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__NOTOC__
__NOTOC__
{{Methemoglobinemia }}
{{Methemoglobinemia }}
{{CMG}}
{{CMG}}; {{AE}}{{AKS}}


*[[Nitric oxide]]
==Overview==
*[[Primaquine phosphate]] (in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) methemoglobin reductase deficient individuals)


*[[Sulfasalazine]]
Methemoglobinemia may be caused by either congenital or acquired conditions.
 
==Causes== 
 
'''Congenital (Hereditary) Methemoglobinemia'''
 
*There are three main congenital conditions that lead to methemoglobinemia:
 
1. [[Cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency]] and [[pyruvate kinase deficiency]]
 
2. [[G6PD deficiency]]
 
3. Presence of abnormal hemoglobin ([[Hb M]])
 
 
'''Acquired or Acute Methemoglobinemia'''
 
*Some of the most common causes leading to methemoglobinemia include different [[oxidant drugs]], [[toxins]] and [[chemicals]].<ref name="pmid3537620">{{cite journal| author=Hall AH, Kulig KW, Rumack BH| title=Drug- and chemical-induced methaemoglobinaemia. Clinical features and management. | journal=Med Toxicol | year= 1986 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 253-60 | pmid=3537620 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3537620  }} </ref> <ref name="pmid19082413">{{cite journal| author=do Nascimento TS, Pereira RO, de Mello HL, Costa J| title=Methemoglobinemia: from diagnosis to treatment. | journal=Rev Bras Anestesiol | year= 2008 | volume= 58 | issue= 6 | pages= 651-64 | pmid=19082413 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19082413  }} </ref>
 
'''1.''' '''Drug Induced'''
 
• [[Anesthetics]]<ref name="pmid29519718">{{cite journal| author=Faust AC, Guy E, Baby N, Ortegon A| title=Local Anesthetic-Induced Methemoglobinemia During Pregnancy: A Case Report and Evaluation of Treatment Options. | journal=J Emerg Med | year= 2018 | volume= 54 | issue= 5 | pages= 681-684 | pmid=29519718 | doi=10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.01.039 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29519718  }} </ref> like [[benzocaine]]<ref name="pmid8069004">{{cite journal| author=Rodriguez LF, Smolik LM, Zbehlik AJ| title=Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia: report of a severe reaction and review of the literature. | journal=Ann Pharmacother | year= 1994 | volume= 28 | issue= 5 | pages= 643-9 | pmid=8069004 | doi=10.1177/106002809402800515 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8069004  }} </ref>, [[lidocaine]]<ref name="pmid29627919">{{cite journal| author=Gay HC, Amaral AP| title=Acquired Methemoglobinemia Associated with Topical Lidocaine Administration: A Case Report. | journal=Drug Saf Case Rep | year= 2018 | volume= 5 | issue= 1 | pages= 15 | pmid=29627919 | doi=10.1007/s40800-018-0081-4 | pmc=5889764 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=29627919  }} </ref>, [[prilocaine]]<ref name="pmid24834764">{{cite journal| author=Shamriz O, Cohen-Glickman I, Reif S, Shteyer E| title=Methemoglobinemia induced by lidocaine-prilocaine cream. | journal=Isr Med Assoc J | year= 2014 | volume= 16 | issue= 4 | pages= 250-4 | pmid=24834764 | doi= | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24834764  }} </ref>
 
• [[Methylene blue]]
 
• [[Nitric oxide]]
 
• [[Amyl Nitrate]]
 
• [[Nitroglycerin]]
 
• [[Antimalarial drugs]] like [[Primaquine phosphate]] (in [[nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide]] ([[NADH]]) methemoglobin reductase deficient individuals)
 
• [[Rasburicase]] <ref name="pmid28078984">{{cite journal| author=Khan M, Paul S, Farooq S, Oo TH, Ramshesh P, Jain N| title=Rasburicase-Induced Methemoglobinemia in a Patient with Glucose-6- Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency. | journal=Curr Drug Saf | year= 2017 | volume= 12 | issue= 1 | pages= 13-18 | pmid=28078984 | doi=10.2174/1574886312666170111151246 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=28078984  }} </ref>
 
• [[Sulfasalazine]]
 
• [[Dapsone]]
 
• [[Trimethoprim]]
 
• [[Sulfonamides]]
 
• [[Aniline dyes]]<ref name="pmid25861488">{{cite journal| author=Messmer AS, Nickel CH, Bareiss D| title=P-chloroaniline poisoning causing methemoglobinemia: a case report and review of the literature. | journal=Case Rep Emerg Med | year= 2015 | volume= 2015 | issue=  | pages= 208732 | pmid=25861488 | doi=10.1155/2015/208732 | pmc=4377359 | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25861488  }} </ref>
 
