Atrial fibrillation pulmonary diseases: Difference between revisions

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(/* ACCF/AHA/HRS 2011 Guidelines for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation- Pulmonary Diseases (DO NOT EDIT) Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2006) ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patient...)
 
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{| border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse" cellpadding="3" align="right"
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
| colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor="#ABCDEF" | Conduction
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| [[File:Siren.gif|30px|link=Atrial fibrillation resident survival guide]]|| <br> || <br>
| [[Atrial fibrillation resident survival guide|'''Resident'''<br>'''Survival'''<br>'''Guide''']]
|}
{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
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| [[File:Critical_Pathways.gif|88px|link=Atrial fibrillation critical pathways]]|| <br> || <br>
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{| class="infobox" style="float:right;"
|-
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| <small>Sinus rhythm</small> [[Image:Heart conduct sinus.gif|none|75px]]
| <small>Sinus rhythm</small> [[Image:Heart conduct sinus.gif|none|75px]]
| <small>Atrial fibrillation</small> [[Image:Heart conduct atrialfib.gif|none|100px]]  
| <small>Atrial fibrillation</small> [[Image:Heart conduct atrialfib.gif|none|100px]]
|}
|}
{{Infobox_Disease |
  Name          =  |
  Image          =  |
  Caption        =  |
  DiseasesDB    = 1065 |
  ICD10          = {{ICD10|I|48||i|30}} |
  ICD9          = {{ICD9|427.31}} |
  ICDO          = |
  OMIM          = |
  MedlinePlus    = 000184 |
}}
{{Atrial fibrillation}}
{{Atrial fibrillation}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}; [[Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.]]
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}; {{Anahita}}, [[Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.]]
 
==Overview==
In [[patients]] with [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] ([[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]]), [[supraventricular arrhythmias]], such as [[atrial fibrillation]] are common. One third of death in [[patients]] with [[atrial fibrillation]] is due to non-vascular [[diseases]] such as [[respiratory diseases]]. In [[patients]] with [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] ([[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]]) [[Spirometry|FEV1]] could be used as a predictor for [[atrial fibrillation]] development. In [[patients]] who are experiencing acute exacerbations of [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] ([[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]]), presence of concurrent [[atrial fibrillation]] has shown to have worst [[prognosis]]. In [[patients]] refractory to [[medications]], [[Atrial fibrillation invasive treatment|AV nodal ablation]] and [[ventricle|ventricular]] pacing may be necessary to control the [[ventricle|ventricular rate]].
 
