Atrial fibrillation hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Difference between revisions

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{{Atrial fibrillation}}
{{Atrial fibrillation}}


{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}; [[Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.]]
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{Anahita}} {{CZ}}; [[Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.]], {{DN}}


==Overview==
==Overview==
In patients with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] ([[HOCM]]), the factors that contribute to systemic embolism <ref name="pmid6946758">Hurley DM, Hunter AN, Hewett MJ, Stockigt JR (1981) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6946758 Atrial fibrillation and arterial embolism in hyperthyroidism.] ''Aust N Z J Med'' 11 (4):391-3. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/6946758 6946758]</ref><ref name="pmid492021">Yuen RW, Gutteridge DH, Thompson PL, Robinson JS (1979) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=492021 Embolism in thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation.] ''Med J Aust'' 1 (13):630-1. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/492021 492021]</ref><ref name="pmid902055">Staffurth JS, Gibberd MC, Fui SN (1977) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=902055 Arterial embolism in thyrotoxicosis with atrial fibrillation.] ''Br Med J'' 2 (6088):688-90. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/902055 902055]</ref><ref name="pmid7259379">Bar-Sela S, Ehrenfeld M, Eliakim M (1981) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7259379 Arterial embolism in thyrotoxicosis with atrial fibrillation.] ''Arch Intern Med'' 141 (9):1191-2. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/7259379 7259379]</ref> include [[ atrial fibrillation]], advanced age,<ref name="pmid7259379">Bar-Sela S, Ehrenfeld M, Eliakim M (1981) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7259379 Arterial embolism in thyrotoxicosis with atrial fibrillation.] ''Arch Intern Med'' 141 (9):1191-2. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/7259379 7259379]</ref> [[hypertension]], [[mitral annular calcification]], and left atrial enlargment.<ref name="pmid492021">Yuen RW, Gutteridge DH, Thompson PL, Robinson JS (1979) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=492021 Embolism in thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation.] ''Med J Aust'' 1 (13):630-1. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/492021 492021]</ref> [[AF]] has been shown to be associated with an increased risk for [[HOCM|HCM-related death]] ''(odds ratio 3.7; P<0.002)'' secondary to excess [[heart failure]]-related mortality but not [[sudden cardiac death]]. [[AF]] patients were also at an increased risk for [[stroke]] ''(odds ratio 17.7; P=0.0001)'' and severe functional limitation ''(odds ratio for [[New york heart association functional classification|NYHA class III or IV]], 2.8; P<0.0001)''.<ref name="pmid11714644">Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Casey SA, Dolara A, Traverse JH, Maron BJ (2001) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11714644 Impact of atrial fibrillation on the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.] ''Circulation'' 104 (21):2517-24. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/11714644 11714644]</ref> Antiarrhythmic agents such as [[disopyramide]], [[propafenone]], and [[amiodarone]] may be used to prevent [[AF]] episodes and modulate the rate of ventricular response in patients with [[HOCM]].<ref name="pmid9843465">Deedwania PC, Singh BN, Ellenbogen K, Fisher S, Fletcher R, Singh SN (1998) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9843465 Spontaneous conversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm by amiodarone in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation: observations from the veterans affairs congestive heart failure survival trial of antiarrhythmic therapy (CHF-STAT). The Department of Veterans Affairs CHF-STAT Investigators.] ''Circulation'' 98 (23):2574-9. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/9843465 9843465]</ref>  The medical management of the patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves minimizing diastolic dysfunction, reducing left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, optimizing [[heart failure]] management, maintaining [[normal sinus rhythm]], rate control and anticoagulation in the presence of [[atrial fibrillation]], and implantation of an [[automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator]] in those patients who survive [[sudden cardiac death]].
[[Atrial fibrillation]] is considered as a common [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] of [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]. [[Prevalence]] of [[atrial fibrillation]] among [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] [[patients]] has been estimated as 20% in a 9 year follow up period. However it's [[prevalence]] in [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] older than 70 years old is estimated as high as 40%. [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] [[patients]] with [[atrial fibrillation]] has a worse [[prognosis]], compared to those without [[atrial fibrillation]], even in when [[risk factors]] are corrected. Evidences of [[atrium|left atrial]] dysfunction based on [[echocardiography]] and [[electrocardiogram]] are associated to [[atrial fibrillation]] development in [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] [[patients]]. [[Heart failure]] and [[mortality rate|mortality]] as a result of it, [[stroke]] and serious functional impairment are some of the consequences of concurrent [[atrial fibrillation]] and [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]. The medical management of [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] involves minimizing [[diastolic dysfunction]], reducing left [[ventricle|ventricular outflow]] tract obstruction, optimizing [[heart failure]] management, maintaining [[sinus rhythm]], [[heart rate|rate]] control and [[Anticoagulant|anticoagulation]] in the presence of [[atrial fibrillation]].
==Atrial Fibrillation and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy==
