Polio classification: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The term poliomyelitis is used to identify the disease caused by any of the three [[ | The term poliomyelitis is used to identify the disease caused by any of the three [[serotype]]s of [[poliovirus]] (P1, P2 and P3). Most cases of [[poliovirus]] infection are [[asymptomatic]]. For [[symptomatic]] cases, two basic disease patterns are described: a minor form which does not involve the [[central nervous system]] ([[CNS]]), sometimes called ''abortive poliomyelitis'', and a major form involving the [[CNS]], which may be paralytic or non-paralytic.<ref name="fal">{{cite journal |author=Falconer M, Bollenbach E |title=Late functional loss in nonparalytic polio |journal=American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=19–23 |year=2000 |pmid=10678598}}</ref> According to the ELCPPC classification, the [[paralytic]] form of the disease may be classified into: sporadic, epidemic; epidemiologically abnormal; or imported.<ref name="pmid2929811">{{cite journal| author=Sutter RW, Brink EW, Cochi SL, Kew OM, Orenstein WA, Biellik RJ et al.| title=A new epidemiologic and laboratory classification system for paralytic poliomyelitis cases. | journal=Am J Public Health | year= 1989 | volume= 79 | issue= 4 | pages= 495-8 | pmid=2929811 | doi= | pmc=PMC1349984 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2929811 }} </ref> | ||
== Classification == | == Classification == | ||
In most people with a [[immunocompetent|normal immune system]], | ===Subclinical Poliomyelitis=== | ||
In most people with a [[immunocompetent|normal immune system]], poliovirus infection is [[asymptomatic]]. Patients with subclinical poliomyelitis often acquire active [[immunity]] against future [[infection]]s, caused by the same viral [[strain]].<ref name="fal">{{cite journal |author=Falconer M, Bollenbach E |title=Late functional loss in nonparalytic polio |journal=American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=19–23 |year=2000 |pmid=10678598}}</ref> | |||
===Abortive Poliomyelitis=== | ===Abortive Poliomyelitis=== | ||
Abortive poliomyelitis is a mild form of poliomyelitis, often presenting with [[symptoms]] of [[gastroenteritis]], such as: [[fever]], [[nausea]], [[vomiting]], [[diarrhea]], or [[constipation]]; or symptoms of acute [[respiratory infection]], such as: [[fever]], [[headache]], and [[sore throat]].<ref name="fal">{{cite journal |author=Falconer M, Bollenbach E |title=Late functional loss in nonparalytic polio |journal=American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=19–23 |year=2000 |pmid=10678598}}</ref> | |||
=== | ===Non-Paralytic Poliomyelitis=== | ||
Patients with this form of poliomyelitis often present with symptoms of non-paralytic [[meningitis]], such as: [[fever]]; [[headache]]; [[vomiting]]; [[lethargy]]; [[irritability]]; [[neck]], [[back]], [[abdominal]] and upper or lower limb pain. [[Muscle spasm]] usually occurs in the neck, back and hamstring muscles.<ref name="fal">{{cite journal |author=Falconer M, Bollenbach E |title=Late functional loss in nonparalytic polio |journal=American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=19–23 |year=2000 |pmid=10678598}}</ref> | |||
=== | ===Paralytic Poliomyelitis=== | ||
Patients with paralytic poliomyelitis present with the same symptoms as those of the non-paralytic form. Additional symptoms in the paralytic form include: [[muscle weakness]]; asymmetrical [[paralysis]]; [[muscle atrophy]]; [[tremors]]; and [[skeletal]] deformities.<ref name= Encephalitis>{{cite book |author=Wood, Lawrence D. H.; Hall, Jesse B.; Schmidt, Gregory D. |title=Principles of Critical Care, Third Edition |publisher=McGraw-Hill Professional |location= |year=2005 |pages=870 |isbn=0-07-141640-4 |oclc= |doi=}}</ref><ref name="fal">{{cite journal |author=Falconer M, Bollenbach E |title=Late functional loss in nonparalytic polio |journal=American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists |volume=79 |issue=1 |pages=19–23 |year=2000 |pmid=10678598}}</ref><ref name="pmid8442872">{{cite journal| author=Alcalá H| title=[The differential diagnosis of poliomyelitis and other acute flaccid paralyses]. | journal=Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex | year= 1993 | volume= 50 | issue= 2 | pages= 136-44 | pmid=8442872 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8442872 }} </ref> | |||
