|
|
| (271 intermediate revisions by 10 users not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| '''For patient information click [[Cardiomyopathy (patient information)|here]]'''
| | __NOTOC__ |
| {{Infobox_Disease | | | {{Infobox_Disease | |
| Name = {{PAGENAME}} | | | Name = {{PAGENAME}} | |
| Image = Idiopathic cardiomyopathy, gross pathology 20G0018 lores.jpg | | | Image = Idiopathic cardiomyopathy, gross pathology 20G0018 lores.jpg | |
| Caption = Opened left ventricle of heart shows a thickened, dilated left ventricle with subendocardial fibrosis manifested as increased whiteness of endocardium {Autopsy findings}. <br> <small> [http://www.peir.net Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology] </small>| | | Caption = Opened left ventricle of heart shows a thickened, dilated left ventricle with subendocardial fibrosis manifested as increased whiteness of endocardium {Autopsy findings}. <br> <small> [http://www.peir.net Image courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology] </small>| |
| DiseasesDB = 2137 |
| |
| ICD10 = {{ICD10|I|42|0|i|30}} |
| |
| ICD9 = {{ICD9|425.4}} |
| |
| ICDO = |
| |
| OMIM = |
| |
| MedlinePlus = |
| |
| eMedicineSubj = |
| |
| eMedicineTopic = |
| |
| MeshID = D009202 |
| |
| }} | | }} |
| {{SI}} | | {{Cardiomyopathy}} |
| {{WikiDoc Cardiology Network Infobox}}
| |
| {{CMG}}
| |
|
| |
|
| '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{CZ}}
| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} [[User:Lina Ya'qoub|Lina Ya'qoub,MD]]; {{MIR}}, {{CZ}}, {{RT}}; {{EdzelCo}} |
|
| |
|
| {{Editor Help}}
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Overview==
| | {{SK}} Myocardiopathy; cardiac muscle disease; heart muscle disease. |
|
| |
|
| '''Cardiomyopathy''', which literally means "heart muscle disease", is the deterioration of the function of the [[myocardium]] (i.e., the actual heart muscle) for any reason. People with cardiomyopathy are often at risk of [[arrhythmia]] or [[sudden cardiac death]] or both.<ref name="ref1">{{cite book | last = Kasper | first = Denis L. ''et al'' | title = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th edn | publisher = McGraw-Hill | date = 2005 | id = ISBN 0-07-139140-1}}</ref>
| | == [[Cardiomyopathy overview|Overview]] == |
| | ==[[ Cardiomyopathy historical perspective| Historical Perspective]]== |
| | == [[Cardiomyopathy epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]] == |
|
| |
|
| Cardiomyopathies can generally be categorized into two groups, based on [[World Health Organization]] guidelines: '''extrinsic cardiomyopathies''' and '''intrinsic cardiomyopathies'''.<ref name="ref2">{{cite journal | last = Richardson | first = P. ''et al'' | title = Report of the 1995 World Health Organization/International Society and Federation of Cardiology Task Force on the Definition and Classification of cardiomyopathies | journal = Circulation | volume = 93 | issue = 5 | pages = 841-2 | date = 1996 | id = PMID 8598070}} ([http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/93/5/841 Full text])</ref>
| | ==[[Cardiomyopathy risk factors | Risk Factors]]== |
|
| |
|
| In general definition;
| | == [[Cardiomyopathy natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] == |
|
| |
|
| Cardiomyopathies are myocardial diseases that independent of:
| | == Diagnosis == |
| * [[Congenital Heart Disease]]
| | [[Cardiomyopathy history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cardiomyopathy physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cardiomyopathy laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cardiomyopathy electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] | [[Cardiomyopathy chest x ray | Chest X Ray]] | [[Cardiomyopathy CT| CT]] | [[Cardiomyopathy MRI|MRI]] | [[Cardiomyopathy echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography]] | [[Cardiomyopathy other imaging findings| Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Cardiomyopathy other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]] |
| * [[Pericardial Disease]]
| |
