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{{Urinary incontinence}}
{{Urinary incontinence}}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}} {{AE}} {{JC}} {{LRO}}
 
==Overview==
Urinary incontinence is commonly caused by conditions affecting [[bladder]] integrity, including [[infections]], [[neoplasms]], [[surgical]] procedures, and internal sources of trauma, such as [[nutrition]] and water intake. It can also be caused by [[congenital]] and [[acquired]] [[neurological]], [[muscular]], and [[renal]] conditions.


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Urinary incontinence in adults===
<div style="-webkit-user-select: none;">
In alphabetical order. <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
===Life Threatening Causes===
*[[Bladder cancer]]<ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
<div style="-webkit-user-select: none;">
*[[Brain failure]]
*[[Cerebrovascular accident]]
*[[Idiopathic parkinson's disease]]
*[[Infection]]
*[[Limbic encephalitis ]]
*[[Metastatic prostate cancer]]
*[[Mitochondrial parkinson's disease]]
*[[Multiple sclerosis]]
*[[Parkinson disease ]]
*[[Pelvic cancer]]
*[[Prostate cancer]]
*[[Schaefer-stein-oshman syndrome]]
*[[Spinal cord neoplasm]]
*[[Spinal fracture]]
*[[Stroke]]
*[[Toxic mushrooms ]]
*[[Tumor]]
*[[Wilms tumor ]]
*[[Wohlwill-andrade syndrome]]


===Common Causes===
*[[Bladder Cancer]]
*[[Bladder Cancer]]
*[[Botulinum toxin]]
*[[Botulinum toxin]]
*[[Delerium]]
*[[Delerium]]
*[[Drugs]]: [[Bethanechol chloride]], [[Meropenem]],
*[[Drugs]]: [[Bethanechol chloride]], [[Meropenem]], [[Tiagabine]]
*[[Infection]]
*[[Infection]]
*[[Inflammation]]
*[[Inflammation]]
Line 31: Line 56:
*[[Vesicovaginal fistula]]
*[[Vesicovaginal fistula]]


