pulmonary complications following burns and inhalation injury are responsible for up to 77 percent of the deaths.

Epidemiology and Demographics

  • In the 10 years from 2008 to 2017, the incidence in the United States of burns is approximately 1,344,100 fires, resulting in deaths per 100,000 individuals with a case-fatality rate of 3190 civilian, 16,225 civilian injuries.
  • Patients of all age groups may develop burns injury, but flame and scale burns it’s commonly affects individuals Children and younger(children younger than five years old are more often injured with scald burns) than/older(More adults are injured with flame burns ). patients aged between 20 and 30 years are the most prevalent age group, representing 15 percent of cases [3]. Older adults are most likely to sustain a burn in the bathroom, followed by the kitchen[4] . Pediatric burns occur more commonly in the home (84 percent) when children are unsupervised (80 percent)[5][6] .
  • There is no racial predilection to burn injury.
  • Armed conflict increases the incidence of burns, as shown by a survey of burns in Baghdad that demonstrated a rise in incidence from 30 per 100,000 in 2003 to 117 per 100,000 after invasion[21]

References

  1. ↑ Stamm O, Latscha U, Janecek P, Campana A (1976) Development of a special electrode for continuous subcutaneous pH measurement in the infant scalp. Am J Obstet Gynecol 124 (2):193-5. DOI:10.1016/s0002-9378(16)33297-5 PMID: . 2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2095-128. doi: 10.1 Lancet . 2012 Dec 15;380(9859):2095-128. doi: 10.1
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Burn Evaluation And Management - StatPearls - NCBI Bookshelf".
  3. ↑ GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (2016) Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388 (10053):1459-1544. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1 PMID: 27733281 PMID: 27733281
  4. ↑ Mabrouk A, Maher A, Nasser S (2003). "An epidemiologic study of elderly burn patients in Ain Shams University Burn Unit, Cairo, Egypt". Burns. 29 (7): 687–90. doi:10.1016/s0305-4179(03)00071-8. PMID 14556726.
  5. ↑ Forjuoh SN (2006). "Burns in low- and middle-income countries: a review of available literature on descriptive epidemiology, risk factors, treatment, and prevention". Burns. 32 (5): 529–37. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2006.04.002. PMID 16777340.
  6. ↑ Rossi LA, Braga EC, Barruffini RC, Carvalho EC (1998). "Childhood burn injuries: circumstances of occurrences and their prevention in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil". Burns. 24 (5): 416–9. doi:10.1016/s0305-4179(98)00046-1. PMID 9725680.
  7. ↑ Ribeiro, Priscila S.; Jacobsen, Kathryn H.; Mathers, Colin D.; Garcia-Moreno, Claudia (2008). "Priorities for women's health from the Global Burden of Disease study". International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 102 (1): 82–90. doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.01.025. ISSN 0020-7292.
  8. ↑ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators (2016) Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015. Lancet 388 (10053):1545-1602. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 PMID: 27733282 PMID: 27733282
  9. ↑ Haagsma, Juanita A; Graetz, Nicholas; Bolliger, Ian; Naghavi, Mohsen; Higashi, Hideki; Mullany, Erin C; Abera, Semaw Ferede; Abraham, Jerry Puthenpurakal; Adofo, Koranteng; Alsharif, Ubai; Ameh, Emmanuel A; Ammar, Walid; Antonio, Carl Abelardo T; Barrero, Lope H; Bekele, Tolesa; Bose, Dipan; Brazinova, Alexandra; Catalá-López, Ferrán; Dandona, Lalit; Dandona, Rakhi; Dargan, Paul I; De Leo, Diego; Degenhardt, Louisa; Derrett, Sarah; Dharmaratne, Samath D; Driscoll, Tim R; Duan, Leilei; Petrovich Ermakov, Sergey; Farzadfar, Farshad; Feigin, Valery L; Franklin, Richard C; Gabbe, Belinda; Gosselin, Richard A; Hafezi-Nejad, Nima; Hamadeh, Randah Ribhi; Hijar, Martha; Hu, Guoqing; Jayaraman, Sudha P; Jiang, Guohong; Khader, Yousef Saleh; Khan, Ejaz Ahmad; Krishnaswami, Sanjay; Kulkarni, Chanda; Lecky, Fiona E; Leung, Ricky; Lunevicius, Raimundas; Lyons, Ronan