Long PR interval: Difference between revisions

Jump to navigation Jump to search
VisualWikitext
No edit summary
No edit summary
 
(3 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{VR}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{VR}}


{{SK}} Long PR, prolonged PR, prolonged PR interval, PR prolongation, PR interval lengthened
{{SK}} Long PR, long P-R, prolonged PR, prolonged P-R, prolonged PR interval, prolonged P-R interval, PR prolongation, P-R prolongation, PR interval lengthened, P-R interval lengthened


==Overview==
==Overview==
Long PR interval is prolongation of the time required by impulse generated at the normal atrial pacemaker (SA node) to conduct via the normal conduction pathway and activate the ventricle.  Normally the conduction time is 0.12 to 0.21 seconds (normal PR interval).  A PR interval above 0.21 seconds is called as long PR interval.  PR interval is usually longer when the conduction of atrial impulse through AV node is slowed either as a consequence of withdrawal of sympathetic tone or due to an increase in vagal inputs.  It is also important to emphasize that long PR intervals can exist in subjects who are otherwise normal.<ref name="PACKARD-1954">{{Cite journal | last1 = PACKARD | first1 = JM. | last2 = GRAETTINGER | first2 = JS. | last3 = GRAYBIEL | first3 = A. | title = Analysis of the electrocardiograms obtained from 1000 young healthy aviators; ten year follow-up. | journal = Circulation | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 384-400 | month = Sep | year = 1954 | doi = | PMID = 13190611 }}</ref>  In atrioventricular dissociation where both atria and ventricle beat independently without conducting each others impulse either antegradely or retrogradely, PR interval may vary from beat to beat.  In some beats, the PR interval may be long.  
Long [[PR interval]] is prolongation of the time required by impulse generated at the normal atrial pacemaker ([[SA node]]) to conduct via the [[Electrical conduction system of the heart|normal conduction pathway]] and activate the [[ventricle]].  Normally the conduction time is 0.12 to 0.21 seconds (normal PR interval).  A PR interval above 0.21 seconds is called as long PR interval.  PR interval is usually longer when the conduction of [[atrial]] impulse through [[AV node]] is slowed either as a consequence of withdrawal of [[Sympathetic nervous system|sympathetic tone]] or due to an increase in [[vagal]] inputs.  It is also important to emphasize that long PR intervals can exist in subjects who are otherwise normal.<ref name="pmid13190611">{{cite journal | author = PACKARD JM, GRAETTINGER JS, GRAYBIEL A | title = Analysis of the electrocardiograms obtained from 1000 young healthy aviators; ten year follow-up | journal = [[Circulation]] | volume = 10 | issue = 3 | pages = 384–400 | year = 1954 | month = September | pmid = 13190611 | doi = | url = http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=13190611 | issn = }}</ref>  In [[atrioventricular dissociation]] where both atria and ventricle beat independently without conducting each others impulse either antegradely or retrogradely, PR interval may vary from beat to beat.  In some beats, the PR interval may be long.  


==Pathophysiology==
==Pathophysiology==
===First Degree AV Block===
===First Degree AV Block===
First degree AV block may be due to conduction delay in the AV node, His-Purkinje system (made up by the bundle of His and the Purkinje fibers), or a combination of the two.  The majority of cases are due to a dysfuction of the AV node; however, when first degree heart block coexists with a bundle-branch block, the cause is more likely to be a conduction delay in the His-Purkinje system.  Although there are no missed beats in first degree AV block with all impulses from atria being transmitted to ventricle and thus resulting in a regular ventricular beat rhythm, the conduction delay involving AV node alone typically causes a long PR interval.  If the conduction delay also involves the His-Purkinje system, the long PR interval will be associated with wide QRS complex.
[[First degree AV block]] may be due to conduction delay in the AV node, [[His-Purkinje system]] (made up by the [[bundle of His]] and the [[Purkinje fibers]]), or a combination of the two.  The majority of cases are due to a dysfunction of the AV node; however, when first degree heart block coexists with a [[bundle-branch block]], the cause is more likely to be a conduction delay in the His-Purkinje system.  Although there are no missed beats in first degree AV block with all impulses from atria being transmitted to ventricle and thus resulting in a regular ventricular beat rhythm, the conduction delay involving AV node alone typically causes a long PR interval.  If the conduction delay also involves the His-Purkinje system, the long PR interval will be associated with [[wide QRS complex]].