==Atrial Fibrillation and Pulmonary Diseases==
*In [[patients]] with [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] ([[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]]), [[supraventricular arrhythmias]], such as [[atrial fibrillation]] are common.<ref name="pmid2454781">Shih HT, Webb CR, Conway WA, Peterson E, Tilley B, Goldstein S (1988) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2454781 Frequency and significance of cardiac arrhythmias in chronic obstructive lung disease.] ''Chest'' 94 (1):44-8. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/2454781 2454781]</ref><ref name="pmid4122207">Hudson LD, Kurt TL, Petty TL, Genton E (1973) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4122207 Arrhythmias associated with acute respiratory failure in patients with chronic airway obstruction.] ''Chest'' 63 (5):661-5. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/4122207 4122207]</ref>
*One third of death in [[patients]] with [[atrial fibrillation]] is due to non-vascular [[diseases]] such as [[respiratory diseases]]. <ref name="pmid28602539">{{cite journal| author=Gómez-Outes A, Suárez-Gea ML, García-Pinilla JM| title=Causes of death in atrial fibrillation: Challenges and opportunities. | journal=Trends Cardiovasc Med | year= 2017 | volume= 27 | issue= 7 | pages= 494-503 | pmid=28602539 | doi=10.1016/j.tcm.2017.05.002 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28602539  }} </ref>
*A study which investigated seasonal pattern of death among [[atrial fibrillation]] [[patients]] proposed [[Respiratory tract infection|respiratory infections]] as a possible cause of higher rate of death among these [[patients]] during winter. <ref name="pmid15458696">{{cite journal| author=Murphy NF, Stewart S, MacIntyre K, Capewell S, McMurray JJ| title=Seasonal variation in morbidity and mortality related to atrial fibrillation. | journal=Int J Cardiol | year= 2004 | volume= 97 | issue= 2 | pages= 283-8 | pmid=15458696 | doi=10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.03.041 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15458696  }} </ref>
*Based on a study done on 369 [[patients]] with [[atrial fibrillation]], a [[Statistics|statistically]] significant association between NO2 level and [[hospital|hospitalization]] due to [[atrial fibrillation]].<ref name="pmid31452658">{{cite journal| author=Saifipour A, Azhari A, Pourmoghaddas A, Hosseini SM, Jafari-Koshki T, Rahimi M | display-authors=etal| title=Association between ambient air pollution and hospitalization caused by atrial fibrillation. | journal=ARYA Atheroscler | year= 2019 | volume= 15 | issue= 3 | pages= 106-112 | pmid=31452658 | doi=10.22122/arya.v15i3.1843 | pmc=6698081 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=31452658  }} </ref>
*[[Respiratory diseases]] such as [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] ([[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]]) can increase the chance of [[atrial fibrillation]] development possibly due to the following reasons:
**Alteration in [[Arterial blood gas|blood gases]]
**Pulmonary function impairment 
**[[Pulmonary hypertension]] and subsequent [[hemodynamics|hemodynamic instability]]
*In [[patients]] with [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] ([[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]]) [[Spirometry|FEV1]] could be used as a predictor for [[atrial fibrillation]] development, since [[Spirometry|FEV1]] between 60-80% is related to 1.8-times higher chance of [[atrial fibrillation]], compared to [[Spirometry|FEV1]] higher than 80%. Moreover risk of [[Hospital|hospitalization]] due to [[atrial fibrillation]] is 1.3-times higher in [[patients]] with [[Spirometry|FEV1]] between 60-80% compared to those with [[Spirometry|FEV1]] higher than 80%. <ref name="pmid12797497">{{cite journal| author=Buch P, Friberg J, Scharling H, Lange P, Prescott E| title=Reduced lung function and risk of atrial fibrillation in the Copenhagen City Heart Study. | journal=Eur Respir J | year= 2003 | volume= 21 | issue= 6 | pages= 1012-6 | pmid=12797497 | doi=10.1183/09031936.03.00051502 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12797497  }} </ref><ref name="pmid24344084">{{cite journal| author=Li J, Agarwal SK, Alonso A, Blecker S, Chamberlain AM, London SJ | display-authors=etal| title=Airflow obstruction, lung function, and incidence of atrial fibrillation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. | journal=Circulation | year= 2014 | volume= 129 | issue= 9 | pages= 971-80 | pmid=24344084 | doi=10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004050 | pmc=3963836 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24344084  }} </ref><ref name="pmid21925054">{{cite journal| author=Ariansen I, Edvardsen E, Borchsenius F, Abdelnoor M, Tveit A, Gjesdal K| title=Lung function and dyspnea in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation. | journal=Eur J Intern Med | year= 2011 | volume= 22 | issue= 5 | pages= 466-70 | pmid=21925054 | doi=10.1016/j.ejim.2011.06.010 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21925054  }} </ref>
*Another study also proposes [[hypercapnia]] and high [[Blood pressure|systolic pressure]] of [[pulmonary artery]] as predictors of [[atrial fibrillation]] development among [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] ([[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]]) [[patients]], in addition to low [[Spirometry|FEV1]] measures.
*In [[patients]] who are experiencing acute exacerbations of [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] ([[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]]), presence of concurrent [[atrial fibrillation]] has shown to have worst [[prognosis]].<ref name="pmid7872344">Fuso L, Incalzi RA, Pistelli R, Muzzolon R, Valente S, Pagliari G et al. (1995) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7872344 Predicting mortality of patients hospitalized for acutely exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.] ''Am J Med'' 98 (3):272-7. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/7872344 7872344]</ref>
*The first step in the management is to [[treatment|treat]] the underlying [[Respiratory disease|lung disease]] and correct [[hypoxia]] and [[acid-base imbalances]].
*[[Theophylline]] and [[beta adrenergic agonists]], which are commonly used to relieve [[bronchospasm]] in these [[patients]], may precipitate [[atrial fibrillation]].
*Moreover in [[patients]] with [[bronchospasm]], [[beta blockers]], [[sotalol]], [[propafenone]], and [[adenosine]] are [[Contraindication|contraindicated]].
*[[CCB|Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker]] and [[Intravenous therapy|intravenous]] [[flecainide]] may be used to restore [[sinus rhythm]]. However, in [[Hemodynamics|hemodynamically unstable]] [[patients]] [[Atrial fibrillation cardioversion|direct-current cardioversion]] may be attempted. <ref name="pmid8163757">Barranco F, Sanchez M, Rodriguez J, Guerrero M (1994) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8163757 Efficacy of flecainide in patients with supraventricular arrhythmias and respiratory insufficiency.] ''Intensive Care Med'' 20 (1):42-4. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/8163757 8163757]</ref>
*In [[patients]] refractory to [[medications]], [[Atrial fibrillation invasive treatment|AV nodal ablation]] and [[ventricle|ventricular]] pacing may be necessary to control the [[ventricle|ventricular rate]].
 
