Constipation causes: Difference between revisions
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__NOTOC__ | __NOTOC__ | ||
{{Constipation}} | {{Constipation}} | ||
{{CMG}}; {{M.P}} | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{M.P}}, {{EG}} | ||
==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Constipation in adults may be due to side effects of [[medications]], such as [[antispasmodics]], [[anticholinergics]], [[analgesics]]; or may be associated with systemic disorders, such as [[diabetes mellitus]] and [[hypothyroidism]]. [[Idiopathic]] constipation should be considered once the secondary causes are ruled out and it may be associated with normal or slow colonic transit, dysfunction in defecation, or both. Constipation in childhood often resolves with age after proper guidance regarding [[diet]], [[toilet training]], and toileting behaviors. | |||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
===Life Threatening Causes=== | ===Life Threatening Causes=== | ||
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. | Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. These conditions include the followings:<ref name="pmid10631634">{{cite journal| author=Hennessey A, Robertson NP, Swingler R, Compston DA| title=Urinary, faecal and sexual dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis. | journal=J Neurol | year= 1999 | volume= 246 | issue= 11 | pages= 1027-32 | pmid=10631634 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10631634 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Atropine|Atropine poisoning]] | *[[Atropine|Atropine poisoning]] | ||
*[[Hypokalemia]] | *[[Hypokalemia]] | ||
| Line 19: | Line 19: | ||
===Common Causes=== | ===Common Causes=== | ||
Common causes of constipation include:<ref name="pmid9932850">{{cite journal| author=Roma E, Adamidis D, Nikolara R, Constantopoulos A, Messaritakis J| title=Diet and chronic constipation in children: the role of fiber. | journal=J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr | year= 1999 | volume= 28 | issue= 2 | pages= 169-74 | pmid=9932850 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9932850 }} </ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Caldarella MP, Milano A, Laterza F, ''et al'' |title=Visceral sensitivity and symptoms in patients with constipation- or diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): effect of a low-fat intraduodenal infusion |journal=Am. J. Gastroenterol. |volume=100 |issue=2 |pages=383–9 |year=2005 |pmid=15667496 |doi=10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.40100.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.helpwithsmoking.com/nicotine-withdrawal.php#constipation |title=Nicotine withdrawal symptoms:Constipation |accessdate=2007-06-29 |date=2005 |publisher=helpwithsmoking.com }}</ref><ref name="pmid16566021">{{cite journal| author=Langston JW| title=The Parkinson's complex: parkinsonism is just the tip of the iceberg. | journal=Ann Neurol | year= 2006 | volume= 59 | issue= 4 | pages= 591-6 | pmid=16566021 | doi=10.1002/ana.20834 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16566021 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10353954">{{cite journal| author=Stadtler AC, Gorski PA, Brazelton TB| title=Toilet training methods, clinical interventions, and recommendations. American Academy of Pediatrics. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1999 | volume= 103 | issue= 6 Pt 2 | pages= 1359-68 | pmid=10353954 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10353954 }} </ref> | |||
* '''Hardening of the feces''' | * '''Hardening of the feces''' | ||
** Improper [[mastication]] | ** Improper [[mastication]] | ||
| Line 40: | Line 41: | ||
* '''Psychosomatic constipation''' | * '''Psychosomatic constipation''' | ||
** [[Functional constipation]] | ** [[Functional constipation]] | ||
** [[Irritable bowel syndrome]] | ** [[Irritable bowel syndrome]] | ||
* [[Smoking cessation]] | * [[Smoking cessation]] | ||
* [[Abdominal surgery]] | * [[Abdominal surgery]] | ||
* [[Childbirth]] | * [[Childbirth]] | ||
===Less Common Causes=== | |||
Less common causes of constipation include:<ref name="pmid12826635">{{cite journal| author=Richardson PG, Barlogie B, Berenson J, Singhal S, Jagannath S, Irwin D et al.| title=A phase 2 study of bortezomib in relapsed, refractory myeloma. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2003 | volume= 348 | issue= 26 | pages= 2609-17 | pmid=12826635 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa030288 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12826635 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15188181">{{cite journal| author=Bookman ID, Redston MS, Greenberg GR| title=Successful treatment of cap polyposis with infliximab. | journal=Gastroenterology | year= 2004 | volume= 126 | issue= 7 | pages= 1868-71 | pmid=15188181 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15188181 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22357716">{{cite journal| author=Figueroa JJ, Dyck PJ, Laughlin RS, Mercado JA, Massie R, Sandroni P et al.| title=Autonomic dysfunction in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. | journal=Neurology | year= 2012 | volume= 78 | issue= 10 | pages= 702-8 | pmid=22357716 | doi=10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182494d66 | pmc=PMC3306161 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22357716 }} </ref><ref name="pmid15880314">{{cite journal| author=Stanghellini V, Cogliandro RF, De Giorgio R, Barbara G, Morselli-Labate AM, Cogliandro L et al.