===Mobitz Type I Second Degree AV Block===
===Mobitz Type I Second Degree AV Block===
The classic site of block in Mobitz type I second degree block is the AV node (70%-75%).  In the remaining 25%-30% of the cases the site is infra-nodal (His bundle, bundle branches or fascicles).  Mobitz type I is composed of two variations, classic and atypical, based on periodicity.  Classic variety usually occurs within the AV node.  There is a gradually increasing PR interval and eventually a dropped beat.  It is also accompanied by a gradually decreasing R-R interval.  The PR interval is usually shortest in the initial beat and gradually increases ending in a dropped beat and the cycle repeats.  This classic Wenckebach phenomenon occurs usually with ratios of 3:2, 4:3 or 5:4.  This results in grouped beating.  In Atypical variant of Wenckebach pattern the conduction ratios usually exceed 6:5 or 7:6 and the last few beats of the cycle, before a dropped beat, show a relatively constant PR interval (maximum variation of 0.02 sec among them).  The beats after the dropped beat again show gradually prolonging PR intervals.<ref name="pmid737095">{{cite journal |author=El-Sherif N, Aranda J, Befeler B, Lazzara R |title=Atypical Wenckebach periodicity simulating Mobitz II AV block |journal=Br Heart J |volume=40 |issue=12 |pages=1376–83 |year=1978 |month=December |pmid=737095 |pmc=483582 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
The classic site of block in [[Second degree AV block pathophysiology#Mobitz Type I|Mobitz type I second degree block]] is the AV node (70%-75%).  In the remaining 25%-30% of the cases the site is infra-nodal (His bundle, bundle branches or fascicles).  Mobitz type I is composed of two variations, classic and atypical, based on periodicity.  Classic variety usually occurs within the AV node.  There is a gradually increasing PR interval and eventually a dropped beat.  It is also accompanied by a gradually decreasing R-R interval.  The PR interval is usually shortest in the initial beat and gradually increases the ending in a dropped beat and the cycle repeats.  This classic [[Wenckebach phenomenon]] occurs usually with ratios of 3:2, 4:3 or 5:4.  This results in grouped beating.  In Atypical variant of Wenckebach pattern the conduction ratios usually exceed 6:5 or 7:6 and the last few beats of the cycle, before a dropped beat, show a relatively constant PR interval (maximum variation of 0.02 sec among them).  The beats after the dropped beat again show gradually prolonging PR intervals.<ref name="pmid737095">{{cite journal |author=El-Sherif N, Aranda J, Befeler B, Lazzara R |title=Atypical Wenckebach periodicity simulating Mobitz II AV block |journal=Br Heart J |volume=40 |issue=12 |pages=1376–83 |year=1978 |month=December |pmid=737095 |pmc=483582 |doi= |url=}}</ref>


===Atrial Premature Beats===
===Atrial Premature Beats===
In atrial premature beats, also known as [[atrial premature contractions]] or [[premature atrial contractions]], with increasing prematurity, the partial penetration of the premature beat (concealed) prolongs the refractory period of the AV node and causes prolongation of the PR interval of the next sinus beat.  The PR interval progressively increases until the effective refractory period of AV node is reached, when the atrial premature beats get blocked within the node and nonconducted.<ref name="Damato-1971">{{Cite journal | last1 = Damato | first1 = AN. | last2 = Lau | first2 = SH. | title = Concealed and supernormal atrioventricular conduction. | journal = Circulation | volume = 43 | issue = 6 | pages = 967-70 | month = Jun | year = 1971 | doi = | PMID = 4102931 }}</ref>
In [[atrial premature beats]], also known as [[atrial premature contractions]] or [[premature atrial contractions]], with increasing prematurity, the partial penetration of the premature beat (concealed) prolongs the [[refractory period]] of the AV node and causes prolongation of the PR interval of the next sinus beat.  The PR interval progressively increases until the effective refractory period of AV node is reached, when the atrial premature beats get blocked within the node and non-conducted.<ref name="pmid4102931">{{cite journal | author = Damato AN, Lau SH | title = Concealed and supernormal atrioventricular conduction | journal = [[Circulation]] | volume = 43 | issue = 6 | pages = 967–70 | year = 1971 | month = June | pmid = 4102931 | doi = | url = http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=4102931 | issn = }}</ref>