===Urinary incontinence in children===
===Causes by Organ System===
====Causes of nighttime incontinence====
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
After age 5, wetting at night--often called [[bedwetting]] or sleepwetting--is more common than daytime wetting in boys. Experts do not know what causes nighttime incontinence. Young people who experience nighttime wetting tend to be physically and emotionally normal. Most cases probably result from a mix of factors including slower physical development, an overproduction of urine at night, a lack of ability to recognize bladder filling when asleep, and, in some cases, anxiety. For many, there is a strong family history of bedwetting, suggesting an inherited factor.
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" |'''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cerebrovascular accident]],  [[Foix-alajouanine syndrome]],  [[Stroke]]
|-
|bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol]],  [[Artificial sweeteners]],  [[Botulinum toxin]],  [[Bromophos]],  [[Carbamates]], [[Corn syrup]],  [[Demeton-s-methyl]],  [[Diuretics]],  [[Ethion]],  [[Fensulfothion]],  [[Fenthion]],  [[Food additives]],  [[Monocrotophos]],  [[Msg]],  [[Sulfite]],  [[Terbufos]],  [[Tetraethyl pyrophosphate]],  [[Toxic mushrooms ]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aldicarb]],  [[Aldomet and phenoxybenzamine interaction]],  [[Ambenonium]],  [[Amines]],  [[Amodopa and phenoxybenzamine interaction]],  [[Antihistamines]],  [[Azinphos-methyl]],  [[Bethanechol chloride]],  [[Cypermethrin]],  [[Cystocele]],  [[Diazinon]],  [[Dichlorvos]],  [[Dicrotophos]],  [[Dioxathion]],  [[Distigmine]],  [[Disulfoton]],  [[Diuretics]],  [[Donepezil]],  [[Malathion]],  [[Meropenem]],  [[Methidathion]],  [[Methiocarb]],  [[Methomyl]],  [[Methyldopa and phenoxybenzamine interaction]],  [[Neostigmine]],  [[Parathion]],  [[Polyuria]],  [[Prazosin]],  [[Profenofos]],  [[Salicylate]],  [[Tiagabine]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adult polyglucosan body disease]],  [[Congenital disorder of glycosylation]],  [[Hormone replacement therapy]],  [[Menopause]],  [[Primary polydipsia]], [[Transthyretin amyloidosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Adult polyglucosan body disease]],  [[Congenital disorder of glycosylation]], [[Constipation]],  [[Fecal impaction]],  [[Sphincter weakness]],  [[Sphincteric atony]],  [[Stool impaction]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autosomal dominant leukodystrophy ]],  [[Basal ganglia calcification]],  [[Chromosome 11]],  [[Chromosome 13]],  [[Deletion 11p]],  [[Duplication of urethra]],  [[Ehlers-danlos syndrome]],  [[Lipomyelomeningocele]],  [[Meningocele]],  [[Pelizaeus-merzbacher disease]],  [[Sacral defect ]],  [[Schaefer-stein-oshman syndrome]],  [[Spina bifida]],  [[Wagr syndrome]],  [[Wohlwill-andrade syndrome]],  [[Wolfram's disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autosomal dominant leukodystrophy ]],  [[Diabetes mellitus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hormone replacement therapy]],  [[Hysterectomy]],  [[Obstetric surgery]],  [[Pelvic surgery]],  [[Prostate surgery]],  [[Prostatectomy]],  [[Vaginal surgery]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Infection]],  [[Schistosoma haematobium]],  [[Tropical spastic paraparesis]],  [[Urinary tract infection]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autoimmune myelopathy]],  [[Foix-alajouanine syndrome]],  [[Immobility]],  [[Intervertebral disc herniation]],  [[Lipomyelomeningocele]],  [[Pelvic cancer]],  [[Pelvic fracture]],  [[Pelvic surgery]],  [[Quadriplegia]],  [[Restricted mobility]],  [[Spastic paraplegia ]],  [[Spinal cord injury]],  [[Spinal cord neoplasm]],  [[Spinal fracture]],  [[Spinal muscular atrophy ]],  [[Spondylitis]],  [[Sports injuries]],  [[Tethered spinal cord syndrome]],  [[Vertebral fracture]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Autonomic neuropathy]],  [[Autonomic seizure]],  [[Basal ganglia calcification]],  [[Binswanger disease]],  [[Brain failure]],  [[Cauda equina syndrome]],  [[Cerebral palsy]],  [[Cerebrovascular accident]],  [[Combat stress reaction]],  [[Convulsions]],  [[Delerium]],  [[Dementia]],  [[Epilepsy]],  [[Grand mal seizures]],  [[Hydrocephalus]],  [[Idiopathic parkinson's disease]],  [[Immobility]],  [[Limbic encephalitis ]],  [[Meningocele]],  [[Mitochondrial parkinson's disease]],  [[Multiple sclerosis]],  [[Nerve conditions]],  [[Neurogenic bladder]],  [[Neurogenic diabetes insipidus]],  [[Neuropathic bladder dysfunction]],  [[Normal pressure hydrocephalus]],  [[Obstructive nephropathy]],  [[Olivopontocerebellar atrophy]],  [[Paraplegia]],  [[Parkinson disease ]],  [[Pudendal nerve entrapment]],  [[Quadriplegia]],  [[Restricted mobility]],  [[Shy-drager syndrome]],  [[Spastic paraplegia ]],  [[Spina bifida]],  [[Spinal muscular atrophy ]],  [[Wohlwill-andrade syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Artificial sweeteners]],  [[Caffeine]],  [[Carbonated drinks]],  [[Citrus fruits]],  [[Coffee]],  [[Corn syrup]],  [[Diabetes mellitus]],  [[Obesity]],  [[Spicy foods]],  [[Sugary foods]],  [[Tea]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Childbirth]],  [[Hysterectomy]],  [[Menopause]],  [[Multiparity]],  [[Obstetric surgery]],  [[Postpartum]],  [[Pregnancy]],  [[Urethrocoele]],  [[Uterine prolapse]],  [[Vaginal surgery]],  [[Vaginitis]],  [[Vesicovaginal fistula]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bladder cancer]],  [[Metastatic prostate cancer]],  [[Pelvic cancer]],  [[Prostate cancer]],  [[Spinal cord neoplasm]],  [[Tumor]],  [[Wilms tumor ]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Olivopontocerebellar atrophy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol]],  [[Caffeine]],  [[Citrus fruits]],  [[Msg]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anxiety]],  [[Binswanger disease]],  [[Combat stress reaction]],  [[Delerium]],  [[Depression]],  [[Stress incontinence]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Andrade's syndrome]],  [[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Nephrolithiasis]],  [[Primary polydipsia]],  [[Wilms tumor ]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Andrade's syndrome]],  [[Autoimmune myelopathy]],  [[Autonomic neuropathy]],  [[Spondylitis]],  [[Transthyretin amyloidosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Sexual intercourse]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cauda equina syndrome]],  [[Detrusor instability]],  [[Pelvic fracture]],  [[Spinal cord injury]],  [[Spinal fracture]],  [[Sports injuries]],  [[Urethrocoele]],  [[Uterine prolapse]], [[Vertebral fracture]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bladder cancer]],  [[Bladder fistula]],  [[Bladder spasms]],  [[Bladder stones]], [[Congenital bladder conditions]], [[Detrusor instability]], [[Duplication of urethra]],  [[Enlarged prostate]],  [[Enuresis]],  [[Epispadias]],  [[Infrequent voiding]],  [[Metastatic prostate cancer]],  [[Neurogenic bladder]],  [[Neurogenic diabetes insipidus]],  [[Neuropathic bladder dysfunction]],  [[Outlet obstruction]],  [[Overactive bladder]], [[Prostate cancer]],  [[Prostate hyperplasia]],  [[Prostate surgery]],  [[Prostatectomy]],  [[Stress incontinence]],  [[Structural problems]],  [[Urethral diverticulum]],  [[Urinary tract infection]],  [[Urinary tract malformation]],  [[Urine retention]],  [[Vesicovaginal fistula]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Aging]], [[Inflammation]]
|-
|}


