Ventricular tachycardia causes: Difference between revisions

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{{Ventricular tachycardia}}
{{Ventricular tachycardia}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[User:Avirupguha|Avirup Guha, M.B.B.S.]][mailto:avirup.guha@gmail.com]; {{M.P}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[User:Avirupguha|Avirup Guha, M.B.B.S.]][mailto:avirup.guha@gmail.com]; {{M.P}}
==Overview==
==Overview==
[[Ischemic heart disease]] is a common cause of ventricular tachycardia. Other causes of ventricular tachycardia are illicit drug use such as [[cocaine]] and [[methamphetamine]], [[structural heart disease]]s including [[congenital heart disease]]s and inherited [[channelopathies]]. In addition, drugs that [[prolong the QT interval]] and [[electrolyte disturbances]] such as [[hypokalemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]], and [[hypocalcemia]] can also predispose to ventricular tachycardia.
[[Ischemic heart disease]] is a common cause of [[ventricular tachycardia]]. Other causes of [[ventricular tachycardia]] include [[congenital heart disease]], [[valvular heart disease]],  dilated [[non-ischemic cardiomyopathy]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[infiltrative cardiomyopathy]], [[inflammatory cardiomyopathy]], and inherited [[channelopathies]]. In addition, illicit drug use  with [[sympathetic activity]] such as [[cocaine]] and [[methamphetamine]], and drugs with [[QT interval prolongation]] effect and also [[electrolyte disturbances]] such as [[hypokalemia]], [[hypomagnesemia]], and [[hypocalcemia]] may cause [[ventricular tachycardia]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. They are mainly due to acute conditions that promote rapid dysfunction of [[automaticity]] and include:<ref name="AjijolaTung2014">{{cite journal|last1=Ajijola|first1=Olujimi A.|last2=Tung|first2=Roderick|last3=Shivkumar|first3=Kalyanam|title=Ventricular tachycardia in ischemic heart disease substrates|journal=Indian Heart Journal|volume=66|year=2014|pages=S24–S34|issn=00194832|doi=10.1016/j.ihj.2013.12.039}}</ref><ref name="Meja LopezMalhotra2019">{{cite journal|last1=Meja Lopez|first1=Eliany|last2=Malhotra|first2=Rohit|title=Ventricular Tachycardia in Structural Heart Disease|journal=Journal of Innovations in Cardiac Rhythm Management|volume=10|issue=8|year=2019|pages=3762–3773|issn=21563977|doi=10.19102/icrm.2019.100801}}</ref><ref name="CoughtrieBehr2017">{{cite journal|last1=Coughtrie|first1=Abigail L|last2=Behr|first2=Elijah R|last3=Layton|first3=Deborah|last4=Marshall|first4=Vanessa|last5=Camm|first5=A John|last6=Shakir|first6=Saad A W|title=Drugs and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia risk: results from the DARE study cohort|journal=BMJ Open|volume=7|issue=10|year=2017|pages=e016627|issn=2044-6055|doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016627}}</ref><ref name="El-Sherif2001">{{cite journal|last1=El-Sherif|first1=Nabil|title=Mechanism of Ventricular Arrhythmias in the Long QT Syndrome: On Hermeneutics|journal=Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology|volume=12|issue=8|year=2001|pages=973–976|issn=1045-3873|doi=10.1046/j.1540-8167.2001.00973.x}}</ref>
*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