• [[Metoclopramide]]
 
• [[Chlorates and Bromates]]
 
'''2. Contaminated well water''' (in premature infants and infants younger than 4 months) <ref name="pmid14676514">{{cite journal| author=Brunato F, Garziera MG, Briguglio E| title=A severe methaemoglobinemia induced by nitrates: a case report. | journal=Eur J Emerg Med | year= 2003 | volume= 10 | issue= 4 | pages= 326-30 | pmid=14676514 | doi=10.1097/01.mej.0000103472.32882.db | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14676514  }} </ref>  <ref> [www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations]</ref>
 
'''3. Solid foods''' (not well cooked vegetables high in nitrates in premature infants and infants younger than 4 months)  <ref> [www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm250024.htm]</ref>  <ref> [www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm306062.htm]</ref>


==References==
==References==

Latest revision as of 20:27, 21 June 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aksiniya Stevasarova, M.D.

Overview

Methemoglobinemia may be caused by either congenital or acquired conditions.

Causes

Congenital (Hereditary) Methemoglobinemia

  • There are three main congenital conditions that lead to methemoglobinemia:

1. Cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency and pyruvate kinase deficiency

2. G6PD deficiency

3. Presence of abnormal hemoglobin (Hb M)


Acquired or Acute Methemoglobinemia

1. Drug Induced

• Anesthetics[3] like benzocaine[4], lidocaine[5], prilocaine[6]

• Methylene blue

• Nitric oxide

• Amyl Nitrate

• Nitroglycerin

• Antimalarial drugs like Primaquine phosphate (in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) methemoglobin reductase deficient individuals)

• Rasburicase [7]

• Sulfasalazine

• Dapsone

• Trimethoprim

• Sulfonamides

• Aniline dyes[8]

• Metoclopramide

• Chlorates and Bromates

2. Contaminated well water (in premature infants and infants younger than 4 months) [9] [10]

3. Solid foods (not well cooked vegetables high in nitrates in premature infants and infants younger than 4 months) [11] [12]

References

  1. ↑ Hall AH, Kulig KW, Rumack BH (1986). "Drug- and chemical-induced methaemoglobinaemia. Clinical features and management". Med Toxicol. 1 (4): 253–60. PMID 3537620.
  2. ↑ do Nascimento TS, Pereira RO, de Mello HL, Costa J (2008). "Methemoglobinemia: from diagnosis to treatment". Rev Bras Anestesiol. 58 (6): 651–64. PMID 19082413.
  3. ↑ Faust AC, Guy E, Baby N, Ortegon A (2018). "Local Anesthetic-Induced Methemoglobinemia During Pregnancy: A Case Report and Evaluation of Treatment Options". J Emerg Med. 54 (5): 681–684. doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2018.01.039. PMID 29519718.
  4. ↑ Rodriguez LF, Smolik LM, Zbehlik AJ (1994). "Benzocaine-induced methemoglobinemia: report of a severe reaction and review of the literature". Ann Pharmacother. 28 (5): 643–9. doi:10.1177/106002809402800515. PMID 8069004.
  5. ↑ Gay HC, Amaral AP (2018). "Acquired Methemoglobinemia Associated with Topical Lidocaine Administration: A Case Report". Drug Saf Case Rep. 5 (1): 15. doi:10.1007/s40800-018-0081-4. PMC 5889764. PMID 29627919.
  6. ↑ Shamriz O, Cohen-Glickman I, Reif S, Shteyer E (2014). "Methemoglobinemia induced by lidocaine-prilocaine cream". Isr Med Assoc J. 16 (4): 250–4. PMID 24834764.
  7. ↑ Khan M, Paul S, Farooq S, Oo TH, Ramshesh P, Jain N (2017). "Rasburicase-Induced Methemoglobinemia in a Patient with Glucose-6- Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency". Curr Drug Saf. 12 (1): 13–18. doi:10.2174/1574886312666170111151246. PMID 28078984.
  8. ↑ Messmer AS, Nickel CH, Bareiss D (2015). "P-chloroaniline poisoning causing methemoglobinemia: a case report and review of the literature". Case Rep Emerg Med. 2015: 208732. doi:10.1155/2015/208732. PMC 4377359. PMID 25861488.
  9. ↑ Brunato F, Garziera MG, Briguglio E (2003). "A severe methaemoglobinemia induced by nitrates: a case report". Eur J Emerg Med. 10 (4): 326–30. doi:10.1097/01.mej.0000103472.32882.db. PMID 14676514.
  10. ↑ [www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations]
  11. ↑ [www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm250024.htm]
  12. ↑ [www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm306062.htm]


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