| * [[Pulmonary hypertension]] / [[hypertension|Systemic hypertension]]
| |
| * Heart valve disease
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Extrinsic cardiomyopathies== | | == Treatment == |
| These are cardiomyopathies where the primary [[pathology]] is outside the myocardium itself. Most cardiomyopathies are extrinsic, because by far the most common cause of a cardiomyopathy is [[ischemia]]. The World Health Organization calls these ''specific cardiomyopathies'':<ref name="ref2" />
| |
|
| |
|
| *[[Alcoholic]] cardiomyopathy
| | [[Cardiomyopathy medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Cardiomyopathy surgery|Surgery]] | [[Cardiomyopathy primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Cardiomyopathy secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Cardiomyopathy cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Cardiomyopathy future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]] |
| *[[Coronary Artery Disease]]
| |
| *[[Congenital Heart Disease]]
| |
| *[[Hypophosphatemia]] mediated [[myonecrosis]] as part of the [[refeeding syndrome]]
| |
| *Inflammatory cardiomyopathy
| |
| *[[Ischemic]] cardiomyopathy
| |
| *[[Hypertensive]] cardiomyopathy
| |
| *Nutritional Diseases
| |
| *Systemic metabolic disease
| |
| *Valvular cardiomyopathy
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Ischemic cardiomyopathy=== | | ==Guidelines== |
| [[Ischemic cardiomyopathy]] is a weakness in the muscle of the heart due to inadequate oxygen delivery to the myocardium with [[coronary artery disease]] being the most common cause. [[Anemia]] and [[sleep apnea]] are relatively common conditions that can contribute to ischemic myocardium and hyperthyroidism can cause a 'relative' ischemia secondary to high output heart failure. Individuals with ischemic cardiomyopathy typically have a history of [[myocardial infarction]] (heart attack), although longstanding ischemia can cause enough damage to the [[myocardium]] to precipitate a clinically significant cardiomyopathy even in the absence of myocardial infarction. In a typical presentation, the area of the heart affected by a myocardial infarction will initially become [[necrotic]] as it dies, and will then be replaced by scar tissue ([[fibrosis]]). This fibrotic tissue is akinetic; it is no longer muscle and cannot contribute to the heart's function as a pump. If the akinetic region of the heart is substantial enough, the affected side of the heart (i.e. the left or right side) will go into [[heart failure|failure]], and this failure is the functional result of an ischemic cardiomyopathy. | | [[Cardiomyopathy 2023 ESC Guideline Recommendations|2023 ESC Guideline Recommendations]] | [[Cardiomyopathy 2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy|2020 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients With Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy]] |
|
| |
|
| ===Cardiomyopathy due to systemic diseases=== | | == Case Studies == |
| Many diseases can result in cardiomyopathy. These include diseases like hemochromatosis, (an abnormal accumulation of iron in the liver and other organs), amyloidosis (an abnormal accumulation of the amyloid protein), diabetes, hyperthyroidism, lysosomal storage diseases and the muscular dystrophies.
| |
|
| |
|
| ==Intrinsic cardiomyopathies==
| | : [[Cardiomyopathy case study one|Case #1]] |
| An intrinsic cardiomyopathy is weakness in the muscle of the heart that is not due to an identifiable external cause. To make a diagnosis of an intrinsic cardiomyopathy, significant coronary artery disease should be ruled out (amongst other things). The term intrinsic cardiomyopathy does not describe the specific [[etiology]] of weakened heart muscle. The intrinsic cardiomyopathies are a mixed-bag of disease states, each with their own causes.
| |
|
| |
|
| Intrinsic cardiomyopathy has a number of causes including [[medication|drug]] and [[ethanol|alcohol]] toxicity, certain [[infection]]s (including [[Hepatitis C]]), and various [[genetics|genetic]] and [[idiopathic]] (i.e., unknown) causes.