==2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="JanuaryWann2014">{{cite journal|last1=January|first1=C. T.|last2=Wann|first2=L. S.|last3=Alpert|first3=J. S.|last4=Calkins|first4=H.|last5=Cleveland|first5=J. C.|last6=Cigarroa|first6=J. E.|last7=Conti|first7=J. B.|last8=Ellinor|first8=P. T.|last9=Ezekowitz|first9=M. D.|last10=Field|first10=M. E.|last11=Murray|first11=K. T.|last12=Sacco|first12=R. L.|last13=Stevenson|first13=W. G.|last14=Tchou|first14=P. J.|last15=Tracy|first15=C. M.|last16=Yancy|first16=C. W.|title=2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society|journal=Circulation|year=2014|issn=0009-7322|doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041}}</ref>==
====Pulmonary Disease====


'''''Synonyms and related keywords:''''' AF, Afib, fib
{|class="wikitable" style="width: 80%;"
|-
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' A [[Calcium channel blocker#Non-dihydropyridine|nondihydropyridine calcium antagonist]] is recommended to control the [[ventricle|ventricular rate]] in [[patients]] with [[atrial fibrillation]] and [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] ([[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease|COPD]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' Direct-current [[cardioversion]] should be attempted in [[patients]] with [[pulmonary disease]] who become [[hemodynamic|hemodynamically]] unstable as a consequence of new onset [[atrial fibrillation]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}