===Pseudo-Long PR Interval in Atrioventricular Dissociation===
===Pseudo-Long PR Interval in Atrioventricular Dissociation===
In [[Atrioventricular dissociation]], the atrial impulse does not conduct to the ventricle, but the atrium and the ventricle may separately beat at similar or different rates and the PR interval may vary from beat to beat.  In some beats, the PR interval may be long.  Although this may appear to be a sinus rhythm with a long PR interval, there is no true impulse conduction between the atrium and ventricle, and hence the name "pseudo long PR interval".
In [[Atrioventricular dissociation]], the atrial impulse does not conduct to the ventricle, but the atrium and the ventricle may separately beat at similar or different rates and the PR interval may vary from beat to beat.  In some beats, the PR interval may be long.  Although this may appear to be a [[sinus rhythm]] with a long PR interval, there is no true impulse conduction between the atrium and ventricle, and hence the name "pseudo long PR interval".<ref name="pmid11993309">{{cite journal | author = Levy MN, Edflstein J | title = The mechanism of synchronization in isorhythmic A-V dissociation. II. Clinical studies | journal = [[Circulation]] | volume = 42 | issue = 4 | pages = 689–99 | year = 1970 | month = October | pmid = 11993309 | doi = | url = http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11993309 | issn = }}</ref><ref name="pmid13473052">{{cite journal | author = MILLER R, SHARRETT RH | title = Interference dissociation | journal = [[Circulation]] | volume = 16 | issue = 5 | pages = 803–29 | year = 1957 | month = November | pmid = 13473052 | doi = | url = http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=13473052 | issn = }}</ref>


===Trifascicular block===   
===Trifascicular Block===   
On ECG, trifascicular block may manifest with a long PR interval.  Trifascicular block involves conduction delay in the right bundle branch plus delay in the main left bundle branch or in both the left anterior and the left posterior fascicles.  The diagnosis of trifascicular block requires an electrocardiographic pattern of bifascicular block plus evidence of prolonged conduction below the AV node.  This below the AV node conduction delay is most specifically observed as a prolongation of the His-ventricular (HV) time in intracardiac recordings.  PR interval includes conduction time in both AV node as well as in the intraventricular conduction system.  Prolonged intraventricular conduction may be insufficient to extend the PR interval beyond normal limits, thus a prolonged PR interval can reflect delay in the AV node rather than in all three intraventricular fascicles.  So the finding of a long PR interval in the presence of an electrocardiographic pattern consistent with bifascicular block is not diagnostic of trifascicular block, whereas the presence of a normal PR interval does not exclude this finding either.  Thus long PR interval is only a concomitant finding in trifascicular block.
On ECG, [[trifascicular block]] may manifest with a long PR interval.  Trifascicular block involves conduction delay in the right bundle branch plus delay in the main left bundle branch or in both the left anterior and the left posterior fascicles.  The diagnosis of trifascicular block requires an electrocardiographic pattern of [[bifascicular block]] plus evidence of prolonged conduction below the AV node.  This below the AV node conduction delay is most specifically observed as a prolongation of the His-ventricular (HV) time in intracardiac recordings.  PR interval includes conduction time in both AV node as well as in the intraventricular conduction system.  Prolonged intraventricular conduction may be insufficient to extend the PR interval beyond normal limits, thus a prolonged PR interval can reflect delay in the AV node rather than in all three intraventricular fascicles.  So the finding of a long PR interval in the presence of an electrocardiographic pattern consistent with bifascicular block is not diagnostic of trifascicular block, whereas the presence of a normal PR interval does not exclude this finding either.  Thus long PR interval is only a concomitant finding in trifascicular block.


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
*[[Heart transplantation|Acute cardiac allograft rejection]]
*[[Acute myocardial infarction]]
*[[Bacterial endocarditis]]
*[[Complete heart block]]
*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
*[[Digitalis toxicity]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Myocardial rupture]]
*[[Organophosphate poisoning]]
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
*[[hypothermia|Severe hypothermia]]