Anthony; Majdan, Marek; Mason-Jones, Amanda J; Matzopoulos, Richard; Meaney, Peter A; Mekonnen, Wubegzier; Miller, Ted R; Mock, Charles N; Norman, Rosana E; Orozco, Ricardo; Polinder, Suzanne; Pourmalek, Farshad; Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa; Refaat, Amany; Rojas-Rueda, David; Roy, Nobhojit; Schwebel, David C; Shaheen, Amira; Shahraz, Saeid; Skirbekk, Vegard; Søreide, Kjetil; Soshnikov, Sergey; Stein, Dan J; Sykes, Bryan L; Tabb, Karen M; Temesgen, Awoke Misganaw; Tenkorang, Eric Yeboah; Theadom, Alice M; Tran, Bach Xuan; Vasankari, Tommi J; Vavilala, Monica S; Vlassov, Vasiliy Victorovich; Woldeyohannes, Solomon Meseret; Yip, Paul; Yonemoto, Naohiro; Younis, Mustafa Z; Yu, Chuanhua; Murray, Christopher J L; Vos, Theo; Balalla, Shivanthi; Phillips, Michael R (2016). "The global burden of injury: incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years and time trends from the Global Burden of Disease study 2013". Injury Prevention. 22 (1): 3–18. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2015-041616. ISSN 1353-8047.
  10. ↑ Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V | display-authors=etal (2012) Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 380 (9859):2095-128. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 PMID: 23245604 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 PMID: 23245604 DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
  11. ↑ Rossi LA, Braga EC, Barruffini RC, Carvalho EC (1998). "Childhood burn injuries: circumstances of occurrences and their prevention in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil". Burns. 24 (5): 416–9. doi:10.1016/s0305-4179(98)00046-1. PMID 9725680.
  12. ↑ Forjuoh SN (1998). "The mechanisms, intensity of treatment, and outcomes of hospitalized burns: issues for prevention". J Burn Care Rehabil. 19 (5): 456–60. PMID 9789183.
  13. ↑ Forjuoh SN (1998). "The mechanisms, intensity of treatment, and outcomes of hospitalized burns: issues for prevention". J Burn Care Rehabil. 19 (5): 456–60. PMID 9789183.
  14. ↑ Híjar-Medina MC, Tapia-Yáñez JR, Lozano-Ascencio R, López-López MV (1992). "[Home accidents in children less than 10 years of age: causes and consequences]". Salud Publica Mex. 34 (6): 615–25. PMID 1475697.
  15. ↑ Sanghavi P, Bhalla K, Das V (2009). "Fire-related deaths in India in 2001: a retrospective analysis of data". Lancet. 373 (9671): 1282–8. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60235-X. PMID 19250664.
  16. ↑ Ryan CM, Schoenfeld DA, Thorpe WP, Sheridan RL, Cassem EH, Tompkins RG (1998). "Objective estimates of the probability of death from burn injuries". N Engl J Med. 338 (6): 362–6. doi:10.1056/NEJM199802053380604. PMID 9449729 PMID: 9449729 Check |pmid= value (help).
  17. ↑ Darling GE, Keresteci MA, Ibañez D, Pugash RA, Peters WJ, Neligan PC (1996). "Pulmonary complications in inhalation injuries with associated cutaneous burn". J Trauma. 40 (1): 83–9. doi:10.1097/00005373-199601000-00016. PMID 8577005.
  18. ↑ Carr JA, Phillips BD, Bowling WM (2009). "The utility of bronchoscopy after inhalation injury complicated by pneumonia in burn patients: results from the National Burn Repository". J Burn Care Res. 30 (6): 967–74. doi:10.1097/BCR.0b013e3181bfb77b. PMID 19826269.
  19. ↑ Guo F, Chen XL, Wang YJ, Wang F, Chen XY, Sun YX (2009). "Management of burns of over 80% of total body surface area: a comparative study". Burns. 35 (2): 210–4. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2008.05.021. PMID 18786768.
  20. ↑ Shirani KZ, Pruitt BA, Mason AD (1987). "The influence of inhalation injury and pneumonia on burn mortality". Ann Surg. 205 (1): 82–7. doi:10.1097/00000658-198701000-00015. PMC 1492872. PMID 3800465.
  21. ↑ Stewart BT, Lafta R, Esa Al Shatari SA, Cherewick M, Burnham G, Hagopian A; et al. (2016). "Burns in Baghdad from 2003 to 2014: Results of a randomized household cluster survey". Burns. 42 (1): 48–55. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2015.10.002. PMC 4724468. PMID 26526376.

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