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{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute coronary syndrome]], [[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]], [[arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]], [[AV block]], [[Brugada syndrome]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[hypertensive heart disease]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[ischemic heart disease]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], [[long QT syndrome]], [[mitral valve prolapse]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[myocarditis]], [[noncompaction cardiomyopathy]], [[NSTEMI]], [[right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia]], [[Romano-Ward syndrome]], [[short QT syndrome]], [[short QT syndrome type 1]], [[short QT syndrome type 2]], [[short QT syndrome type 3]], [[short QT syndrome type 4]], [[short QT syndrome type 5]], [[STEMI]], [[Timothy syndrome]], [[torsade de pointes]], [[unstable angina]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[ventricular aneurysm]], [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute coronary syndrome]], [[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]], [[arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]], [[AV block]], [[Brugada syndrome]], [[cardiomyopathy]], [[catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]], [[congenital heart disease]], [[congestive heart failure]], [[dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[hypertensive heart disease]], [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[ischemic heart disease]], [[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]], [[long QT syndrome]], [[mitral valve prolapse]], [[myocardial infarction]], [[myocarditis]], [[noncompaction cardiomyopathy]], [[NSTEMI]], [[QT lengthening]], [[right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia]], [[Romano-Ward syndrome]], [[short QT syndrome]], [[short QT syndrome type 1]], [[short QT syndrome type 2]], [[short QT syndrome type 3]], [[short QT syndrome type 4]], [[short QT syndrome type 5]], [[STEMI]], [[Timothy syndrome]], [[torsade de pointes]], [[unstable angina]], [[valvular heart disease]], [[ventricular aneurysm]], [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetaminophen]], [[alimemazine]], [[almokalant]], [[amiodarone]], [[amitriptyline]], [[amphetamines]], [[antiarrhythmics]], [[asenapine]], [[aspirin]], [[astemizole]], [[azimilide]], [[azithromycin]], [[bepridil]], [[bretylium]],  [[Bromocriptine]],  [[budipine]], [[chloroquine]], [[cibenzoline]], [[cisapride]], [[citalopram]], [[claritin]], [[clomipramine]], [[clozapine]], [[cocaine]], [[crizotinib]], [[desipramine]], [[digitalis]], [[diphenhydramine]], [[disopyramide]], [[dofetilide]], [[dolasetron]], [[doxepin]], [[dronedarone]], [[droperidol]], [[Eletriptan]], [[eribulin mesylate]], [[erythromycin]], [[fluconazole]], [[Fosphenytoin sodium]], [[grepafloxacin]], [[halofantrine]], [[haloperidol]], [[ibutilide]], [[imipramine]], [[indapamide]], [[inotropes]], [[ketanserin]], [[ketoconazole]], [[lidoflazine]], [[lubeluzole]], [[methadone]], [[methadyl acetate]], [[methamphetamine]], [[midodrine]], [[mizolastine]], [[moxifloxacin]], [[naratriptan]], [[nicardipine]], [[nilotinib]], [[ondansetron]], [[pasireotide]], [[pazopanib]], [[pentamidine]], [[Pergolide]], [[phenothiazines]], [[pimozide]], [[piperaquine]], [[prenylamine]], [[probucol]], [[procainamide]], [[propoxyphene]], [[quinidine]], [[quinine]], [[ranolazine]], [[retigabine]], [[ritodrine]], [[ritonavir]], [[saquinavir]], [[sertindole]], [[sotalol]], [[sparfloxacin]], [[Sumatriptan]], [[sympathomimetic