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Acid-base disturbances]]
*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
*[[Antiarrhythmic agents]]
*[[Aortic stenosis]]
*[[Bacterial endocarditis]]
*[[Beta blockers]]
*[[Calcium channel blockers]]
*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[COPD]]
*[[Coronary heart disease]]
*[[Digitalis toxicity]]
*[[Vasovagal syncope#Cardioinhibitory Response|Enhanced vagal tone]]
*[[Hyperkalemia]]
*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
*[[Iatrogenic]] after surgical correction of [[VSD]], [[tetralogy of Fallot]], and [[endocardial cushion defect]]
*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
*[[Lev's disease]]
*[[Mitral valve sclerosis]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
*[[Pneumonia]]
*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
*[[Sinus arrest]]
*[[Sinus bradycardia]]
*[[Sympathomimetic agents]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Valvular heart disease]]
{{col-end}}
===Causes Based on Pathophysiologic Origin===
====First Degree AV Block and Mobitz Type I Second Degree AV Block====
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Acute myocardial infarction]]
*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
*[[Amyloidosis]]
*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
*[[ASD]]
*[[Bacterial endocarditis]]
*[[Beta blockers]]
*[[Calcific aortic stenosis]]
*[[Calcium channel blockers]]
*[[Cardiac glycosides]]
*[[Cardiac tumors]]
*[[Chagas disease]]
*[[Cholinesterase inhibitors]]
*[[Clonidine]]
*[[Dermatomyositis]]
*[[Digitalis]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Diltiazem]]
*[[Diphtheria]]
*[[Disopyramide]]
*[[Dolasetron]]
*[[Donepezil]]
*[[Ebstein's anomaly]]
*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
*[[Vasovagal syncope#Cardioinhibitory Response|Enhanced vagal tone]]
*[[Eslicarbazepine acetate]]
*[[Fabry disease]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Fesoterodine]]
*[[Fingolimod]]
*[[Glycogenosis type 2b]]
*[[HCM]]
*[[Neuromuscular disease|Hereditary neuromuscular disease]]
*[[Hodgkin lymphoma]]
*[[Hyperkalemia]]
*[[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|Hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hypokalaemia]]
*[[Hypothermia]]
*[[Ibutilide]]
*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
*[[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
*[[Labetalol]]
*[[Lacosamide]]
*[[Lanatoside C]]
*[[Lenegre's disease]]
*[[Lev's disease]]
*[[Lyme disease]]
*[[Multiple myeloma]]
*[[Muscular dystrophy]]
*[[Myocardial bridging]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
*[[Myxedema]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Neonatal lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Paliperidone]]
*[[aortic valve  replacement|Post aortic valve replacement ]]
*[[catheter ablation|Post catheter ablation for arrhythmias]]
*[[Ventricular septal defect surgery|Post closure of a ventricular septal defect]]
*[[mitral valve  replacement|Post mitral valve replacement]]
*[[Procainamide]]
*[[Propoxyphene]]
*[[Propranolol]]
*[[Protozoa|Protozoal infection]]
*[[Quinidine]]
*[[Quinine]]
*[[Rheumatic fever|Rheumatic mitral valve disease]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[SLE]]
*[[Systemic sclerosis]]
*[[Terodiline]]
*[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
*[[periodic  paralysis|Thyrotoxic periodic paralysis]]
*[[Tolterodine]]
*[[Transposition of the great vessels]]
*[[vagus nerve|Vagal maneuvers]]
*[[Valsalva maneuver]]
*[[Valvular heart disease]]
*[[Verapamil]]
*[[VSD]]
{{col-end}}


===Causes by Organ System===
====Atrial Premature Beats====
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
{{col-break|width=33%}}
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
*[[5-fluorouracil]]
|-
*[[Heart transplantation|Acute cardiac allograft rejection]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
*[[Alpha interferon]]
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
*[[Aminophylline]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
*[[Amiodarone]]
|-
*[[Amlodipine]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
*[[Bulimia nervosa]]
| '''Dental'''
*[[Calcium channel blocker]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
*[[Cannabis]]
|-
*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
*[[Cardioversion]]
| '''Dermatologic'''
*[[Chronic renal failure]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
*[[Cocaine]]
|-
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
*[[COPD]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
*[[Coronary heart disease]]
|-
*[[Cushing's syndrome]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
{{col-break|width=33%}}
|-
*[[Diltiazem]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
*[[Digoxin]]
| '''Endocrine'''
*[[Dobutamine]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
*[[Ephedrine]]
|-
*[[Holiday heart syndrome]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
*[[Hypercapnia]]
| '''Environmental'''
*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
|-
*[[Hypokalemia]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
*[[Hypoxia]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
*[[Idiopathic]]
|-
*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
*[[Isoproterenol]]
| '''Genetic'''
*[[Metabolic syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
*[[Mitral regurgitation]]
|-
*[[Mitral stenosis]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
| '''Hematologic'''
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
*[[Myocarditis]]
|-
{{col-break|width=33%}}
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
| '''Iatrogenic'''
*[[Artificial pacemaker|Pacemaker malfunction]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
*[[Phenylephrine]]
|-
*[[Pneumonia]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
*[[Pulmonary embolism]]
| '''Infectious Disease'''
*[[Pulmonary hypertension]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
*[[Respiratory acidosis]]
|-
*[[Salbutamol]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
*[[hyperthyroidism|Subclinical hyperthyroidism]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
*[[Sympathomimetic agents]]
|-
*[[Tacrolimus]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
*[[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]
| '''Neurologic'''
*[[Theophylline]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
*[[Thiazides]]
|-
*[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
*[[Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts]]
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
*[[Valvular heart disease]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
*[[Verapamil]]
|-
{{col-end}}
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|}