| | {{Circulatory system pathology}} |
| | |
| Intrinsic cardiomyopathies are generally classified into four types,<ref name="ref2" /><ref name="ref3">{{cite web | last = Cardiomyopathy Association | title = About cardiomyopathy | url = http://www.cardiomyopathy.org/html/about_cardio.htm}} September 28, 2006</ref> but additional types are also recognized:
| |
| | |
| * [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]] (DCM), the most common form, and one of the leading indications for [[heart transplantation]]. In DCM the heart (especially the [[left ventricle]]) is enlarged and the pumping function is diminished. Approximately 40% of cases are familial, but the [[genetics]] are poorly understood compared with HCM. In some cases it manifests as [[peripartum cardiomyopathy]], and in other cases it may be associated with alcoholism.
| |
| * [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] (HCM or HOCM), a [[genetic disorder]] caused by various [[mutation]]s in genes encoding [[sarcomere|sarcomeric]] proteins. In HCM the heart muscle is thickened, which can obstruct blood flow and prevent the heart from functioning properly.
| |
| * [[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy]] (ARVC) arises from an electrical disturbance of the heart in which heart muscle is replaced by fibrous scar tissue. The [[right ventricle]] is generally most affected.
| |
| * [[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]] (RCM) is an uncommon cardiomyopathy. The walls of the ventricles are stiff, but may not be thickened, and resist the normal filling of the heart with blood. A rare form of restrictive cardiomyopathy is the obliterative cardiomyopathy, seen in the [[hypereosinophilic syndrome]]. In this type of cardiomyopathy, the myocardium in the apices of the left and right ventricles becomes thickened and fibrotic, causing a decrease in the volumes of the ventricles and a type of restrictive cardiomyopathy.
| |
| * [[Noncompaction cardiomyopathy]] has been recognized as a separate type since the 1980s. The term refers to a cardiomyopathy where the left ventricle wall has failed to grow properly from birth and has a spongy appearance when viewed during an echocardiogram.
| |
| | |
| ===Alternate Detailed Classification Schemes===
| |
| | |
| There are other more detailed classification schemes with a more complete Differential diagnosis as shown below:
| |
| ==== Clinical Classification ====
| |
| * '''DILATED (D)''':
| |
| *:* Left and/or right ventricular enlargement
| |
| *:* Impaired systolic function
| |
| *:* [[Congestive heart failure]]
| |
| *:* [[Arrhythmias]]
| |
| *:* Emboli
| |
| * '''RESTRICTIVE (R)''':
| |
| *:* Endomyocardial scarring or myocardial infiltration resulting in restriction to left and/or right ventricular filling.
| |
| * '''HYPERTROPHIC (H)''':
| |
| *:* Disproportionate [[left ventricular hypertrophy]]
| |
| *:*:* Typically involving septum more than free wall
| |
| *:*:* With or without an intraventricular systolic pressure gradient
| |
| *:*:*:* Usually of a nondilated left ventricular cavity
| |
| ==== PRIMARY MYOCARDIAL INVOLVEMENT ====
| |
| * Idiopathic (D,R,H)
| |
| * Hereditary (D,R,H)
| |