agents]], [[tedisamil]], [[telithromycin]], [[terfenadine]], [[terodiline]], [[tetrabenazine]], [[theophylline]], [[thioridazine]], [[tricyclic antidepressants]], [[vandetanib]], [[vemurafenib]], [[venlafaxine]], [[vernakalant]], [[voriconazole]], [[vorinostat]], [[ziprasidone]], [[zotepine]], [[zuclopenthixol]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acetaminophen]], [[alimemazine]], [[almokalant]], [[amiodarone]], [[amitriptyline]], [[amphetamines]], [[antiarrhythmics]], [[asenapine]], [[aspirin]], [[astemizole]], [[azimilide]], [[azithromycin]], [[bepridil]], [[bretylium]],  [[bromocriptine]],  [[budipine]], [[chloroquine]], [[cibenzoline]], [[cisapride]], [[citalopram]], [[claritin]], [[clomipramine]], [[clozapine]], [[cocaine]], [[crizotinib]], [[desipramine]], [[digitalis]], [[diphenhydramine]], [[disopyramide]], [[dofetilide]], [[dolasetron]], [[doxepin]], [[dronedarone]], [[droperidol]], [[Eletriptan]], [[eribulin mesylate]], [[erythromycin]], [[fluconazole]], [[fosphenytoin]], [[grepafloxacin]], [[halofantrine]], [[haloperidol]], [[ibutilide]], [[imipramine]], [[indapamide]], [[inotropes]], [[ketanserin]], [[ketoconazole]], [[lidoflazine]], [[lubeluzole]], [[methadone]], [[methadyl acetate]], [[methamphetamine]], [[midodrine]], [[mizolastine]], [[moxifloxacin]], [[naratriptan]], [[nicardipine]], [[nilotinib]], [[Nizatidine]], [[ondansetron]], [[pasireotide]], [[pazopanib]], [[pentamidine]], [[pergolide]], [[phenothiazines]], [[pimozide]], [[piperaquine]], [[prenylamine]], [[probucol]], [[procainamide]], [[propoxyphene]], [[quinidine]], [[quinine]], [[ranolazine]], [[retigabine]], [[ritodrine]], [[ritonavir]], [[saquinavir]], [[sertindole]], [[sotalol]], [[sparfloxacin]], [[sumatriptan]], [[sympathomimetic agents]], [[tedisamil]], [[telithromycin]], [[terfenadine]], [[terodiline]], [[tetrabenazine]], [[theophylline]], [[thioridazine]], [[tricyclic antidepressants]], [[vandetanib]], [[vemurafenib]], [[venlafaxine]], [[vernakalant]], [[voriconazole]], [[vorinostat]], [[ziprasidone]], [[zotepine]], [[zuclopenthixol]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{collist|colwidth=20em|
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Acid-base disturbances]]
*[[Acid-base disturbances]]
*[[Acidosis]]
*[[Acidosis]]
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*[[Disopyramide]]
*[[Disopyramide]]
*[[Dofetilide]]
*[[Dofetilide]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Dolasetron]]
*[[Dolasetron]]
*[[Doxepin]]
*[[Doxepin]]
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*[[Fabry disease]]
*[[Fabry disease]]
*[[Fluconazole]]
*[[Fluconazole]]
*[[Fosphenytoin]]
*[[Giant cell myocarditis]]
*[[Giant cell myocarditis]]
*[[Grepafloxacin]]
*[[Grepafloxacin]]
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*[[Pentamidine]]
*[[Pentamidine]]
*[[Pergolide]]
*[[Pergolide]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Phenothiazines]]
*[[Phenothiazines]]
*[[Pimozide]]
*[[Pimozide]]
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*[[Propoxyphene]]
*[[Propoxyphene]]
*[[Pulmonary artery catheter]]
*[[Pulmonary artery catheter]]
*[[QT lengthening]]
*[[Quinidine]]
*[[Quinidine]]
*[[Quinine]]
*[[Quinine]]
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*[[Zotepine]]
*[[Zotepine]]
*[[Zuclopenthixol]]
*[[Zuclopenthixol]]
{{col-end}}
}}