*In [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] ([[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|HCM]]), some factors such as, [[atrial fibrillation]], [[old age|advanced age]], [[hypertension]], [[mitral annular calcification]], and [[atrium|left atrial enlargment]] contribute to [[Embolism|systemic embolism]].<ref name="pmid7259379">Bar-Sela S, Ehrenfeld M, Eliakim M (1981) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7259379 Arterial embolism in thyrotoxicosis with atrial fibrillation.] ''Arch Intern Med'' 141 (9):1191-2. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/7259379 7259379]</ref><ref name="pmid492021">Yuen RW, Gutteridge DH, Thompson PL, Robinson JS (1979) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=492021 Embolism in thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation.] ''Med J Aust'' 1 (13):630-1. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/492021 492021]</ref><ref name="pmid6946758">Hurley DM, Hunter AN, Hewett MJ, Stockigt JR (1981) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6946758 Atrial fibrillation and arterial embolism in hyperthyroidism.] ''Aust N Z J Med'' 11 (4):391-3. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/6946758 6946758]</ref><ref name="pmid492021">Yuen RW, Gutteridge DH, Thompson PL, Robinson JS (1979) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=492021 Embolism in thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation.] ''Med J Aust'' 1 (13):630-1. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/492021 492021]</ref><ref name="pmid902055">Staffurth JS, Gibberd MC, Fui SN (1977) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=902055 Arterial embolism in thyrotoxicosis with atrial fibrillation.] ''Br Med J'' 2 (6088):688-90. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/902055 902055]</ref><ref name="pmid7259379">Bar-Sela S, Ehrenfeld M, Eliakim M (1981) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7259379 Arterial embolism in thyrotoxicosis with atrial fibrillation.] ''Arch Intern Med'' 141 (9):1191-2. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/7259379 7259379]</ref>
*[[Atrial fibrillation]] is considered as a common [[Complication (medicine)|complications]] of [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]].<ref name="pmid24965028">{{cite journal| author=Siontis KC, Geske JB, Ong K, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Gersh BJ| title=Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevalence, clinical correlations, and mortality in a large high-risk population. | journal=J Am Heart Assoc | year= 2014 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= e001002 | pmid=24965028 | doi=10.1161/JAHA.114.001002 | pmc=4309084 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24965028  }} </ref><ref name="pmid19590139">{{cite journal| author=Kubo T, Kitaoka H, Okawa M, Hirota T, Hayato K, Yamasaki N | display-authors=etal| title=Clinical impact of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Results from Kochi RYOMA Study. | journal=Circ J | year= 2009 | volume= 73 | issue= 9 | pages= 1599-605 | pmid=19590139 | doi=10.1253/circj.cj-09-0140 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19590139  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11714644">{{cite journal| author=Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Casey SA, Dolara A, Traverse JH, Maron BJ| title=Impact of atrial fibrillation on the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. | journal=Circulation | year= 2001 | volume= 104 | issue= 21 | pages= 2517-24 | pmid=11714644 | doi=10.1161/hc4601.097997 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11714644  }} </ref>
*Based on a study the [[prevalence]] of [[atrial fibrillation]] among [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] [[patients]] has been estimated as 20% in a 9 year follow up period.<ref name="pmid11714644">{{cite journal| author=Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Casey SA, Dolara A, Traverse JH, Maron BJ| title=Impact of atrial fibrillation on the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. | journal=Circulation | year= 2001 | volume= 104 | issue= 21 | pages= 2517-24 | pmid=11714644 | doi=10.1161/hc4601.097997 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11714644  }} </ref>
*It has been estimated that the [[prevalence]] of [[atrial fibrillation]] development in [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] older than 70 years old could be as high as 40%. <ref name="pmid11714644">{{cite journal| author=Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Casey SA, Dolara A, Traverse JH, Maron BJ| title=Impact of atrial fibrillation on the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. | journal=Circulation | year= 2001 | volume= 104 | issue= 21 | pages= 2517-24 | pmid=11714644 | doi=10.1161/hc4601.097997 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11714644  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24965028">{{cite journal| author=Siontis KC, Geske JB, Ong K, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Gersh BJ| title=Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevalence, clinical correlations, and mortality in a large high-risk population. | journal=J Am Heart Assoc | year= 2014 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= e001002 | pmid=24965028 | doi=10.1161/JAHA.114.001002 | pmc=4309084 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24965028  }} </ref>
*[[Atrial fibrillation]] has been shown to be associated with an increased risk for [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|hypertrophic cardiomyopathy related death]] ''(odds ratio 3.7; P<0.002)'' secondary to excess [[heart failure]]-related [[mortality rate|mortality]] but it is not associated to [[sudden cardiac death]].<ref name="pmid24965028">{{cite journal| author=Siontis KC, Geske JB, Ong K, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Gersh BJ| title=Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevalence, clinical correlations, and mortality in a large high-risk population. | journal=J Am Heart Assoc | year= 2014 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= e001002 | pmid=24965028 | doi=10.1161/JAHA.114.001002 | pmc=4309084 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24965028  }} </ref>