====Slower physical development====
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
Between the ages of 5 and 10, incontinence may be the result of a small bladder capacity, long sleeping periods, and underdevelopment of the body's alarms that signal a full or emptying bladder. This form of incontinence will fade away as the bladder grows and the natural alarms become operational.
{{columns-list|
 
*[[Adult polyglucosan body disease]]
====Excessive output of urine during sleep====
*[[Aging]]
Normally, the body produces a hormone that can slow the making of urine. This hormone is called antidiuretic hormone, or ADH. The body normally produces more ADH during sleep so that the need to urinate is lower. If the body does not produce enough ADH at night, the making of urine may not be slowed down, leading to bladder overfilling. If a child does not sense the bladder filling and awaken to urinate, then wetting will occur.
*[[Alcohol]]
 
*[[Aldicarb]]
====Anxiety====
*[[Aldomet and phenoxybenzamine interaction]]
Experts suggest that anxiety-causing events occurring in the lives of children ages 2 to 4 might lead to incontinence before the child achieves total bladder control. Anxiety experienced after age 4 might lead to wetting after the child has been dry for a period of 6 months or more. Such events include angry parents, unfamiliar social situations, and overwhelming family events such as the birth of a brother or sister.
*[[Ambenonium]]
 
*[[Amines]]
Incontinence itself is an anxiety-causing event. Strong bladder contractions leading to leakage in the daytime can cause embarrassment and anxiety that lead to wetting at night.
*[[Amodopa and phenoxybenzamine interaction]]
 
*[[Andrade's syndrome]]
====Genetics====
*[[Antihistamines]]
Certain inherited genes appear to contribute to incontinence. In 1995, Danish researchers announced they had found a site on human [[chromosome 13]] that is responsible, at least in part, for nighttime wetting. If both parents were bed-wetters, a child has an 80 percent chance of being a bed-wetter also. Experts believe that other, undetermined genes also may be involved in incontinence.
*[[Anxiety]]
 
*[[Artificial sweeteners]]
====Obstructive sleep apnea====
*[[Autoimmune myelopathy]]
Nighttime incontinence may be one sign of another condition called obstructive sleep apnea, in which the child's breathing is interrupted during sleep, often because of inflamed or enlarged tonsils or adenoids. Other symptoms of this condition include snoring, mouth breathing, frequent ear and sinus infections, sore throat, choking, and daytime drowsiness. In some cases, successful treatment of this breathing disorder may also resolve the associated nighttime incontinence.
*[[Autonomic neuropathy]]
 
*[[Autonomic seizure]]
====Structural problems====
*[[Autosomal dominant leukodystrophy ]]
Finally, a small number of cases of incontinence are caused by physical problems in the urinary system in children. A condition known as urinary reflux or vesicoureteral reflux, in which urine backs up into one or both ureters, can cause urinary tract infections and incontinence. Rarely, a blocked bladder or urethra may cause the bladder to overfill and leak. Nerve damage associated with the birth defect spina bifida can cause incontinence. In these cases, the incontinence can appear as a constant dribbling of urine.
*[[Azinphos-methyl]]
 