| *:* Up to 20% of dilated cardiomyopathy
| |
| *:* [[Dominant]], [[recessive]], and [[x-linked]]
| |
| * Eosinophilic Endomyocardial Disease (R)
| |
| * [[Endomyocardial Fibrosis]] (R)
| |
| ==== SECONDARY MYOCARDIAL INVOLVEMENT ====
| |
| * Sensitivity and toxic reactions ([[Dilated cardiomyopathy]])
| |
| *:* [[Alcohol]]
| |
| *:* [[Cocaine]]
| |
| *:* [[Radiation]]
| |
| *:* [[Doxorubicin]]
| |
| * Metabolic ([[Dilated cardiomyopathy]])
| |
| *:* [[Selenium]] Deficiency
| |
| *:* [[Hypophosphatemia]]
| |
| *:* [[Hypocalcemia]]
| |
| *:* [[Thyroid Disease]]
| |
| * Infectious ([[Dilated cardiomyopathy]])
| |
| *:* [[Myocarditis|Viral Myocarditis]]
| |
| *:* [[Myocarditis|Bacterial Myocarditis]]
| |
| *:* [[Myocarditis|Fungal Myocarditis]]
| |
| *:* [[Myocarditis|Protozoal Myocarditis]]
| |
| *:* [[Myocarditis|Metazoal Myocarditis]]
| |
| *:* [[Myocarditis|Spirochetal Myocarditis]]
| |
| *:* [[Myocarditis|Rickettsial Myocarditis]]
| |
| * Familial Storage Disease ([[Dilated cardiomyopathy]], [[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]])
| |
| *:* [[Glycogen Storage Disease]]
| |
| *:* [[Mucopolysaccharidoses]]
| |
| *:* [[Hemochromatosis]]
| |
| *:* [[Fabry’s Disease]]
| |
| * Connective Tissue Disorders ([[Dilated cardiomyopathy]])
| |
| *:* [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]]
| |
| *:* [[Polyarteritis Nodosa]]
| |
| *:* [[Rheumatoid Arthritis]]
| |
| *:* [[Progressive Systemic Sclerosis]]
| |
| *:* [[Dermatomyositis]]
| |
| * Infiltrative and Granulomatous ([[Restrictive cardiomyopathy]], [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]])
| |
| *:* [[Amyloidosis]]
| |
| *:* [[Sarcoidosis]]
| |
| *:* [[Malignancy]]
| |
| * Neuromuscular ([[Dilated cardiomyopathy]])
| |
| *:* [[Muscular Dystrophy]]
| |
| *:* [[Myotonic Dystrophy]]
| |
| *:* [[Friedreich’s Ataxia]] ([[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]], [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]])
| |
| * Other (Dilated cardiomyopathy)
| |
| *:* [[Beta thallasemia cardiomyopathy]]
| |
| *:* Uncontrolled [[Tachycardia]]
| |
| *:* [[Right Ventricular Dysplasia]]
| |
| * [[Peripartum Heart Disease]] ([[Dilated cardiomyopathy]])
| |
| | |
| == Differential Diagnosis of Causes of {{PAGENAME}} ==
| |
| === Primary Cardiomyopathies ===
| |
| * [[Endomyocardial fibrosis]]
| |
| * Eosinophilic endomyocardial disease
| |
| * Familial
| |
| * Idiopathic
| |
| | |
| === Secondary Cardiomyopathies ===
| |
| * [[Acromegaly]]
| |
| * [[Adenovirus]]es
| |
| * [[Amebiasis]]
| |
| * [[Amyloidosis]]
| |
| * [[Angioma]]s
| |
| * [[Arbovirus]]es
| |
| * [[Ascariasis]]
| |
| * [[Aspergillosis]]
| |
| * Beta hemolyzing streptococci
| |
| * [[Blastomycosis]]
| |
| * [[Borrelia burgdorferi]]
| |
| * [[Brucella]]
| |
| * Cardiac transplant rejection
| |
| * [[Carnitine]] deficiency
| |
| * [[Chagas Disease]]
| |
| * [[Coccidioidomycosis]]
| |
| * [[Coxsackie virus]] A
| |
| * [[Coxsackie virus]] B1-B5
| |
| * Chronic [[tachycardia]]
| |
| * [[Cryptococcosis]]
| |
| * [[Cushing's Disease]]
| |
| * [[Cysticercosis]]
| |
| * [[Cytomegalovirus]] ([[CMV]])
| |
| * [[Dermatomyositis]]
| |
| * [[Diabetes Mellitus]]
| |
| * [[Diptheria]]
| |