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 10:13, 21 May 2021

Ventricular tachycardia Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Avirup Guha, M.B.B.S.[2]; Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [3]

Overview

Ischemic heart disease is a common cause of ventricular tachycardia. Other causes of ventricular tachycardia include congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, dilated non-ischemic cardiomyopathy, sarcoidosis, infiltrative cardiomyopathy, inflammatory cardiomyopathy, and inherited channelopathies. In addition, illicit drug use with sympathetic activity such as cocaine and methamphetamine, and drugs with QT interval prolongation effect and also electrolyte disturbances such as hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, and hypocalcemia may cause ventricular tachycardia.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. They are mainly due to acute conditions that promote rapid dysfunction of automaticity and include:[1][2][3][4]

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Acute coronary syndrome, Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, AV block, Brugada syndrome, cardiomyopathy, catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertensive heart disease, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, long QT syndrome, mitral valve prolapse, myocardial infarction, myocarditis, noncompaction cardiomyopathy, NSTEMI, QT lengthening, right ventricular outflow tract tachycardia, Romano-Ward syndrome, short QT syndrome, short QT syndrome type 1, short QT syndrome type 2, short QT syndrome type 3, short QT syndrome type 4, short QT syndrome type 5, STEMI, Timothy syndrome, torsade de pointes, unstable angina, valvular heart disease, ventricular aneurysm, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Chemical / poisoning Acetaminophen, arsenic trioxide, arsenicals, methanol, aconitine
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Acetaminophen, alimemazine, almokalant, amiodarone, amitriptyline, amphetamines, antiarrhythmics, asenapine, aspirin, astemizole, azimilide, azithromycin, bepridil, bretylium, bromocriptine, budipine, chloroquine, cibenzoline, cisapride, citalopram, claritin, clomipramine, clozapine, cocaine, crizotinib, desipramine, digitalis, diphenhydramine, disopyramide, dofetilide, dolasetron, doxepin, dronedarone, droperidol, Eletriptan, eribulin mesylate, erythromycin, fluconazole, fosphenytoin, grepafloxacin, halofantrine, haloperidol, ibutilide, imipramine, indapamide, inotropes, ketanserin, ketoconazole, lidoflazine, lubeluzole, methadone, methadyl acetate, methamphetamine, midodrine, mizolastine, moxifloxacin, naratriptan, nicardipine, nilotinib, Nizatidine, ondansetron, pasireotide, pazopanib, pentamidine, pergolide, phenothiazines, pimozide, piperaquine, prenylamine, probucol, procainamide, propoxyphene, quinidine, quinine, ranolazine, retigabine, ritodrine, ritonavir, saquinavir, sertindole, sotalol, sparfloxacin, sumatriptan, sympathomimetic agents, tedisamil, telithromycin, terfenadine, terodiline, tetrabenazine, theophylline, thioridazine, tricyclic antidepressants, vandetanib, vemurafenib, venlafaxine, vernakalant, voriconazole, vorinostat, ziprasidone, zotepine, zuclopenthixol
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Addisonian crisis, Cushing's syndrome, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, myxedema, pheochromocytoma
Environmental Heat stroke, hypothermia, zero gravity
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, channelopathies, Fabry disease, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Romano-Ward syndrome, short QT syndrome type 1, short QT syndrome type 2, short QT syndrome type 3, short QT syndrome type 4, short QT syndrome type 5, Timothy syndrome
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic Cardioversion, defibrillation, heart surgery, post-anesthesia, pulmonary artery catheter, right heart catheterisation, runaway pacemaker syndrome, cardiac transplantation
Infectious Disease Chagas heart disease, Lyme disease, myocarditis
Musculoskeletal / Ortho Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, Timothy syndrome, myotonic dystrophy
Neurologic Acute stroke
Nutritional / Metabolic Acid-base disturbances, acidosis, acute starvation, electrolyte imbalance, hyperkalaemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycaemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity Alimemazine, almokalant, amiodarone, amitriptyline, amphetamines, antiarrhythmics, bretylium, budipine, chloroquine, cibenzoline, cisapride, clomipramine, clozapine, crizotinib, desipramine, digitalis, diphenhydramine, disopyramide, dofetilide, doxepin, dronedarone, droperidol, eribulin mesylate, halofantrine, haloperidol, ibutilide, lidoflazine, methadone, methadyl acetate, methamphetamine, midodrine, mizolastine, pentamidine, phenothiazines, pimozide, piperaquine, prenylamine, probucol, procainamide, propoxyphene, quinidine, quinine, ranolazine, retigabine, ritodrine, ritonavir, sertindole, tedisamil, telithromycin, terfenadine, terodiline, tetrabenazine, thioridazine, vandetanib, vemurafenib, venlafaxine, voriconazole, ziprasidone, zotepine, zuclopenthixol
Psychiatric Anorexia nervosa, major depression, Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
Pulmonary Chronic pulmonary artery hypertension, COPD, hypoxia, obstructive sleep apnea
Renal / Electrolyte Acid-base disturbances, acidosis, electrolyte imbalance, hyperkalaemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycaemia, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia, renal failure, uremia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy Amyloidosis, cardiac sarcoidosis, giant cell myocarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Blunt chest trauma, myocardial contusion
Urologic No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Alcoholism, idiopathic

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Ajijola, Olujimi A.; Tung, Roderick; Shivkumar, Kalyanam (2014). "Ventricular tachycardia in ischemic heart disease substrates". Indian Heart Journal. 66: S24–S34. doi:10.1016/j.ihj.2013.12.039. ISSN 0019-4832.
  2. ↑ Meja Lopez, Eliany; Malhotra, Rohit (2019). "Ventricular Tachycardia in Structural Heart Disease". Journal of Innovations in Cardiac Rhythm Management. 10 (8): 3762–3773. doi:10.19102/icrm.2019.100801. ISSN 2156-3977.
  3. ↑ Coughtrie, Abigail L; Behr, Elijah R; Layton, Deborah; Marshall, Vanessa; Camm, A John; Shakir, Saad A W (2017). "Drugs and life-threatening ventricular arrhythmia risk: results from the DARE study cohort". BMJ Open. 7 (10): e016627. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016627. ISSN 2044-6055.
  4. ↑ El-Sherif, Nabil (2001). "Mechanism of Ventricular Arrhythmias in the Long QT Syndrome: On Hermeneutics". Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiology. 12 (8): 973–976. doi:10.1046/j.1540-8167.2001.00973.x. ISSN 1045-3873.

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