*[[Basal ganglia calcification]]
====Causes of daytime incontinence====
*[[Bethanechol chloride]]
[[Daytime Wetting|Daytime incontinence]] that is not associated with urinary infection or anatomic abnormalities is less common than nighttime incontinence and tends to disappear much earlier than the nighttime versions. One possible cause of daytime incontinence is an overactive bladder. Many children with daytime incontinence have abnormal voiding habits, the most common being infrequent voiding.
*[[Binswanger disease]]
 
*[[Bladder cancer]]
====An overactive bladder====
*[[Bladder fistula]]
Muscles surrounding the urethra (the tube that takes urine away from the bladder) have the job of keeping the passage closed, preventing urine from passing out of the body. If the bladder contracts strongly and without warning, the muscles surrounding the urethra may not be able to keep urine from passing. This often happens as a consequence of urinary tract infection and is more common in girls.
*[[Bladder spasms]]
 
*[[Bladder stones]]
====Infrequent voiding====
*[[Botulinum toxin]]
Infrequent voiding refers to a child's voluntarily holding urine for prolonged intervals. For example, a child may not want to use the toilets at school or may not want to interrupt enjoyable activities, so he or she ignores the body's signal of a full bladder. In these cases, the bladder can overfill and leak urine. Additionally, these children often develop urinary tract infections (UTIs), leading to an irritable or overactive bladder.
*[[Brain failure]]
 
*[[Bromophos]]
====Other causes====
*[[Caffeine]]
Some of the same factors that contribute to nighttime incontinence may act together with infrequent voiding to produce daytime incontinence. These factors include
*[[Carbamates]]
 
*[[Carbonated drinks]]
* A small bladder capacity
*[[Cauda equina syndrome]]
* Structural problems
*[[Cerebral palsy]]
* Anxiety-causing events
*[[Cerebrovascular accident]]
* Pressure from a hard bowel movement (constipation)
*[[Childbirth]]
* Drinks or foods that contain caffeine, which increases urine output and may also cause spasms of the bladder muscle, or other ingredients to which the child may have an allergic reaction, such as chocolate or artificial coloring
*[[Chromosome 11]]
 