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] [[patients]] with [[atrial fibrillation]] has a worse [[prognosis]], compared to those without [[atrial fibrillation]], even in when [[risk factors]] are corrected. <ref name="pmid24965028">{{cite journal| author=Siontis KC, Geske JB, Ong K, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Gersh BJ| title=Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevalence, clinical correlations, and mortality in a large high-risk population. | journal=J Am Heart Assoc | year= 2014 | volume= 3 | issue= 3 | pages= e001002 | pmid=24965028 | doi=10.1161/JAHA.114.001002 | pmc=4309084 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24965028  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3950248">{{cite journal| author=Stafford WJ, Trohman RG, Bilsker M, Zaman L, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ| title=Cardiac arrest in an adolescent with atrial fibrillation and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1986 | volume= 7 | issue= 3 | pages= 701-4 | pmid=3950248 | doi=10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80484-3 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3950248  }} </ref>
*Based on multiple small [[cohort study|cohort studies]], the following conditions are associated with [[atrial fibrillation]] development in [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] [[patients]]:
**Evidences of [[atrium|left atrial]] dysfunction based on [[echocardiography]], such as:<ref name="pmid15093974">{{cite journal| author=Ozdemir O, Soylu M, Demir AD, Topaloglu S, Alyan O, Turhan H | display-authors=etal| title=P-wave durations as a predictor for atrial fibrillation development in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. | journal=Int J Cardiol | year= 2004 | volume= 94 | issue= 2-3 | pages= 163-6 | pmid=15093974 | doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.01.001 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15093974  }} </ref><ref name="pmid15464672">{{cite journal| author=Losi MA, Betocchi S, Aversa M, Lombardi R, Miranda M, D'Alessandro G | display-authors=etal| title=Determinants of atrial fibrillation development in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 2004 | volume= 94 | issue= 7 | pages= 895-900 | pmid=15464672 | doi=10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.06.024 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15464672  }} </ref>
***Diameter of [[Atrium (heart)|left atria]]
***Volume index of [[Atrium (heart)|left atria]]
***Fractional shortening
**Evidences of [[atrium|left atrial]] dysfunction based on [[electrocardiogram]], such as [[P wave|P‐wave]] dispersion
*[[Atrial fibrillation]] [[patients]] were also at an increased risk for [[stroke]] ''([[odds ratio]] 17.7; [[P-value|P]]=0.0001)'' and severe functional limitation ''(odds ratio for [[New york heart association functional classification|NYHA class III or IV]], 2.8; P<0.0001)''.<ref name="pmid11714644">Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Casey SA, Dolara A, Traverse JH, Maron BJ (2001) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11714644 Impact of atrial fibrillation on the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.] ''Circulation'' 104 (21):2517-24. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/11714644 11714644]</ref>
*The following conditions are seen more frequently as a result of concurrent [[atrial fibrillation]] in [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], singularly in [[patients]] who are younger than 50 years old, had a [[Chronic (medical)|chronic]] [[atrial fibrillation]] or had an outflow obstruction:<ref name="pmid11714644">{{cite journal| author=Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Casey SA, Dolara A, Traverse JH, Maron BJ| title=Impact of atrial fibrillation on the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. | journal=Circulation | year= 2001 | volume= 104 | issue= 21 | pages= 2517-24 | pmid=11714644 | doi=10.1161/hc4601.097997 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11714644  }} </ref>
**[[Heart failure]] and [[mortality rate|mortality]] as a result of it
**[[Stroke]]
**Serious functional impairment
*[[Antiarrhythmic agent|Antiarrhythmic agents]] such as [[disopyramide]], [[propafenone]], and [[amiodarone]] may be used to prevent [[atrial fibrillation]] episodes and modulate the rate of [[ventricle|ventricular]] response in [[patients]] with [[HCM]].<ref name="pmid9843465">Deedwania PC, Singh BN, Ellenbogen K, Fisher S, Fletcher R, Singh SN (1998) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9843465 Spontaneous conversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm by amiodarone in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation: observations from the veterans affairs congestive heart failure survival trial of antiarrhythmic therapy (CHF-STAT). The Department of Veterans Affairs CHF-STAT Investigators.] ''Circulation'' 98 (23):2574-9. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/9843465 9843465]</ref> 
*Based on study done on 4248 [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] without previous [[atrial fibrillation]], [[medications]] such as [[beta blockers]], [[calcium channel antagonists]] and [[disopyramide]] were effective in maintaining [[sinus rhythm]] at the beginning, however these [[medications]] lost their protective effects in the long run. <ref name="pmid27794017">{{cite journal| author=Guttmann OP, Pavlou M, O'Mahony C, Monserrat L, Anastasakis A, Rapezzi C | display-authors=etal| title=Predictors of atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. | journal=Heart | year= 2017 | volume= 103 | issue= 9 | pages= 672-678 | pmid=27794017 | doi=10.1136/heartjnl-2016-309672 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27794017  }} </ref>
*The medical management of [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] involves minimizing [[diastolic dysfunction]], reducing left [[ventricle|ventricular outflow]] tract obstruction, optimizing [[heart failure]] management, maintaining [[sinus rhythm]], [[heart rate|rate]] control and [[Anticoagulant|anticoagulation]] in the presence of [[atrial fibrillation]], and implantation of an [[automatic implantable cardiac defibrillator]] in those [[patients]] who survive [[sudden cardiac death]].


