Polio risk factors: Difference between revisions
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== Overview == | == Overview == | ||
[[Risk factor]]s for [[infection]] with [[poliovirus]] include | [[Risk factor]]s for [[infection]] with [[poliovirus]] include not receiving the vaccine, traveling to countries endemic for the virus, [[immunodeficiency]], and [[malnutrition]]. Once infected with the [[poliovirus|virus]], risks for developing poliomyelitis and severe forms of the disease include [[muscle]] [[trauma]], excessive exercise, pregnancy, [[B-cell]] [[immunodeficiency]], and [[tonsillectomy]]. | ||
==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
[[Risk factor]]s for the development of [[poliomyelitis]] include:<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = Polyomavirus | url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6237a4.htm }}</ref><ref name=WHO>{{cite web | title = Poliomyelitis | url = http://www.who.int/ihr/polio1993en.pdf }}</ref> | [[Risk factor]]s for the development of [[poliomyelitis]] include:<ref name=CDC>{{cite web | title = Polyomavirus | url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6237a4.htm }}</ref><ref name=WHO>{{cite web | title = Poliomyelitis | url = http://www.who.int/ihr/polio1993en.pdf }}</ref> | ||
* | * Unvaccinated status | ||
* Traveling to countries | * Traveling to endemic countries or regions | ||
* [[Immunodeficiency]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Davis L, Bodian D, Price D, Butler I, Vickers J |title=Chronic progressive poliomyelitis secondary to vaccination of an immunodeficient child |journal=[[New England Journal of Medicine|N Engl J Med]] |volume=297 |issue=5 |pages=241–5 |year=1977 |pmid = 195206}}</ref> | |||
* [[Malnutrition]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chandra R |title=Reduced secretory antibody response to live attenuated measles and poliovirus vaccines in malnourished children| url= http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=1131622|journal=[[British Medical Journal|Br Med J]] |volume=2 |issue=5971 |pages=583–5 |year=1975 |pmid=1131622}}</ref> | |||
* [[Malnutrition]] | |||
Factors that increase the risk of developing poliomyelitis, after [[infection]] with [[poliovirus]] include:<ref name="pmid15885840">{{cite journal| author=Mueller S, Wimmer E, Cello J| title=Poliovirus and poliomyelitis: a tale of guts, brains, and an accidental event. | journal=Virus Res | year= 2005 | volume= 111 | issue= 2 | pages= 175-93 | pmid=15885840 | doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2005.04.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15885840 }} </ref> | Factors that increase the risk of developing poliomyelitis, after [[infection]] with [[poliovirus]] include:<ref name="pmid15885840">{{cite journal| author=Mueller S, Wimmer E, Cello J| title=Poliovirus and poliomyelitis: a tale of guts, brains, and an accidental event. | journal=Virus Res | year= 2005 | volume= 111 | issue= 2 | pages= 175-93 | pmid=15885840 | doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2005.04.008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15885840 }} </ref> | ||
* [[Muscle]] [[trauma]] (''provocation'' poliomyelitis) | * [[Muscle]] [[trauma]] (''provocation'' poliomyelitis) | ||
* Excessive exercise (''provocation'' poliomyelitis) | * Excessive exercise (''provocation'' poliomyelitis)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Horstmann D |title=Acute poliomyelitis relation of physical activity at the time of onset to the course of the disease |journal=[[Journal of the American Medical Association|J Am Med Assoc]] |volume=142 |issue=4 |pages=236–41 |year=1950 |pmid=15400610}}</ref> | ||
* Injections (''provocation'' poliomyelitis) | * Injections (''provocation'' poliomyelitis)<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gromeier M, Wimmer E |title=Mechanism of injury-provoked poliomyelitis |url= http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=9573275| journal=J. Virol. |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=5056–60 |year=1998 |pmid=9573275 |doi=}}</ref> | ||
* Pregnancy | * Pregnancy<ref name= Evans_1960>{{cite journal |author=Evans C |title=Factors influencing the occurrence of illness during naturally acquired poliomyelitis virus infections | url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/24/4/341.pdf | format = PDF | journal=Bacteriol Rev |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=341–52 |year=1960 |pmid=13697553}}</ref> | ||
* [[B-cell]] [[immunodeficiency]] | * [[B-cell]] [[immunodeficiency]] | ||
* [[Tonsilectomy]] | * [[Tonsilectomy]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Miller A |title=Incidence of poliomyelitis; the effect of tonsillectomy and other operations on the nose and throat | url= http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12978882 |journal=Calif Med |volume=77 |issue=1 |pages=19–21 |year=1952 |pmid=12978882}}</ref> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | |||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]
Overview
Risk factors for infection with poliovirus include not receiving the vaccine, traveling to countries endemic for the virus, immunodeficiency, and malnutrition. Once infected with the virus, risks for developing poliomyelitis and severe forms of the disease include muscle trauma, excessive exercise, pregnancy, B-cell immunodeficiency, and tonsillectomy.
Risk Factors
Risk factors for the development of poliomyelitis include:[1][2]
- Unvaccinated status
- Traveling to endemic countries or regions
- Immunodeficiency[3]
- Malnutrition[4]
Factors that increase the risk of developing poliomyelitis, after infection with poliovirus include:[5]
- Muscle trauma (provocation poliomyelitis)
- Excessive exercise (provocation poliomyelitis)[6]
- Injections (provocation poliomyelitis)[7]
- Pregnancy[8]
- B-cell immunodeficiency
- Tonsilectomy[9]
References
- ↑ "Polyomavirus".
- ↑ "Poliomyelitis" (PDF).
- ↑ Davis L, Bodian D, Price D, Butler I, Vickers J (1977). "Chronic progressive poliomyelitis secondary to vaccination of an immunodeficient child". N Engl J Med. 297 (5): 241–5. PMID 195206.
- ↑ Chandra R (1975). "Reduced secretory antibody response to live attenuated measles and poliovirus vaccines in malnourished children". Br Med J. 2 (5971): 583–5. PMID 1131622.
- ↑ Mueller S, Wimmer E, Cello J (2005). "Poliovirus and poliomyelitis: a tale of guts, brains, and an accidental event". Virus Res. 111 (2): 175–93. doi:10.1016/j.virusres.2005.04.008. PMID 15885840.
- ↑ Horstmann D (1950). "Acute poliomyelitis relation of physical activity at the time of onset to the course of the disease". J Am Med Assoc. 142 (4): 236–41. PMID 15400610.
- ↑ Gromeier M, Wimmer E (1998). "Mechanism of injury-provoked poliomyelitis". J. Virol. 72 (6): 5056–60. PMID 9573275.
- ↑ Evans C (1960). "Factors influencing the occurrence of illness during naturally acquired poliomyelitis virus infections" (PDF). Bacteriol Rev. 24 (4): 341–52. PMID 13697553.
- ↑ Miller A (1952). "Incidence of poliomyelitis; the effect of tonsillectomy and other operations on the nose and throat". Calif Med. 77 (1): 19–21. PMID 12978882.