==Overview==
==2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS Focused Updates Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial                    Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)<ref name="pmid21392637">{{cite journal| author=Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al.| title=2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in partnership with the European Society of Cardiology and in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= e101-98 | pmid=21392637 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.013 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21392637  }} </ref>==
In patients with [[COPD]], supraventricular arrhythmias, including [[atrial fibrillation]] are common.<ref name="pmid2454781">Shih HT, Webb CR, Conway WA, Peterson E, Tilley B, Goldstein S (1988) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2454781 Frequency and significance of cardiac arrhythmias in chronic obstructive lung disease.] ''Chest'' 94 (1):44-8. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/2454781 2454781]</ref><ref name="pmid4122207">Hudson LD, Kurt TL, Petty TL, Genton E (1973) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4122207 Arrhythmias associated with acute respiratory failure in patients with chronic airway obstruction.] ''Chest'' 63 (5):661-5. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/4122207 4122207]</ref> In patients with acute exacerbations of [[COPD]], the presence of [[AF]] has shown to have worst prognosis.<ref name="pmid7872344">Fuso L, Incalzi RA, Pistelli R, Muzzolon R, Valente S, Pagliari G et al. (1995) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7872344 Predicting mortality of patients hospitalized for acutely exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.] ''Am J Med'' 98 (3):272-7. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/7872344 7872344]</ref> The first step in the management is to treat the underlying lung disease and correct [[hypoxia]] and acid-base imbalance. [[Theophylline]] and [[beta adrenergic agonists]], which are commonly used to relieve
===Pulmonary Diseases (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid21392637">{{cite journal| author=Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al.| title=2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in partnership with the European Society of Cardiology and in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 2011 | volume= 57 | issue= 11 | pages= e101-98 | pmid=21392637 | doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.013 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21392637  }} </ref>===
[[bronchospasm]], may precipitate [[atrial fibrillation]]. In patients with [[bronchospasm]], [[beta blockers]], [[sotalol]], [[propafenone]], and [[adenosine]] are '''contraindicated'''. [[CCB|Non-dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker]] and intravenous [[flecainide]]<ref name="pmid8163757">Barranco F, Sanchez M, Rodriguez J, Guerrero M (1994) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8163757 Efficacy of flecainide in patients with supraventricular arrhythmias and respiratory insufficiency.] ''Intensive Care Med'' 20 (1):42-4. PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/8163757 8163757]</ref> may be used to restore sinus rhythm. However, in hemodynamically unstable patients [[Atrial fibrillation cardioversion|direct-current cardioversion]] may be attempted. In patients refractory to drug therapy, [[Atrial fibrillation invasive treatment|AV nodal ablation]] and ventricular pacing may be necessary to control the ventricular rate.


==2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS Guidelines for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation- Pulmonary Diseases (DO NOT EDIT) <ref name="pmid16908781">Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2006) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16908781 ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society.] ''Circulation'' 114 (7):e257-354. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/16908781 16908781]</ref><ref name="pmid21382897">Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2011) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21382897 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines.] ''Circulation'' 123 (10):e269-367. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214876d DOI:10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214876d] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/21382897 21382897]</ref>==


{|class="wikitable"
{|class="wikitable"
Line 32: Line 58:
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightGreen"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class I]]
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.'''Correction of [[hypoxemia]] and [[acidosis]] is the recommended primary therapeutic measure for patients who develop [[AF]] during an acute [[pulmonary illness]] or exacerbation of chronic [[pulmonary disease]]. ([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]]) <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Correction of [[hypoxemia]] and [[acidosis]] is the recommended [[treatment|primary therapeutic measure]] for [[patients]] who develop [[atrial fibrillation]] during an acute [[Pulmonology|pulmonary illness]] or exacerbation of [[Chronic (medical)|chronic]] [[pulmonary disease]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' A non [[dihydropyridine]] [[calcium channel antagonist]] ([[diltiazem]] or [[verapamil]]) is recommended to control the ventricular rate in patients with [[obstructive pulmonary disease]] who develop [[AF]]. ([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]]) <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' A non [[dihydropyridine]] [[calcium channel antagonist]] ([[diltiazem]] or [[verapamil]]) is recommended to control the [[ventricle|ventricular rate]] in [[patients]] with [[obstructive pulmonary disease]] who develop [[atrial fibrillation]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' [[Direct-current cardioversion]] should be attempted in patients with [[pulmonary disease]] who become hemodynamically unstable as a consequence of [[AF]]. ([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]]) <nowiki>"</nowiki>
| bgcolor="LightGreen"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''3.''' [[Direct-current cardioversion]] should be attempted in [[patients]] with [[pulmonary disease]] who become [[Hemodynamics|hemodynamically]] unstable as a consequence of [[atrial fibrillation]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
|}


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|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]] (Harm)
|colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LightCoral"|[[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class III]] (Harm)
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Theophylline]] and [[beta-adrenergic agonist]] agents are not recommended in patients with bronchospastic lung disease who develop [[AF]]. ([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]]) <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' [[Theophylline]] and [[beta-adrenergic agonist]] agents are not recommended in [[patients]] with [[Pulmonology|bronchospastic lung disease]] who develop [[atrial fibrillation]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' [[Beta blockers]], [[sotalol]], [[propafenone]], and [[adenosine]] are not recommended in patients with [[obstructive lung disease]] who develop [[AF]]. ([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]]) <nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LightCoral"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' [[Beta blockers]], [[sotalol]], [[propafenone]], and [[adenosine]] are not recommended in [[patients]] with [[obstructive lung disease]] who develop [[atrial fibrillation]]. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: C]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|}
|}