*[[Chromosome 13]]
Sometimes overly strenuous toilet training may make the child unable to relax the sphincter and the pelvic floor to completely empty the bladder. Retaining urine (incomplete emptying) sets the stage for urinary tract infections.
*[[Citrus fruits]]
*[[Coffee]]
*[[Combat stress reaction]]
*[[Congenital bladder conditions]]
*[[Congenital disorder of glycosylation]]
*[[Constipation]]
*[[Convulsions]]
*[[Corn syrup]]
*[[Cypermethrin]]
*[[Cystocele]]
*[[Delerium]]
*[[Deletion 11p]]
*[[Dementia]]
*[[Demeton-s-methyl]]
*[[Depression]]
*[[Detrusor instability]]
*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
*[[Diazinon]]
*[[Dichlorvos]]
*[[Dicrotophos]]
*[[Dioxathion]]
*[[Distigmine]]
*[[Disulfoton]]
*[[Diuretics]]
*[[Donepezil]]
*[[Duplication of urethra]]
*[[Ehlers-danlos syndrome]]
*[[Enlarged prostate]]
*[[Enuresis]]
*[[Epilepsy]]
*[[Epispadias]]
*[[Ethion]]
*[[Fecal impaction]]
*[[Fensulfothion]]
*[[Fenthion]]
*[[Foix-alajouanine syndrome]]
*[[Food additives]]
*[[Grand mal seizures]]
*[[Hormone replacement therapy]]
*[[Hydrocephalus]]
*[[Hysterectomy]]
*[[Idiopathic parkinson's disease]]
*[[Immobility]]
*[[Infection]]
*[[Inflammation]]
*[[Infrequent voiding]]
*[[Intervertebral disc herniation]]
*[[Limbic encephalitis ]]
*[[Lipomyelomeningocele]]
*[[Malathion]]
*[[Meningocele]]
*[[Menopause]]
*[[Meropenem]]
*[[Metastatic prostate cancer]]
*[[Methidathion]]
*[[Methiocarb]]
*[[Methomyl]]
*[[Methyldopa and phenoxybenzamine interaction]]
*[[Mitochondrial parkinson's disease]]
*[[Monocrotophos]]
*[[Msg]]
*[[Multiparity]]
*[[Multiple sclerosis]]
*[[Neostigmine]]
*[[Nephrolithiasis]]
*[[Nerve conditions]]
*[[Neurogenic bladder]]
*[[Neurogenic diabetes insipidus]]
*[[Neuropathic bladder dysfunction]]
*[[Normal pressure hydrocephalus]]
*[[Obesity]]
*[[Obstetric surgery]]
*[[Obstructive nephropathy]]
*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
*[[Olivopontocerebellar atrophy]]
*[[Outlet obstruction]]
*[[Overactive bladder]]
*[[Paraplegia]]
*[[Parathion]]
*[[Parkinson disease ]]
*[[Pelizaeus-merzbacher disease]]
*[[Pelvic cancer]]
*[[Pelvic fracture]]
*[[Pelvic surgery]]
*[[Pelvis conditions]]
*[[Phosdrin]]
*[[Polyuria]]
*[[Postpartum]]
*[[Prazosin]]
*[[Pregnancy]]
*[[Primary polydipsia]]
*[[Profenofos]]
*[[Prostate cancer]]
*[[Prostate hyperplasia]]
*[[Prostate surgery]]
*[[Prostatectomy]]
*[[Pudendal nerve entrapment]]
*[[Quadriplegia]]
*[[Restricted mobility]]
*[[Sacral defect ]]
*[[Salicylate]]
*[[Schaefer-stein-oshman syndrome]]
*[[Schistosoma haematobium]]
*[[Sexual intercourse]]
*[[Shy-drager syndrome]]
*[[Spastic paraplegia ]]
*[[Sphincter weakness]]
*[[Sphincteric atony]]
*[[Spicy foods]]
*[[Spina bifida]]
*[[Spinal cord injury]]
*[[Spinal cord neoplasm]]
*[[Spinal fracture]]
*[[Spinal muscular atrophy ]]
*[[Spondylitis]]
*[[Sports injuries]]
*[[Stool impaction]]
*[[Stress incontinence]]
*[[Stroke]]
*[[Structural problems]]
*[[Sugary foods]]
*[[Sulfite]]
*[[Tea]]
*[[Terbufos]]
*[[Tethered spinal cord syndrome]]
*[[Tetraethyl pyrophosphate]]
*[[Tiagabine]]
*[[Toxic mushrooms ]]
*[[Transthyretin amyloidosis]]
*[[Tropical spastic paraparesis]]
*[[Tumor]]
*[[Urethral diverticulum]]
*[[Urethrocoele]]
*[[Urinary tract infection]]
*[[Urinary tract malformation]]
*[[Urine retention]]
*[[Uterine prolapse]]
*[[Vaginal surgery]]
*[[Vaginitis]]
*[[Vertebral fracture]]
*[[Vesicovaginal fistula]]
*[[Wagr syndrome]]
*[[Wilms tumor ]]
*[[Wohlwill-andrade syndrome]]
*[[Wolfram's disease]]
}}
</div>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}
{{WH}}
{{WS}}


[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Urology]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
[[Category:Primary care]]
{{WH}}
{{WS}}

Latest revision as of 00:07, 17 February 2021

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Jyostna Chouturi, M.B.B.S [2] Luke Rusowicz-Orazem, B.S.