==== | '''''Paralytic poliomyelitis may be classified into 2 forms, that may coexist in the same patient:''''' | ||
====Spinal Poliomyelitis==== | |||
This form of the disease affects the [[muscles]] supplied by [[spinal nerves]]. | |||
====Bulbar Poliomyelitis==== | |||
This form of the disease affects the [[muscles]] supplied by [[cranial nerves]]. [[Encephalitis]] may also occur in this form. | |||
==ECPPC and ELCPPC Classifications== | ==ECPPC and ELCPPC Classifications== | ||
Until 1976, ''paralytic poliomyelitis'' was classified according | Until 1976, ''paralytic poliomyelitis'' was classified according to the epidemiological data. The '''ECPPC''', or Epidemiologic Classication of Paralytic Poliomyelitis Cases, distributed these cases into 1 of 4 categories:<ref name="pmid2929811">{{cite journal| author=Sutter RW, Brink EW, Cochi SL, Kew OM, Orenstein WA, Biellik RJ et al.| title=A new epidemiologic and laboratory classification system for paralytic poliomyelitis cases. | journal=Am J Public Health | year= 1989 | volume= 79 | issue= 4 | pages= 495-8 | pmid=2929811 | doi= | pmc=PMC1349984 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2929811 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Epidemic]] | *[[Epidemic]] | ||
*[[Endemic]] | *[[Endemic]] | ||
*Imported | *Imported | ||
*[[Immune]] deficient | *[[Immune]] deficient | ||
In 1985, a new classification was proposed, in order to incorporate not only epidemiological information but also viral isolation, and characterization of the viral strain. This new classification was named ELCPPC, or Epidemiologic and Laboratory Classification of Paralytic Poliomyelitis Cases, and it classifies ''paralytic poliomyelitis'' according to the following classes:<ref name="pmid2929811">{{cite journal| author=Sutter RW, Brink EW, Cochi SL, Kew OM, Orenstein WA, Biellik RJ et al.| title=A new epidemiologic and laboratory classification system for paralytic poliomyelitis cases. | journal=Am J Public Health | year= 1989 | volume= 79 | issue= 4 | pages= 495-8 | pmid=2929811 | doi= | pmc=PMC1349984 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2929811 }} </ref> | In 1985, a new classification was proposed, in order to incorporate, not only epidemiological information but also viral isolation, and characterization of the viral [[strain]]. This new classification was named '''ELCPPC''', or Epidemiologic and Laboratory Classification of Paralytic Poliomyelitis Cases, and it classifies ''paralytic poliomyelitis'' according to the following classes:<ref name="pmid2929811">{{cite journal| author=Sutter RW, Brink EW, Cochi SL, Kew OM, Orenstein WA, Biellik RJ et al.| title=A new epidemiologic and laboratory classification system for paralytic poliomyelitis cases. | journal=Am J Public Health | year= 1989 | volume= 79 | issue= 4 | pages= 495-8 | pmid=2929811 | doi= | pmc=PMC1349984 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2929811 }} </ref> | ||
===Sporadic=== | |||
Any case of poliomyelitis that is not epidemiologically related to another, and that may be caused by either the wild form of the virus, or by the virus in the vaccine. | |||
===Epidemic=== | |||
When a case of the disease is epidemiologically linked to a similar case. The virus may, or may not, be related to the virus in the [[vaccine]]. | |||
===Immunologically abnormal=== | |||
Any presumed or confirmed case of poliomyelitis that may be caused by either the wild form of the virus, or by the virus in the [[vaccine]], irrespectively to the origin of the host's [[immunological]] deficiency. | |||
===Imported=== | |||
Any new case of poliomyelitis in a person who has entered the US (either foreign or US resident), and that has been [[symptomatic]] for the previous 30 days of entrance, or that develops symptoms during the initial 30 days in the country. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | |||
Latest revision as of 23:46, 29 July 2020
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: João André Alves Silva, M.D. [2]
Overview