==2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="JanuaryWann2014">{{cite journal|last1=January|first1=C. T.|last2=Wann|first2=L. S.|last3=Alpert|first3=J. S.|last4=Calkins|first4=H.|last5=Cleveland|first5=J. C.|last6=Cigarroa|first6=J. E.|last7=Conti|first7=J. B.|last8=Ellinor|first8=P. T.|last9=Ezekowitz|first9=M. D.|last10=Field|first10=M. E.|last11=Murray|first11=K. T.|last12=Sacco|first12=R. L.|last13=Stevenson|first13=W. G.|last14=Tchou|first14=P. J.|last15=Tracy|first15=C. M.|last16=Yancy|first16=C. W.|title=2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society|journal=Circulation|year=2014|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041}}</ref>==
==2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="JanuaryWann2014">{{cite journal|last1=January|first1=C. T.|last2=Wann|first2=L. S.|last3=Alpert|first3=J. S.|last4=Calkins|first4=H.|last5=Cleveland|first5=J. C.|last6=Cigarroa|first6=J. E.|last7=Conti|first7=J. B.|last8=Ellinor|first8=P. T.|last9=Ezekowitz|first9=M. D.|last10=Field|first10=M. E.|last11=Murray|first11=K. T.|last12=Sacco|first12=R. L.|last13=Stevenson|first13=W. G.|last14=Tchou|first14=P. J.|last15=Tracy|first15=C. M.|last16=Yancy|first16=C. W.|title=2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society|journal=Circulation|year=2014|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041}}</ref>==


===Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (DO NOT EDIT)===
===Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="JanuaryWann2014">{{cite journal|last1=January|first1=C. T.|last2=Wann|first2=L. S.|last3=Alpert|first3=J. S.|last4=Calkins|first4=H.|last5=Cleveland|first5=J. C.|last6=Cigarroa|first6=J. E.|last7=Conti|first7=J. B.|last8=Ellinor|first8=P. T.|last9=Ezekowitz|first9=M. D.|last10=Field|first10=M. E.|last11=Murray|first11=K. T.|last12=Sacco|first12=R. L.|last13=Stevenson|first13=W. G.|last14=Tchou|first14=P. J.|last15=Tracy|first15=C. M.|last16=Yancy|first16=C. W.|title=2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society|journal=Circulation|year=2014|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041}}</ref>===




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| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Anticoagulation]] is indicated in patients with [[HCM]] with [[AF]] independent of the [[CHA2DS2-VASc score]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Anticoagulant|Anticoagulation]] is indicated in [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] ([[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|HCM]]) with [[atrial fibrillation]] independent of the [[CHA2DS2-VASc score]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
|}


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| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Antiarrhythmic|Antiarrhythmic medications]] can be useful to prevent recurrent [[AF]] in patients with [[HCM]]. [[Amiodarone]], or [[disopyramide]] combined with a [[beta]] blocker or [[calcium channel blocker#Non-dihydropyridine|nondihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists]] are reasonable therapies. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Antiarrhythmic|Antiarrhythmic medications]] can be useful to prevent recurrent [[atrial fibrillation]] in [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] ([[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|HCM]]). [[Amiodarone]], or [[disopyramide]] combined with a [[Beta blockers|beta blocker]] or [[calcium channel blocker#Non-dihydropyridine|nondihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists]] are reasonable therapies. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' [[AF]] [[catheter ablation]] can be beneficial in patients with [[HCM]] in whom a rhythm-control strategy is desired when [[antiarrhythmic drugs]] fail or are not tolerated. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' [[Atrial fibrillation]] [[catheter ablation]] can be beneficial in [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] ([[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|HCM]]) in whom a rhythm-control strategy is desired when [[antiarrhythmic drugs]] fail or are not tolerated. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
|}


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| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Sotalol]], [[dofetilide]], and [[dronedarone]] may be considered for a rhythm-control strategy in patients with [[HCM]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Sotalol]], [[dofetilide]], and [[dronedarone]] may be considered for a rhythm-control strategy in [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] ([[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|HCM]]). ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
|}


==2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS Focused Updates Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial                     Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid21392637">{{cite journal| author=Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al.| title=2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in partnership with the European Society of Cardiology and in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= e101-98 | pmid=21392637 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.013 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21392637  }} </ref>==
==2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy<ref name="pmid22093712">{{cite journal |vauthors=Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, Naidu SS, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Rakowski H, Seidman CE, Towbin JA, Udelson JE, Yancy CW |title=2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines |journal=J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. |volume=142 |issue=6 |pages=1303–38 |year=2011 |pmid=22093712 |doi=10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.10.019 |url=}}</ref>==
 
===Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy===
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[anticoagulant|Anticoagulation]] with [[vitamin K antagonists]] (i.e., [[warfarin]], to an [[Prothrombin time|international normalized ratio]] of 2.0 to 3.0) is indicated in [[patients]] with paroxysmal, persistent, or [[Chronic (medical)|chronic]] [[atrial fibrillation]] and [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] ([[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|HCM]]). ([[anticoagulant|Anticoagulation]] with [[Direct thrombin inhibitor|direct thrombin inhibitors]] (such as [[dabigatran]]) may represent another option to reduce the risk of thromboembolic events, but data for [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] ([[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|HCM]]) are not available)''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' [[ventricle|Ventricular]] [[heart rate|rate]] control in [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] ([[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|HCM]]) with [[atrial fibrillation]] is indicated for rapid [[ventricle|ventricular]] [[heart rate|rates]] and can require high [[dose|doses]] of [[beta blockers]] and [[Calcium channel blocker|nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers]].''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|}
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Disopyramide]] (with a [[ventricle|ventricular]] [[heart rate|rate]]-controlling agents) and [[amiodarone]] are reasonable [[Antiarrhythmic agent|antiarrhythmic agents]] for [[atria fibrillation]] in [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] ([[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|HCM]]) ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' [[Radiofrequency ablation]] for [[atrial fibrillation]] can be beneficial in [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] ([[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|HCM]]) who have refractory [[symptoms]] or who are unable to take [[Antiarrhythmic agent|antiarrhythmic agents]] ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' Maze procedure with closure of [[atrium|left atrial appendage]] is reasonable in [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] ([[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|HCM]]) with a history of [[atrial fibrillation]], either during [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy septal myectomy|septal myectomy]] or as an isolated procedure in selected [[patients]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines clas]sification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|}
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width:80%"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIb]]
|-
| bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Sotalol]], [[dofetilide]], and [[dronedarone]] might be considered alternative [[Antiarrhythmic agent|antiarrhythmic agents]] in [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] ([[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy|HCM]]), especially in those with an [[implantable cardioverter defibrillator]] ([[Implantable cardioverter defibrillator|ICD]]), but clinical experience is limited. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|}
 
==2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS Focused Updates Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid21392637">{{cite journal| author=Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al.| title=2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in partnership with the European Society of Cardiology and in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= e101-98 | pmid=21392637 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.013 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21392637  }} </ref>==
===Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid21392637">{{cite journal| author=Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al.| title=2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in partnership with the European Society of Cardiology and in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= e101-98 | pmid=21392637 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.013 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21392637  }} </ref>===
===Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid21392637">{{cite journal| author=Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al.| title=2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in partnership with the European Society of Cardiology and in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= e101-98 | pmid=21392637 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.013 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21392637  }} </ref>===


Line 57: Line 112:
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Oral [[anticoagulation]] (INR 2.0 to 3.0) is recommended in patients with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] who develop [[AF]], as for other patients at high risk of [[thromboembolism]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[mouth|Oral]] [[anticoagulation]] ([[Prothrombin time|INR]] 2.0 to 3.0) is recommended in [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] who develop [[atrial fibrillation]], as for other [[patients]] at high risk of [[thromboembolism]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
|}


Line 64: Line 119:
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Antiarrhythmic medications]] can be useful to prevent recurrent [[AF]] in patients with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]. Available data are insufficient to recommend one agent over another in this situation, but (a) [[disopyramide]] combined with a [[beta blocker]] or non [[dihydropyridine]] [[calcium channel antagonist]] or (b) [[amiodarone]] alone is generally preferred. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Antiarrhythmic agents]] can be useful to prevent recurrent [[atrial fibrillation]] in [[patients]] with [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]. Available data are insufficient to recommend one agent over another in this situation, but (a) [[disopyramide]] combined with a [[beta blocker]] or non [[dihydropyridine]] [[calcium channel antagonist]] or (b) [[amiodarone]] alone is generally preferred. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
|}


Latest revision as of 07:14, 9 September 2021
Resident
Survival
Guide
File:Critical Pathways.gif

Sinus rhythm
Atrial fibrillation

Atrial Fibrillation Microchapters

Home

Patient Information

Overview

Historical Perspective

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Pathophysiology

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Differentiating Atrial Fibrillation from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Screening

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Special Groups

Postoperative AF
Acute Myocardial Infarction
Wolff-Parkinson-White Preexcitation Syndrome
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Hyperthyroidism
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Overview
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Converting from or to Warfarin
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Catheter Ablation
AV Nodal Ablation
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Atrial fibrillation hypertrophic cardiomyopathy On the Web

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Powerpoint slides

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US National Guidelines Clearinghouse

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Risk calculators and risk factors for Atrial fibrillation hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Anahita Deylamsalehi, M.D.[2] Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [3]; Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S., Dima Nimri, M.D. [4]