===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
====Atrioventricular Dissociation====
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-begin|width=80%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Disease]] A
*[[Acetylcholine]]
*[[Disease]] B
*[[Aconitine]]
*[[Disease]] C
*[[Acute coronary syndrome]]
*[[Disease]] ...
*[[Acute renal failure]]
*[[Stroke|Acute stroke]]
*[[Addisonian crisis]]
*[[Alimemazine]]
*[[All-trans retinoic acid]]
*[[Almokalant]]
*[[Amiodarone]]
*[[Amitriptyline]]
*[[Amphetamines]]
*[[Amyloidosis]]
*[[Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis]]
*[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
*[[Anorexia nervosa]]
*[[Anthracyclines]]
*[[Antiarrhythmic drugs]]
*[[Aortic stenosis]]
*[[Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia]]
*[[Arsenic trioxide]]
*[[Asenapine]]
*[[Aspergillosis]]
*[[Astemizole]]
*[[Atrial septal defect]]
*[[Azimilide]]
*[[Azithromycin]]
*[[Bacterial endocarditis]]
*[[Barbiturate]]
*[[Becker muscular dystrophy]]
*[[Bepridil]]
*[[Berberine]]
*[[Beta blockers]]
*[[Bretylium]]
*[[Brugada syndrome]]
*[[Budipine]]
*[[Bupivacaine]]
*[[Calcium channel blockers]]
*[[carbamate|Carbamate poisoning]]
*[[Carbamazepine]]
*[[Cardiac catheterization]]
*[[Cardiac glycosides]]
*[[cardiac tumor#heart in lymphomas|Cardiac lymphoma]]
*[[Cardiac resynchronization therapy]]
*[[Cardiac transplantation]]
*[[Carotid sinus hypersensitivity|Cardioinhibitory syncope]]
*[[Cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Cardioversion]]
*[[Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]]
*[[Chagas disease]]
*[[Chloroquine]]
*[[Cholinesterase inhibitor]]
*[[Churg-Strauss syndrome]]
*[[Cibenzoline]]
*[[Cimetidine]]
*[[Cisapride]]
*[[Citalopram]]
*[[Claritin]]
*[[Clomipramine]]
*[[Clonidine]]
*[[Clozapine]]
*[[Cocaine]]
*[[Complete heart block]]
*[[Congenital heart disease]]
*[[Congestive heart failure]]
*[[COPD]]
*[[Coronary artery bypass grafting]]
*[[reperfusion injury|Coronary reperfusion therapy]]
*[[Crizotinib]]
*[[Cushing's syndrome]]
*[[Daunorubicin]]
*[[Defibrillation]]
*[[Desipramine]]
*[[Diabetic ketoacidosis]]
*[[Digitalis toxicity]]
*[[Dilated cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Diltiazem]]
*[[Diphenhydramine]]
*[[Diphtheria]]
*[[Disopyramide]]
*[[Dofetilide]]
*[[Dolasetron]]
*[[Donepezil]]
*[[Doxepin]]
*[[Doxorubicin]]
*[[Dronedarone]]
*[[Droperidol]]
*[[Ebstein's anomaly]]
*[[Edrophonium]]
*[[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
*[[Endocardial cushion defect]]
*[[Vasovagal syncope#Cardioinhibitory Response|Enhanced vagal tone]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Disease]] P
*[[Epirubicin]]
*[[Disease]] Q
*[[Erb's dystrophy]]
*[[Disease]] R
*[[Eribulin mesylate]]
*[[Disease]] ...
*[[Erythromycin]]
*[[Fabry disease]]
*[[Fluconazole]]
*[[Flumazenil]]
*[[Fontan procedure]]
*[[Giant cell myocarditis]]
*[[Granisetron]]
*[[Grayanotoxin]]
*[[Grepafloxacin]]
*[[Guanethidine]]
*[[Halofantrine]]
*[[Haloperidol]]
*[[Halothane]]
*[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]]
*[[Heart surgery]]
*[[Heat stroke]]
*[[Hemochromatosis]]
*[[Hodgkin disease]]
*[[Hypereosinophilic syndrome]]
*[[Hyperkalemia]]
*[[Hypermagnesemia]]
*[[Hypertensive heart disease]]
*[[Hyperthyroidism]]
*[[Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Hypocalcemia]]
*[[Hypoglycemia]]
*[[Hypokalemia]]
*[[Hypomagnesemia]]
*[[Hypothermia]]
*[[Hypothyroidism]]
*[[Hypoxia]]
*[[Ibutilide]]
*[[Idarubicin]]
*[[Idiopathic]]
*[[Imipramine]]
*[[Indapamide]]
*[[Ischemic heart disease]]