==Vote on and Suggest Revisions to the Current Guidelines==
==Sources==
* [[The Living Guidelines: Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation | The AF Living Guidelines: Vote on current recommendations and suggest revisions to the guidelines]]
 
==Guideline Resources==
*[http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/reprint/48/4/e149.pdf ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation] <ref name="pmid16908781">Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2006) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16908781 ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society.] ''Circulation'' 114 (7):e257-354. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/16908781 16908781]</ref>
*[http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/reprint/48/4/e149.pdf ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation] <ref name="pmid16908781">Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2006) [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16908781 ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society.] ''Circulation'' 114 (7):e257-354. [http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292 DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292] PMID: [http://pubmed.gov/16908781 16908781]</ref>


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==References==
==References==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}
[[CME Category::Cardiology]]


[[Category:Electrophysiology]]
[[Category:Electrophysiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:AFib]]
[[de:Vorhofflimmern]]
[[fr:Fibrillation auriculaire]]
[[it:Fibrillazione atriale]]
[[nl:Boezemfibrilleren]]
[[ja:心房細動]]
[[no:Atrieflimmer]]
[[pl:Migotanie przedsionków]]
[[ro:Fibrilaţia Atrială]]
[[fi:Eteisvärinä]]
[[zh:心房颤动]]
[[tr:Atriyal fibrillasyon]]
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Latest revision as of 06:34, 18 September 2021
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Anahita Deylamsalehi, M.D.[3], Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.

Overview

In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), supraventricular arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation are common. One third of death in patients with atrial fibrillation is due to non-vascular diseases such as respiratory diseases. In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) FEV1 could be used as a predictor for atrial fibrillation development. In patients who are experiencing acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), presence of concurrent atrial fibrillation has shown to have worst prognosis. In patients refractory to medications, AV nodal ablation and ventricular pacing may be necessary to control the ventricular rate.

Atrial Fibrillation and Pulmonary Diseases

2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)[11]

Pulmonary Disease

Class I
"1. A nondihydropyridine calcium antagonist is recommended to control the ventricular rate in patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD. (Level of Evidence: C)"
"2. Direct-current cardioversion should be attempted in patients with pulmonary disease who become hemodynamically unstable as a consequence of new onset atrial fibrillation. (Level of Evidence: C)"

2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS Focused Updates Incorporated Into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (DO NOT EDIT)[12]

Pulmonary Diseases (DO NOT EDIT) [12]

Class I
"1. Correction of hypoxemia and acidosis is the recommended primary therapeutic measure for patients who develop atrial fibrillation during an acute pulmonary illness or exacerbation of chronic pulmonary disease. (Level of Evidence: C)"
"2. A non dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist (diltiazem or verapamil) is recommended to control the ventricular rate in patients with obstructive pulmonary disease who develop atrial fibrillation. (Level of Evidence: C)"
"3. Direct-current cardioversion should be attempted in patients with pulmonary disease who become hemodynamically unstable as a consequence of atrial fibrillation. (Level of Evidence: C)"
Class III (Harm)
"1. Theophylline and beta-adrenergic agonist agents are not recommended in patients with bronchospastic lung disease who develop atrial fibrillation. (Level of Evidence: C)"
"2. Beta blockers, sotalol, propafenone, and adenosine are not recommended in patients with obstructive lung disease who develop atrial fibrillation. (Level of Evidence: C)"