Overview

Atrial fibrillation is considered as a common complications of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Prevalence of atrial fibrillation among hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients has been estimated as 20% in a 9 year follow up period. However it's prevalence in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy older than 70 years old is estimated as high as 40%. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients with atrial fibrillation has a worse prognosis, compared to those without atrial fibrillation, even in when risk factors are corrected. Evidences of left atrial dysfunction based on echocardiography and electrocardiogram are associated to atrial fibrillation development in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients. Heart failure and mortality as a result of it, stroke and serious functional impairment are some of the consequences of concurrent atrial fibrillation and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. The medical management of patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy involves minimizing diastolic dysfunction, reducing left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, optimizing heart failure management, maintaining sinus rhythm, rate control and anticoagulation in the presence of atrial fibrillation.

Atrial Fibrillation and Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)[13]

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (DO NOT EDIT)[13]

Class I
"1. Anticoagulation is indicated in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with atrial fibrillation independent of the CHA2DS2-VASc score. (Level of Evidence: B)"
Class IIa
"1. Antiarrhythmic medications can be useful to prevent recurrent atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Amiodarone, or disopyramide combined with a beta blocker or nondihydropyridine calcium channel antagonists are reasonable therapies. (Level of Evidence: C)"
"2. Atrial fibrillation catheter ablation can be beneficial in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in whom a rhythm-control strategy is desired when antiarrhythmic drugs fail or are not tolerated. (Level of Evidence: B)"
Class IIb
"1. Sotalol, dofetilide, and dronedarone may be considered for a rhythm-control strategy in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). (Level of Evidence: C)"

2011 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy[14]

Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

Class I
"1. Anticoagulation with vitamin K antagonists (i.e., warfarin, to an international normalized ratio of 2.0 to 3.0) is indicated in patients with paroxysmal, persistent, or chronic atrial fibrillation and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). (Anticoagulation with direct thrombin inhibitors (such as dabigatran) may represent another option to reduce the risk of thromboembolic events, but data for patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are not available)(Level of Evidence: C)"
"2. Ventricular rate control in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with atrial fibrillation is indicated for rapid ventricular rates and can require high doses of beta blockers and nondihydropyridine calcium channel blockers.(Level of Evidence: C)"
Class IIa
"1. Disopyramide (with a ventricular rate-controlling agents) and amiodarone are reasonable antiarrhythmic agents for atria fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) (Level of Evidence: B)"
"2. Radiofrequency ablation for atrial fibrillation can be beneficial in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) who have refractory symptoms or who are unable to take antiarrhythmic agents (Level of Evidence: B)"
"3. Maze procedure with closure of left atrial appendage is reasonable in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with a history of atrial fibrillation, either during septal myectomy or as an isolated procedure in selected patients. ([[ACC AHA guidelines clas]sification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])"
Class IIb
"1. Sotalol, dofetilide, and dronedarone might be considered alternative antiarrhythmic agents in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), especially in those with an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), but clinical experience is limited. (Level of Evidence: C)"

2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS Focused Updates Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)[15]

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (DO NOT EDIT) [15]

Class I
"1. Oral anticoagulation (INR 2.0 to 3.0) is recommended in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy who develop atrial fibrillation, as for other patients at high risk of thromboembolism. (Level of Evidence: B)"
Class IIa
"1. Antiarrhythmic agents can be useful to prevent recurrent atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Available data are insufficient to recommend one agent over another in this situation, but (a) disopyramide combined with a beta blocker or non dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist or (b) amiodarone alone is generally preferred. (Level of Evidence: C)"