*[[Isoprenaline]]
*[[Isoproterenol infusion]]
*[[Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome]]
*[[Junctional escape rhythm]]
*[[Junctional tachycardia]]
*[[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]]
*[[Ketanserin]]
*[[Ketoconazole]]
*[[Lenegre’s disease]]
*[[Leptospirosis]]
*[[Lev's disease]]
*[[Lidoflazine]]
*[[Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy|Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 1B (LGMD1B)]]
*[[Lithium]]
*[[Long QT syndrome]]
*[[Lubeluzole]]
*[[Lyme disease]]
*[[Mepivacaine]]
*[[Mesalamine]]
*[[Metabolic acidosis]]
*[[Methadone]]
*[[Methadyl acetate]]
*[[Methamphetamine]]
*[[Methyldopa]]
*[[Methylprednisolone]]
*[[Midodrine]]
*[[Mitochondrial myopathy]]
*[[Mitral valve prolapse]]
*[[Mizolastine]]
*[[Moxifloxacin]]
*[[Multiple myeloma]]
*[[Muscular dystrophy]]
*[[Myocardial bridging]]
*[[Myocardial contusion]]
*[[Myocardial infarction]]
*[[Myocardial rupture]]
*[[Myocarditis]]
*[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
*[[Myxedema]]
*[[Nail-patella syndrome]]
*[[Naratriptan]]
*[[Nelfinavir]]
*[[Neonatal lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Neostigmine]]
*[[Nicardipine]]
*[[Nicorandil]]
*[[Nilotinib]]
*[[NSTEMI]]
*[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
*[[Ondansetron]]
*[[organophosphate|Organophosphate poisoning]]
*[[Parathion poisoning]]
{{col-break|width=33%}}
{{col-break|width=33%}}
*[[Disease]] X
*[[Pasireotide]]
*[[Disease]] Y
*[[Pazopanib]]
*[[Disease]] Z
*[[Pentamidine]]
*[[Pericarditis]]
*[[Phenothiazine]]
*[[Phenytoin]]
*[[Pheochromocytoma]]
*[[Pimozide]]
*[[Piperaquine]]
*[[spider bite#spider venom|Poisonous spider bites]]
*[[lung transplantation|Post lung transplantation]]
*[[Prenylamine]]
*[[Probucol]]
*[[Procainamide]]
*[[Propafenone]]
*[[Propanolol]]
*[[Propofol]]
*[[Propoxyphene]]
*[[pyrethroid|Pyrethroid poisoning]]
*[[Pyridostigmine]]
*[[Quinidine]]
*[[Quinine]]
*[[Ranolazine]]
*[[Reiter's syndrome]]
*[[Relapsing polychondritis]]
*[[Remifentanil]]
*[[Reserpine]]
*[[Retigabine]]
*[[Rheumatic fever]]
*[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
*[[Ritodrine]]
*[[Ritonavir]]
*[[Romano-Ward syndrome]]
*[[Ropivacaine]]
*[[Runaway pacemaker syndrome]]
*[[Salmonellosis]]
*[[Saquinavir]]
*[[Sarcoidosis]]
*[[Scleroderma]]
*[[Arizona bark scorpion|Scorpion toxin]]
*[[Septic shock]]
*[[Sertindole]]
*[[brain damage|Severe brain injury]]
*[[Short QT syndrome]]
*[[Sick sinus syndrome]]
*[[Sinoatrial block]]
*[[Sinus arrest]]
*[[Sinus bradycardia]]
*[[sinus node disease|Sinus node fibrosis]]
*[[Sjogren's syndrome]]
*[[Sotalol]]
*[[Sparfloxacin]]
*[[STEMI]]
*[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
*[[Tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome]]
*[[Tacrine]]
*[[Takotsubo cardiomyopathy]]
*[[Tedisamil]]
*[[Telithromycin]]
*[[Terfenadine]]
*[[Terodiline]]
*[[Tetrabenazine]]
*[[Tetralogy of Fallot]]
*[[Thalassemia major]]
*[[Thiamylal]]
*[[Thioridazine]]
*[[Timolol]]
*[[Timothy syndrome]]
*[[Torsade de pointes]]
*[[Tramadol]]
*[[Transposition of the great vessels]]
*[[Trichinosis]]
*[[Tricyclic antidepressants]]
*[[Urapidil]]
*[[Uremia]]
*[[Valvular heart disease]]
*[[Vandetanib]]
*[[Varicella zoster]]
*[[Vemurafenib]]
*[[Venlafaxine]]
*[[Ventricular aneurysm]]
*[[Ventricular escape rhythm]]
*[[Ventricular septal defect]]
*[[Ventricular tachycardia]]
*[[Verapamil]]
*[[Vernakalant]]
*[[Voriconazole]]
*[[Vorinostat]]
*[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
*[[Ziprasidone]]
*[[Zotepine]]
*[[Zuclopenthixol]]
{{col-end}}
{{col-end}}