The term poliomyelitis is used to identify the disease caused by any of the three serotypes of poliovirus (P1, P2 and P3). Most cases of poliovirus infection are asymptomatic. For symptomatic cases, two basic disease patterns are described: a minor form which does not involve the central nervous system (CNS), sometimes called abortive poliomyelitis, and a major form involving the CNS, which may be paralytic or non-paralytic.[1] According to the ELCPPC classification, the paralytic form of the disease may be classified into: sporadic, epidemic; epidemiologically abnormal; or imported.[2]
Classification
Subclinical Poliomyelitis
In most people with a normal immune system, poliovirus infection is asymptomatic. Patients with subclinical poliomyelitis often acquire active immunity against future infections, caused by the same viral strain.[1]
Abortive Poliomyelitis
Abortive poliomyelitis is a mild form of poliomyelitis, often presenting with symptoms of gastroenteritis, such as: fever, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or constipation; or symptoms of acute respiratory infection, such as: fever, headache, and sore throat.[1]
Non-Paralytic Poliomyelitis
Patients with this form of poliomyelitis often present with symptoms of non-paralytic meningitis, such as: fever; headache; vomiting; lethargy; irritability; neck, back, abdominal and upper or lower limb pain. Muscle spasm usually occurs in the neck, back and hamstring muscles.[1]
Paralytic Poliomyelitis
Patients with paralytic poliomyelitis present with the same symptoms as those of the non-paralytic form. Additional symptoms in the paralytic form include: muscle weakness; asymmetrical paralysis; muscle atrophy; tremors; and skeletal deformities.[3][1][4]
Paralytic poliomyelitis may be classified into 2 forms, that may coexist in the same patient:
Spinal Poliomyelitis
This form of the disease affects the muscles supplied by spinal nerves.
Bulbar Poliomyelitis
This form of the disease affects the muscles supplied by cranial nerves. Encephalitis may also occur in this form.
ECPPC and ELCPPC Classifications
Until 1976, paralytic poliomyelitis was classified according to the epidemiological data. The ECPPC, or Epidemiologic Classication of Paralytic Poliomyelitis Cases, distributed these cases into 1 of 4 categories:[2]
In 1985, a new classification was proposed, in order to incorporate, not only epidemiological information but also viral isolation, and characterization of the viral strain. This new classification was named ELCPPC, or Epidemiologic and Laboratory Classification of Paralytic Poliomyelitis Cases, and it classifies paralytic poliomyelitis according to the following classes:[2]
Sporadic
Any case of poliomyelitis that is not epidemiologically related to another, and that may be caused by either the wild form of the virus, or by the virus in the vaccine.
Epidemic
When a case of the disease is epidemiologically linked to a similar case. The virus may, or may not, be related to the virus in the vaccine.
Immunologically abnormal
Any presumed or confirmed case of poliomyelitis that may be caused by either the wild form of the virus, or by the virus in the vaccine, irrespectively to the origin of the host's immunological deficiency.
Imported
Any new case of poliomyelitis in a person who has entered the US (either foreign or US resident), and that has been symptomatic for the previous 30 days of entrance, or that develops symptoms during the initial 30 days in the country.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Falconer M, Bollenbach E (2000). "Late functional loss in nonparalytic polio". American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation / Association of Academic Physiatrists. 79 (1): 19–23. PMID 10678598.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Sutter RW, Brink EW, Cochi SL, Kew OM, Orenstein WA, Biellik RJ; et al. (1989). "A new epidemiologic and laboratory classification system for paralytic poliomyelitis cases". Am J Public Health. 79 (4): 495–8. PMC 1349984. PMID 2929811.
- ↑ Wood, Lawrence D. H.; Hall, Jesse B.; Schmidt, Gregory D. (2005). Principles of Critical Care, Third Edition. McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 870. ISBN 0-07-141640-4.
- ↑ Alcalá H (1993). "[The differential diagnosis of poliomyelitis and other acute flaccid paralyses]". Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 50 (2): 136–44. PMID 8442872.