| * Drug-induced allergy
| |
| * [[Drug]]s, [[toxin]]s
| |
| * [[Echinococcosis]]
| |
| * [[ECHO virus]]es ('''E'''ntero'''C'''ytopathogenic '''H'''uman '''O'''rphan viruses)
| |
| * [[Electric shock]]
| |
| * [[Electrolyte]] imbalances
| |
| * [[Enterococci]]
| |
| * [[Epstein-Barr Virus]] ([[EBV]])
| |
| * [[Fabry's Disease]]
| |
| * [[Filariasis]]
| |
| * [[Flavivirus]]
| |
| * [[Friedrich's Ataxia]]
| |
| * [[Gangliosidosis]]
| |
| * [[Gaucher's Disease]]
| |
| * [[Giant Cell Myocarditis]]
| |
| * [[Glycogen storage diseases]]
| |
| * [[Gout]]
| |
| * [[Hand-Schuller-Christian Syndrome]]
| |
| * [[Heatstroke]]
| |
| * [[Hemochromatosis]]
| |
| * [[Hepatitis]]
| |
| * [[Histoplasmosis]]
| |
| * [[HIV]]
| |
| * [[Hunter's Syndrome]]
| |
| * [[Hurler's Syndrome]]
| |
| * [[Ddx:Hyperparathyroidism|Hyperparathyroidism]]
| |
| * [[Ddx:Hyperthyroidism|Hyperthyroidism]]
| |
| * [[Ddx:Hypothermia|Hypothermia]]
| |
| * [[Ddx:Hypothyroidism|Hypothyroidism]]
| |
| * Idiopathic
| |
| * [[Influenza]]
| |
| * Irradiation
| |
| * [[Kawasaki's Disease]]
| |
| * [[Leishmaniasis]]
| |
| * [[Leptospirosis]]
| |
| * [[Leukemia]]
| |
| * Lightening strike
| |
| * [[Lyme Disease]]
| |
| * [[Malaria]]
| |
| * [[Measles]]
| |
| * Mucopolysaccharidosis
| |
| * [[Mumps]]
| |
| * [[Muscular Dystrophy]]
| |
| * [[Myotonic Dystrophy]]
| |
| * [[Myxoma]]s
| |
| * [[Neimann-Pick Disease]]
| |
| * [[Niacin]] deficiency
| |
| * [[Obesity]]
| |
| * Oral [[candidiasis]]
| |
| * [[Oxalosis]]
| |
| * [[Pertussis]]
| |
| * [[Pheochromocytoma]]
| |
| * [[Polio]]
| |
| * [[Polyarteritis Nodosa]]
| |
| * [[Polycythemic Vera]]
| |
| * [[Porphyria]]
| |
| * Postpartal [[cardiomyopathy]]
| |
| * [[Psittacosis]]
| |
| * [[Q Fever]]
| |
| * [[Rabies]]
| |
| * [[Refsum's Disease]]
| |
| * [[Rhabdomyoma]]s
| |
| * [[Rheumatic Fever]]
| |
| * [[Rheumatoid Arthritis]]
| |
| * [[Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever]]
| |
| * Sacrosporidiosis
| |
| * [[Sarcoidosis]]
| |
| * [[Sarcoma]]s
| |
| * [[Schistosomiasis]]
| |
| * [[Scleroderma]]
| |
| * [[Selenium]] deficiency
| |
| * [[Sickle Cell Anemia]]
| |
| * [[Staphylococcus]]
| |
| * [[Syphilis]]
| |
| * [[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]]
| |
| * [[Tetanus]]
| |
| * [[Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura]]
| |
| * [[Toxoplasmosis]]
| |
| * [[Trauma]]
| |
| * [[Trichinosis]]
| |
| * [[Tuberculosis]]
| |
| * [[Typhoid Fever]]
| |
| * [[Uremia]]
| |
| * [[Varicella-zoster virus]]
| |
| * [[Vitamin B]] deficiency
| |
| * [[Vitamin C]] deficiency
| |
| * [[Vitamin D]] overdose
| |
| * [[Whipple's Disease]]
| |
| | |
| ==Treatment==
| |
| Treatment depends on the type of cardiomyopathy, but may include medication, implanted [[artificial pacemaker|pacemakers]], [[Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator|defribillators]], or [[ventricular assist device]]s (LVADs), or [[ablation]]. The goal of treatment is often symptom relief, and some patients may eventually require a [[heart transplant]]. Treatment of cardiomyopathy (and other heart diseases) using alternative methods such as [[stem cell therapy]] is commercially available but is not supported by convincing evidence.