Latest revision as of 17:32, 6 September 2013

WikiDoc Resources for Long PR interval

Articles

Most recent articles on Long PR interval

Most cited articles on Long PR interval

Review articles on Long PR interval

Articles on Long PR interval in N Eng J Med, Lancet, BMJ

Media

Powerpoint slides on Long PR interval

Images of Long PR interval

Photos of Long PR interval

Podcasts & MP3s on Long PR interval

Videos on Long PR interval

Evidence Based Medicine

Cochrane Collaboration on Long PR interval

Bandolier on Long PR interval

TRIP on Long PR interval

Clinical Trials

Ongoing Trials on Long PR interval at Clinical Trials.gov

Trial results on Long PR interval

Clinical Trials on Long PR interval at Google

Guidelines / Policies / Govt

US National Guidelines Clearinghouse on Long PR interval

NICE Guidance on Long PR interval

NHS PRODIGY Guidance

FDA on Long PR interval

CDC on Long PR interval

Books

Books on Long PR interval

News

Long PR interval in the news

Be alerted to news on Long PR interval

News trends on Long PR interval

Commentary

Blogs on Long PR interval

Definitions

Definitions of Long PR interval

Patient Resources / Community

Patient resources on Long PR interval

Discussion groups on Long PR interval

Patient Handouts on Long PR interval

Directions to Hospitals Treating Long PR interval

Risk calculators and risk factors for Long PR interval

Healthcare Provider Resources

Symptoms of Long PR interval

Causes & Risk Factors for Long PR interval

Diagnostic studies for Long PR interval

Treatment of Long PR interval

Continuing Medical Education (CME)

CME Programs on Long PR interval

International

Long PR interval en Espanol

Long PR interval en Francais

Business

Long PR interval in the Marketplace

Patents on Long PR interval

Experimental / Informatics

List of terms related to Long PR interval

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Long PR, long P-R, prolonged PR, prolonged P-R, prolonged PR interval, prolonged P-R interval, PR prolongation, P-R prolongation, PR interval lengthened, P-R interval lengthened

Overview

Long PR interval is prolongation of the time required by impulse generated at the normal atrial pacemaker (SA node) to conduct via the normal conduction pathway and activate the ventricle. Normally the conduction time is 0.12 to 0.21 seconds (normal PR interval). A PR interval above 0.21 seconds is called as long PR interval. PR interval is usually longer when the conduction of atrial impulse through AV node is slowed either as a consequence of withdrawal of sympathetic tone or due to an increase in vagal inputs. It is also important to emphasize that long PR intervals can exist in subjects who are otherwise normal.[1] In atrioventricular dissociation where both atria and ventricle beat independently without conducting each others impulse either antegradely or retrogradely, PR interval may vary from beat to beat. In some beats, the PR interval may be long.