Sources

References

  1. ↑ Shih HT, Webb CR, Conway WA, Peterson E, Tilley B, Goldstein S (1988) Frequency and significance of cardiac arrhythmias in chronic obstructive lung disease. Chest 94 (1):44-8. PMID: 2454781
  2. ↑ Hudson LD, Kurt TL, Petty TL, Genton E (1973) Arrhythmias associated with acute respiratory failure in patients with chronic airway obstruction. Chest 63 (5):661-5. PMID: 4122207
  3. ↑ Gómez-Outes A, Suárez-Gea ML, García-Pinilla JM (2017). "Causes of death in atrial fibrillation: Challenges and opportunities". Trends Cardiovasc Med. 27 (7): 494–503. doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2017.05.002. PMID 28602539.
  4. ↑ Murphy NF, Stewart S, MacIntyre K, Capewell S, McMurray JJ (2004). "Seasonal variation in morbidity and mortality related to atrial fibrillation". Int J Cardiol. 97 (2): 283–8. doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.03.041. PMID 15458696.
  5. ↑ Saifipour A, Azhari A, Pourmoghaddas A, Hosseini SM, Jafari-Koshki T, Rahimi M; et al. (2019). "Association between ambient air pollution and hospitalization caused by atrial fibrillation". ARYA Atheroscler. 15 (3): 106–112. doi:10.22122/arya.v15i3.1843. PMC 6698081 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 31452658.
  6. ↑ Buch P, Friberg J, Scharling H, Lange P, Prescott E (2003). "Reduced lung function and risk of atrial fibrillation in the Copenhagen City Heart Study". Eur Respir J. 21 (6): 1012–6. doi:10.1183/09031936.03.00051502. PMID 12797497.
  7. ↑ Li J, Agarwal SK, Alonso A, Blecker S, Chamberlain AM, London SJ; et al. (2014). "Airflow obstruction, lung function, and incidence of atrial fibrillation: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study". Circulation. 129 (9): 971–80. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004050. PMC 3963836. PMID 24344084.
  8. ↑ Ariansen I, Edvardsen E, Borchsenius F, Abdelnoor M, Tveit A, Gjesdal K (2011). "Lung function and dyspnea in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation". Eur J Intern Med. 22 (5): 466–70. doi:10.1016/j.ejim.2011.06.010. PMID 21925054.
  9. ↑ Fuso L, Incalzi RA, Pistelli R, Muzzolon R, Valente S, Pagliari G et al. (1995) Predicting mortality of patients hospitalized for acutely exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med 98 (3):272-7. PMID: 7872344
  10. ↑ Barranco F, Sanchez M, Rodriguez J, Guerrero M (1994) Efficacy of flecainide in patients with supraventricular arrhythmias and respiratory insufficiency. Intensive Care Med 20 (1):42-4. PMID: 8163757
  11. ↑ January, C. T.; Wann, L. S.; Alpert, J. S.; Calkins, H.; Cleveland, J. C.; Cigarroa, J. E.; Conti, J. B.; Ellinor, P. T.; Ezekowitz, M. D.; Field, M. E.; Murray, K. T.; Sacco, R. L.; Stevenson, W. G.; Tchou, P. J.; Tracy, C. M.; Yancy, C. W. (2014). "2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society". Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIR.0000000000000041. ISSN 0009-7322.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA; et al. (2011). "2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in partnership with the European Society of Cardiology and in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society". J Am Coll Cardiol. 57 (11): e101–98. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.09.013. PMID 21392637.
  13. ↑ Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2006) ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 114 (7):e257-354. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.177292 PMID: 16908781
  14. ↑ Fuster V, Rydén LE, Cannom DS, Crijns HJ, Curtis AB, Ellenbogen KA et al. (2011) 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation 123 (10):e269-367. DOI:10.1161/CIR.0b013e318214876d PMID: 21382897
  15. ↑ Estes NA, Halperin JL, Calkins H, Ezekowitz MD, Gitman P, Go AS et al. (2008) ACC/AHA/Physician Consortium 2008 clinical performance measures for adults with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures and the Physician Consortium for Performance Improvement (Writing Committee to Develop Clinical Performance Measures for Atrial Fibrillation): developed in collaboration with the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation 117 (8):1101-20. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.187192 PMID: 18283199

CME Category::Cardiology

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