| |
| | |
| == Genetic causes of cardiomyopathy==
| |
| | |
| {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; border;1px"
| |
| ! Phenotype !! Inheritance pattern !! Chromosomal locus !! Gene !! Protein !! Skeletal myopathy
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]] || [[Sex linkage| X-linked]] || Xp21 || [[dystrophin]] || [[Dystrophin]] || [[Duchenne muscular dystrophy| Duchenne]] / [[Becker's muscular dystrophy| Becker muscular dystrophy]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | || [[Sex linkage| X-linked]] || Xq28 || G4.5 || [[Tafazzin]] || [[Barth syndrome| Barth syndrome]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | || [[Dominance relationship| Autosomal dominant]] || 15q14 || [[actin]] || [[Actin]] || [[Nemaline myopathy]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || 2q35 || [[desmin]] || Desmin || Desmin myopathy
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || 5q33 || [[sarcoglycan| δ-sarcoglycan]] || δ-sarcoglycan || [[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy| Limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2F ]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || 1q32 || [[Troponin T]] || [[Troponin T]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || 14q11 || [[myosin| β-myosin heavy chain]]|| [[β-myosin heavy chain]]||
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || 15q2 || [[Tropomyosin| α-tropomyosin]] || [[α-tropomyosin]] || [[Nemaline myopathy]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || Midna || Mitochondrial respiratory chain|| Mitochondrial respiratory chain || Mitochondrial myopathy
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Dilated cardiomyopathy]] with conduction disease || [[Dominance relationship| Autosomal dominant]] || 1q21 || lamin A/C|| Lamin A/C || [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] || [[Dominance relationship| Autosomal dominant]]|| 14q11 || [[β-myosin heavy chain]]|| [[β-myosin heavy chain]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || 14q11 || [[β-myosin heavy chain]]|| [[β-myosin heavy chain]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || 1q32 || [[Troponin T]] || [[Troponin T]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || 12q23 || [[Troponin T]] || [[Troponin T]] ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || 15q2 || [[α-tropomyosin]] || [[α-tropomyosin]] || Nemaline myopathy
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || 11q11 || myosin-binding protein C|| myosin-binding protein C ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || 3p21 || myosin essential light chain|| myosin essential light chain ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || 3p21 || myosin regulatory light chain|| myosin regulatory light chain ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || 2p31 || titin || Titin ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | [[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]] with [[Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome]] || || 7q3 || AMPK || AMPK ||
| |
| |-
| |
| | || || MIDINA || Mitochondrial respiratory chain || Mitochondrial respiratory chain || Mitochondrial myopathy
| |
| |-
| |
| |[[noncompaction cardiomyopathy| Left ventricular noncompaction]] || [[Sex linkage| X-linked]] || Xq28 || G4.5 || [[Tafazzin]] || [[Barth syndrome| Barth syndrome]]
| |
| |-
| |
| | || [[Dominance relationship| Autosomal dominant]]|| 18q12 ||α-dystrobrevin || α-dystrobrevin || Muscular dystrophy
| |
| |-
| |
| |}
| |
| | |
| Table from article *{{cite web | title=The Failing Heart| work=Nature | url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v415/n6868/full/415227a.html}} June 15, 2007
| |
| | |
| ==Gross Pathological Findings==
| |
| [http://www.peir.net Images shown below are courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology]
| |
| | |
| <div align="left">
| |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| |
| Image:414.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Gross excellent view of mitral valve from left atrium anterior leaflet appears to balloon a bit into the atrium
| |
| Image:415.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Gross excellent view of mitral and tricuspid valves from atria, appear normal anatomy.