Sources

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bar-Sela S, Ehrenfeld M, Eliakim M (1981) Arterial embolism in thyrotoxicosis with atrial fibrillation. Arch Intern Med 141 (9):1191-2. PMID: 7259379
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Yuen RW, Gutteridge DH, Thompson PL, Robinson JS (1979) Embolism in thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation. Med J Aust 1 (13):630-1. PMID: 492021
  3. ↑ Hurley DM, Hunter AN, Hewett MJ, Stockigt JR (1981) Atrial fibrillation and arterial embolism in hyperthyroidism. Aust N Z J Med 11 (4):391-3. PMID: 6946758
  4. ↑ Staffurth JS, Gibberd MC, Fui SN (1977) Arterial embolism in thyrotoxicosis with atrial fibrillation. Br Med J 2 (6088):688-90. PMID: 902055
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Siontis KC, Geske JB, Ong K, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Gersh BJ (2014). "Atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: prevalence, clinical correlations, and mortality in a large high-risk population". J Am Heart Assoc. 3 (3): e001002. doi:10.1161/JAHA.114.001002. PMC 4309084. PMID 24965028.
  6. ↑ Kubo T, Kitaoka H, Okawa M, Hirota T, Hayato K, Yamasaki N; et al. (2009). "Clinical impact of atrial fibrillation in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Results from Kochi RYOMA Study". Circ J. 73 (9): 1599–605. doi:10.1253/circj.cj-09-0140. PMID 19590139.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Olivotto I, Cecchi F, Casey SA, Dolara A, Traverse JH, Maron BJ (2001). "Impact of atrial fibrillation on the clinical course of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy". Circulation. 104 (21): 2517–24. doi:10.1161/hc4601.097997. PMID 11714644.
  8. ↑ Stafford WJ, Trohman RG, Bilsker M, Zaman L, Castellanos A, Myerburg RJ (1986). "Cardiac arrest in an adolescent with atrial fibrillation and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy". J Am Coll Cardiol. 7 (3): 701–4. doi:10.1016/s0735-1097(86)80484-3. PMID 3950248.
  9. ↑ Ozdemir O, Soylu M, Demir AD, Topaloglu S, Alyan O, Turhan H; et al. (2004). "P-wave durations as a predictor for atrial fibrillation development in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy". Int J Cardiol. 94 (2–3): 163–6. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.01.001. PMID 15093974.
  10. ↑ Losi MA, Betocchi S, Aversa M, Lombardi R, Miranda M, D'Alessandro G; et al. (2004). "Determinants of atrial fibrillation development in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy". Am J Cardiol. 94 (7): 895–900. doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2004.06.024. PMID 15464672.
  11. ↑ Deedwania PC, Singh BN, Ellenbogen K, Fisher S, Fletcher R, Singh SN (1998) Spontaneous conversion and maintenance of sinus rhythm by amiodarone in patients with heart failure and atrial fibrillation: observations from the veterans affairs congestive heart failure survival trial of antiarrhythmic therapy (CHF-STAT). The Department of Veterans Affairs CHF-STAT Investigators. Circulation 98 (23):2574-9. PMID: 9843465
  12. ↑ Guttmann OP, Pavlou M, O'Mahony C, Monserrat L, Anastasakis A, Rapezzi C; et al. (2017). "Predictors of atrial fibrillation in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy". Heart. 103 (9): 672–678. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2016-309672. PMID 27794017.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 January, C. T.; Wann, L. S.; Alpert, J. S.; Calkins, H.; Cleveland, J. C.; Cigarroa, J. E.; Conti, J. B.; Ellinor, P. T.; Ezekowitz, M. D.; Field, M. E.; Murray, K. T.; Sacco, R. L.; Stevenson, W. G.; Tchou, P. J.; Tracy, C. M.; Yancy, C. W. (2014). "2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041. ISSN 0009-7322.
  14. ↑ Gersh BJ, Maron BJ, Bonow RO, Dearani JA, Fifer MA, Link MS, Naidu SS, Nishimura RA, Ommen SR, Rakowski H, Seidman CE, Towbin JA, Udelson JE, Yancy CW (2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines". J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 142 (6): 1303–38. doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2011.10.019. PMID 22093712.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA; et al. (2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in partnership with the European Society of Cardiology and in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society". J Am Coll Cardiol. 57 (11): e101–98. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.013. PMID 21392637.
  16. ↑ Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2006) ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 114 (7):e257-354. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292 PMID: 16908781
  17. ↑ Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2011) 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation 123 (10):e269-367. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214876d PMID: 21382897
  18. ↑ Estes NA, Halperin JL, Calkins H, Ezekowitz MD, Gitman P, Go AS et al. (2008) ACC/AHA/Physician Consortium 2008 clinical performance measures for adults with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures and the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement (Writing Committee to Develop Clinical Performance Measures for Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 117 (8):1101-20. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187192 PMID: 18283199

CME Category::Cardiology

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