Pathophysiology

First Degree AV Block

First degree AV block may be due to conduction delay in the AV node, His-Purkinje system (made up by the bundle of His and the Purkinje fibers), or a combination of the two. The majority of cases are due to a dysfunction of the AV node; however, when first degree heart block coexists with a bundle-branch block, the cause is more likely to be a conduction delay in the His-Purkinje system. Although there are no missed beats in first degree AV block with all impulses from atria being transmitted to ventricle and thus resulting in a regular ventricular beat rhythm, the conduction delay involving AV node alone typically causes a long PR interval. If the conduction delay also involves the His-Purkinje system, the long PR interval will be associated with wide QRS complex.

Mobitz Type I Second Degree AV Block

The classic site of block in Mobitz type I second degree block is the AV node (70%-75%). In the remaining 25%-30% of the cases the site is infra-nodal (His bundle, bundle branches or fascicles). Mobitz type I is composed of two variations, classic and atypical, based on periodicity. Classic variety usually occurs within the AV node. There is a gradually increasing PR interval and eventually a dropped beat. It is also accompanied by a gradually decreasing R-R interval. The PR interval is usually shortest in the initial beat and gradually increases the ending in a dropped beat and the cycle repeats. This classic Wenckebach phenomenon occurs usually with ratios of 3:2, 4:3 or 5:4. This results in grouped beating. In Atypical variant of Wenckebach pattern the conduction ratios usually exceed 6:5 or 7:6 and the last few beats of the cycle, before a dropped beat, show a relatively constant PR interval (maximum variation of 0.02 sec among them). The beats after the dropped beat again show gradually prolonging PR intervals.[2]

Atrial Premature Beats

In atrial premature beats, also known as atrial premature contractions or premature atrial contractions, with increasing prematurity, the partial penetration of the premature beat (concealed) prolongs the refractory period of the AV node and causes prolongation of the PR interval of the next sinus beat. The PR interval progressively increases until the effective refractory period of AV node is reached, when the atrial premature beats get blocked within the node and non-conducted.[3]

Pseudo-Long PR Interval in Atrioventricular Dissociation

In Atrioventricular dissociation, the atrial impulse does not conduct to the ventricle, but the atrium and the ventricle may separately beat at similar or different rates and the PR interval may vary from beat to beat. In some beats, the PR interval may be long. Although this may appear to be a sinus rhythm with a long PR interval, there is no true impulse conduction between the atrium and ventricle, and hence the name "pseudo long PR interval".[4][5]

Trifascicular Block

On ECG, trifascicular block may manifest with a long PR interval. Trifascicular block involves conduction delay in the right bundle branch plus delay in the main left bundle branch or in both the left anterior and the left posterior fascicles. The diagnosis of trifascicular block requires an electrocardiographic pattern of bifascicular block plus evidence of prolonged conduction below the AV node. This below the AV node conduction delay is most specifically observed as a prolongation of the His-ventricular (HV) time in intracardiac recordings. PR interval includes conduction time in both AV node as well as in the intraventricular conduction system. Prolonged intraventricular conduction may be insufficient to extend the PR interval beyond normal limits, thus a prolonged PR interval can reflect delay in the AV node rather than in all three intraventricular fascicles. So the finding of a long PR interval in the presence of an electrocardiographic pattern consistent with bifascicular block is not diagnostic of trifascicular block, whereas the presence of a normal PR interval does not exclude this finding either. Thus long PR interval is only a concomitant finding in trifascicular block.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes Based on Pathophysiologic Origin

First Degree AV Block and Mobitz Type I Second Degree AV Block

Atrial Premature Beats

Atrioventricular Dissociation

References

  1. ↑ PACKARD JM, GRAETTINGER JS, GRAYBIEL A (1954). "Analysis of the electrocardiograms obtained from 1000 young healthy aviators; ten year follow-up". Circulation. 10 (3): 384–400. PMID 13190611. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ El-Sherif N, Aranda J, Befeler B, Lazzara R (1978). "Atypical Wenckebach periodicity simulating Mobitz II AV block". Br Heart J. 40 (12): 1376–83. PMC 483582. PMID 737095. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Damato AN, Lau SH (1971). "Concealed and supernormal atrioventricular conduction". Circulation. 43 (6): 967–70. PMID 4102931. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Levy MN, Edflstein J (1970). "The mechanism of synchronization in isorhythmic A-V dissociation. II. Clinical studies". Circulation. 42 (4): 689–99. PMID 11993309. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ MILLER R, SHARRETT RH (1957). "Interference dissociation". Circulation. 16 (5): 803–29. PMID 13473052. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Template:WH Template:WS

Retrieved from "https://www.wikidoc.org/index.php?title=Long_PR_interval&oldid=902855"