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| </div>
| |
| | |
| | |
| <div align="left">
| |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| |
| Image:416.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Gross apical slice of left and right ventricles concentric hypertrophy with cavitary obliteration sudden unexpected death obstructive cardiomyopathy
| |
| Image:6621.jpg|Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Gross natural color close-up view of heart surgically removed for a transplantation shows aortic valve and anterior leaflet of mitral valve with cholesterol deposits endocardium of left ventricle is diffusely thickened
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| </div>
| |
| | |
| | |
| <div align="left">
| |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| |
| Image:424.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Gross montage of ventricular slices showing hypertrophy and about normal ventricular lumen size a hypertrophic non-dilated cardiomyopathy
| |
| Image:427.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Gross ventricular slices hypertrophy and extensive myocardial fibrosis a unique case of global fiber disarray with atrophy and fibrosis
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| </div>
| |
| | |
| <div align="left">
| |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| |
| Image:428.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Gross close up view of a ventricle slice
| |
| Image:433.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Gross excellent ventricular slice with hypertrophy and fibrosis a unique case of global fiber disarray with hypertrophy then atrophy and then fibrosis
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| </div>
| |
| | |
| | |
| <div align="left">
| |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| |
| Image:434.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Gross external view of globular heart with patchy fibrosis seen through epicardium
| |
| Image:437.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Gross interventricular septum showing asymmetrical hypertrophy in posterior septum
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| </div>
| |
| | |
| | |
| <div align="left">
| |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| |
| Image:453.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Gross hypertrophic cardiomyopathy obstructive excellent section through left ventricle outlet to show subvalvular narrowing case of sudden death in a 27 yo male playing basketball no history of disease
| |
| Image:454.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Gross obstructive cardiomyopathy showing aorta outflow tract with marked endocardial thickening mitral valve appears normal (Same case as previous one)
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| </div>
| |
| | |
| | |
| <div align="left">
| |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| |
| Image:455.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Gross excellent view of mitral valve atrial surface showing thickening which is fibrous in body of valve and myxoid at area of free margin changes presumed secondary to insufficiency due to anterior motion
| |
| Image:874.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Gross dilated left ventricle with marked endocardial thickening this is what has been called adult fibroelastosis
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| </div>
| |
| | |
| <div align="left">
| |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| |
| Image:1134.jpg|Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Gross good example huge dilated left ventricle
| |
| Image:1151.jpg|Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Gross dilated left ventricle with marked endocardial sclerosis (an excellent example)
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| </div>
| |
| | |
| | |
| <div align="left">
| |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| |
| Image:1457.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Gross intact globular shaped heart
| |
| Image:1489.jpg|Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Gross opened left ventricle dilated with endocardial thickening good example
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| </div>
| |
| | |
| | |
| <div align="left">
| |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| |
| Image:1509.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Gross globular heart external view 10 year old girl with sickle cell anemia
| |
| Image:1510.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Gross horizontal sections of ventricles dilation type 10 year old girl with sickle cell anemia
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| </div>
| |
| | |
| | |
| <div align="left">