Overview

Urinary incontinence is commonly caused by conditions affecting bladder integrity, including infections, neoplasms, surgical procedures, and internal sources of trauma, such as nutrition and water intake. It can also be caused by congenital and acquired neurological, muscular, and renal conditions.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Cerebrovascular accident, Foix-alajouanine syndrome, Stroke
Chemical/Poisoning Alcohol, Artificial sweeteners, Botulinum toxin, Bromophos, Carbamates, Corn syrup, Demeton-s-methyl, Diuretics, Ethion, Fensulfothion, Fenthion, Food additives, Monocrotophos, Msg, Sulfite, Terbufos, Tetraethyl pyrophosphate, Toxic mushrooms
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Aldicarb, Aldomet and phenoxybenzamine interaction, Ambenonium, Amines, Amodopa and phenoxybenzamine interaction, Antihistamines, Azinphos-methyl, Bethanechol chloride, Cypermethrin, Cystocele, Diazinon, Dichlorvos, Dicrotophos, Dioxathion, Distigmine, Disulfoton, Diuretics, Donepezil, Malathion, Meropenem, Methidathion, Methiocarb, Methomyl, Methyldopa and phenoxybenzamine interaction, Neostigmine, Parathion, Polyuria, Prazosin, Profenofos, Salicylate, Tiagabine
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Adult polyglucosan body disease, Congenital disorder of glycosylation, Hormone replacement therapy, Menopause, Primary polydipsia, Transthyretin amyloidosis
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Adult polyglucosan body disease, Congenital disorder of glycosylation, Constipation, Fecal impaction, Sphincter weakness, Sphincteric atony, Stool impaction
Genetic Autosomal dominant leukodystrophy , Basal ganglia calcification, Chromosome 11, Chromosome 13, Deletion 11p, Duplication of urethra, Ehlers-danlos syndrome, Lipomyelomeningocele, Meningocele, Pelizaeus-merzbacher disease, Sacral defect , Schaefer-stein-oshman syndrome, Spina bifida, Wagr syndrome, Wohlwill-andrade syndrome, Wolfram's disease
Hematologic Autosomal dominant leukodystrophy , Diabetes mellitus
Iatrogenic Hormone replacement therapy, Hysterectomy, Obstetric surgery, Pelvic surgery, Prostate surgery, Prostatectomy, Vaginal surgery
Infectious Disease Infection, Schistosoma haematobium, Tropical spastic paraparesis, Urinary tract infection
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic Autoimmune myelopathy, Foix-alajouanine syndrome, Immobility, Intervertebral disc herniation, Lipomyelomeningocele, Pelvic cancer, Pelvic fracture, Pelvic surgery, Quadriplegia, Restricted mobility, Spastic paraplegia , Spinal cord injury, Spinal cord neoplasm, Spinal fracture, Spinal muscular atrophy , Spondylitis, Sports injuries, Tethered spinal cord syndrome, Vertebral fracture
Neurologic Autonomic neuropathy, Autonomic seizure, Basal ganglia calcification, Binswanger disease, Brain failure, Cauda equina syndrome, Cerebral palsy, Cerebrovascular accident, Combat stress reaction, Convulsions, Delerium, Dementia, Epilepsy, Grand mal seizures, Hydrocephalus, Idiopathic parkinson's disease, Immobility, Limbic encephalitis , Meningocele, Mitochondrial parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosis, Nerve conditions, Neurogenic bladder, Neurogenic diabetes insipidus, Neuropathic bladder dysfunction, Normal pressure hydrocephalus, Obstructive nephropathy, Olivopontocerebellar atrophy, Paraplegia, Parkinson disease , Pudendal nerve entrapment, Quadriplegia, Restricted mobility, Shy-drager syndrome, Spastic paraplegia , Spina bifida, Spinal muscular atrophy , Wohlwill-andrade syndrome
Nutritional/Metabolic Artificial sweeteners, Caffeine, Carbonated drinks, Citrus fruits, Coffee, Corn syrup, Diabetes mellitus, Obesity, Spicy foods, Sugary foods, Tea
Obstetric/Gynecologic Childbirth, Hysterectomy, Menopause, Multiparity, Obstetric surgery, Postpartum, Pregnancy, Urethrocoele, Uterine prolapse, Vaginal surgery, Vaginitis, Vesicovaginal fistula
Oncologic Bladder cancer, Metastatic prostate cancer, Pelvic cancer, Prostate cancer, Spinal cord neoplasm, Tumor, Wilms tumor
Ophthalmologic Olivopontocerebellar atrophy
Overdose/Toxicity Alcohol, Caffeine, Citrus fruits, Msg
Psychiatric Anxiety, Binswanger disease, Combat stress reaction, Delerium, Depression, Stress incontinence
Pulmonary Andrade's syndrome, Obstructive sleep apnea
Renal/Electrolyte Nephrolithiasis, Primary polydipsia, Wilms tumor
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Andrade's syndrome, Autoimmune myelopathy, Autonomic neuropathy, Spondylitis, Transthyretin amyloidosis
Sexual Sexual intercourse
Trauma Cauda equina syndrome, Detrusor instability, Pelvic fracture, Spinal cord injury, Spinal fracture, Sports injuries, Urethrocoele, Uterine prolapse, Vertebral fracture
Urologic Bladder cancer, Bladder fistula, Bladder spasms, Bladder stones, Congenital bladder conditions, Detrusor instability, Duplication of urethra, Enlarged prostate, Enuresis, Epispadias, Infrequent voiding, Metastatic prostate cancer, Neurogenic bladder, Neurogenic diabetes insipidus, Neuropathic bladder dysfunction, Outlet obstruction, Overactive bladder, Prostate cancer, Prostate hyperplasia, Prostate surgery, Prostatectomy, Stress incontinence, Structural problems, Urethral diverticulum, Urinary tract infection, Urinary tract malformation, Urine retention, Vesicovaginal fistula
Miscellaneous Aging, Inflammation

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  2. ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X

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