| |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| |
| Image:2367.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Intermediate between hypertrophic and dilated
| |
| Image:2369.jpg|Cardiomyopathy Asymmetrical Septal Hypertrophy
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| </div>
| |
| | |
| | |
| <div align="left">
| |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| |
| Image:2665.jpg|Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Gross opened globular left ventricle natural color (very good example)
| |
| Image:3379.jpg|Diabetic Cardiomyopathy: Gross natural color moderately hypertrophied heart shown in horizontal section hyperemic subendocardium has no microscopic lesion long standing type I diabetic patient, no significant coronary artery lesions, congestive heart failure
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| </div>
| |
| | |
| | |
| <div align="left">
| |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| |
| Image:2221.jpg|Brain: Infarct: Healing large MCA and PICA probably embolic 64 year old female chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiomyopathy with atrial fibrillation
| |
| Image:8777.jpg|Kidney: Infarct Remote: Gross external view with capsule removed two old and very typical infarct scars 27yobf with dilated cardiomyopathy
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| </div>
| |
| | |
| | |
| <div align="left">
| |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| |
| Image:6224.jpg|Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Gross natural color external view globular heart 500 gm 24yo female seven pregnancies
| |
| Image:249002.jpg|Excessive pedal edema due to right heart failure in a patient with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (due to functional aortic stenosis from narrow outflow tract)
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| </div>
| |
| | |
| ==Microscopic Pathological Findings==
| |
| [http://www.peir.net Images shown below are courtesy of Professor Peter Anderson DVM PhD and published with permission © PEIR, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology]
| |
| | |
| <div align="left">
| |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| |
| Image:438.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Micro H&E high mag excellent example myofiber disarray
| |
| Image:439.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Micro H&E low mag interventricular septum at junction of normal myofiber orientation with asymmetrical hypertrophy (an excellent example)
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| </div>
| |
| | |
| | |
| <div align="left">
| |
| <gallery heights="175" widths="175">
| |
| Image:432.jpg|Cardiomyopathy: Micro trichrome low mag bizarre vacuolated fibers with disarray and focal fibrosis excellent low mag epicardial surface
| |
| Image:666.jpg|Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy: Micro plastic section lipid in perinuclear area loss of myofibrils
| |
| </gallery>
| |
| </div>
| |
| | |
| == References ==
| |
| <div class="references-small">
| |
| <references/>
| |
| </div>
| |
|
| |
|
| ==External links==
| |
| *[http://www.cardiomyopathy.org The Cardiomyopathy Association]
| |
| * [http://heartcenter.seattlechildrens.org/conditions_treated/cardiomyopathy.asp Cardiomyopathy information] from Seattle Children's Hospital Heart Center
| |
| *[http://hcm.stanfordhospital.com Information from the Stanford Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Center]
| |
| *[http://www.antibodypatterns.com/cardiacmusclebody.php Cardiomyopathy-related antibodies]
| |
|
| |
| ==Additional Reading==
| |
|
| |
| * Moss and Adams' Heart Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents Hugh D. Allen, Arthur J. Moss, David J. Driscoll, Forrest H. Adams, Timothy F. Feltes, Robert E. Shaddy, 2007 ISBN 0781786843
| |
| * Hurst's the Heart, Fuster V, 12th ed. 2008, ISBN 978-0-07-149928-6
| |
| * Willerson JT, Cardiovascular Medicine, 3rd ed., 2007, ISBN 978-1-84628-188-4
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| {{Circulatory system pathology}}
| |
| {{Electrocardiography}}
| |
| {{SIB}}
| |
| [[de:Kardiomyopathie]] | | [[de:Kardiomyopathie]] |
| [[es:Miocardiopatía]] | | [[es:Miocardiopatía]] |
| Line 481: |
Line 48: |
| [[sv:Hjärtmuskelsjukdom]] | | [[sv:Hjärtmuskelsjukdom]] |
| [[tr:Kardiyomiyopatiler]] | | [[tr:Kardiyomiyopatiler]] |
| | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} |
| | {{WikiDoc Sources}} |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Cardiology]] | | [[Category:Cardiology]] |
| [[Category:Cardiomyopathy|*]]
| |
| [[Category:Genetic Disease]] | | [[Category:Genetic Disease]] |
| {{WikiDoc Help Menu}}
| | [[Category:Up-To-Date]] |
| {{WikiDoc Sources}}
| | [[Category:Up-To-Date cardiology]] |
| | [[Category:Disease]] |
| | |
| | ==References== |