| title=Natural history of chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction in adults: a single center study. | journal=Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol | year= 2005 | volume= 3 | issue= 5 | pages= 449-58 | pmid=15880314 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15880314 }} </ref><ref name="pmid21605813">{{cite journal| author=Kárpáti S| title=An exception within the group of autoimmune blistering diseases: dermatitis herpetiformis, the gluten-sensitive dermopathy. | journal=Dermatol Clin | year= 2011 | volume= 29 | issue= 3 | pages= 463-8, x | pmid=21605813 | doi=10.1016/j.det.2011.03.019 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21605813 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11074238">{{cite journal| author=Kühnel A, Gross U, Doss MO| title=Hereditary coproporphyria in Germany: clinical-biochemical studies in 53 patients. | journal=Clin Biochem | year= 2000 | volume= 33 | issue= 6 | pages= 465-73 | pmid=11074238 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11074238 }} </ref><ref name="pmid19608677">{{cite journal| author=Ritchie D, Piekarz RL, Blombery P, Karai LJ, Pittaluga S, Jaffe ES et al.| title=Reactivation of DNA viruses in association with histone deacetylase inhibitor therapy: a case series report. | journal=Haematologica | year= 2009 | volume= 94 | issue= 11 | pages= 1618-22 | pmid=19608677 | doi=10.3324/haematol.2009.008607 | pmc=PMC2770976 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19608677 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9818012">{{cite journal| author=Levi N, Schroeder TV| title=Isolated iliac artery aneurysms. | journal=Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg | year= 1998 | volume= 16 | issue= 4 | pages= 342-4 | pmid=9818012 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9818012 }} </ref><ref name="pmid14597985">{{cite journal| author=Favier R, Jondeau K, Boutard P, Grossfeld P, Reinert P, Jones C et al.| title=Paris-Trousseau syndrome : clinical, hematological, molecular data of ten new cases. | journal=Thromb Haemost | year= 2003 | volume= 90 | issue= 5 | pages= 893-7 | pmid=14597985 | doi=10.1267/THRO03050893 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=14597985 }} </ref><ref name="pmid9443463">{{cite journal| author=O'Suilleabhain P, Low PA, Lennon VA| title=Autonomic dysfunction in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: serologic and clinical correlates. | journal=Neurology | year= 1998 | volume= 50 | issue= 1 | pages= 88-93 | pmid=9443463 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9443463 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8923126">{{cite journal| author=Lopez-Ibor J, Guelfi JD, Pletan Y, Tournoux A, Prost JF| title=Milnacipran and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in major depression. | journal=Int Clin Psychopharmacol | year= 1996 | volume= 11 Suppl 4 | issue= | pages= 41-6 | pmid=8923126 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8923126 }} </ref><ref name="pmid1473414">{{cite journal| author=Jetmore AB, Timmcke AE, Gathright JB, Hicks TC, Ray JE, Baker JW| title=Ogilvie's syndrome: colonoscopic decompression and analysis of predisposing factors. | journal=Dis Colon Rectum | year= 1992 | volume= 35 | issue= 12 | pages= 1135-42 | pmid=1473414 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1473414 }} </ref><ref name="pmid1594338">{{cite journal| author=Partin JC, Hamill SK, Fischel JE, Partin JS| title=Painful defecation and fecal soiling in children. | journal=Pediatrics | year= 1992 | volume= 89 | issue= 6 Pt 1 | pages= 1007-9 | pmid=1594338 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1594338 }} </ref><ref name="pmid3777869">{{cite journal| author=Margulies A, Metman EH, Girard JJ, Dorval ED, Bertrand J| title=[Severe constipation indicative of pseudohypoparathyroidism and resolved after normalization of the blood calcium]. | journal=Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol (Paris) | year= 1986 | volume= 22 | issue= 5 | pages= 271-2 | pmid=3777869 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3777869 }} </ref><ref name="pmid22830463">{{cite journal| author=Euvrard S, Morelon E, Rostaing L, Goffin E, Brocard A, Tromme I et al.| title=Sirolimus and secondary skin-cancer prevention in kidney transplantation. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2012 | volume= 367 | issue= 4 | pages= 329-39 | pmid=22830463 | doi=10.1056/NEJMoa1204166 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=22830463 }} </ref><ref name="pmid20448107">{{cite journal| author=Waage A, Gimsing P, Fayers P, Abildgaard N, Ahlberg L, Björkstrand B et al.| title=Melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide or placebo in elderly patients with multiple myeloma. | journal=Blood | year= 2010 | volume= 116 | issue= 9 | pages= 1405-12 | pmid=20448107 | doi=10.1182/blood-2009-08-237974 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=20448107 }} </ref><ref name="pmid12432430">{{cite journal| author=Sforzini C, Milani D, Fossali E, Barbato A, Grumieri G, Bianchetti MG et al.| title=Renal tract ultrasonography and calcium homeostasis in Williams-Beuren syndrome. | journal=Pediatr Nephrol | year= 2002 | volume= 17 | issue= 11 | pages= 899-902 | pmid=12432430 | doi=10.1007/s00467-002-0889-z | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12432430 }} </ref><ref name="pmid23522863">{{cite journal| author=Peeters B, Noens I, Philips EM, Kuppens S, Benninga MA| title=Autism spectrum disorders in children with functional defecation disorders. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 2013 | volume= 163 | issue= 3 | pages= 873-8 | pmid=23522863 | doi=10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.02.028 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23522863 }} </ref><ref name="pmid18998743">{{cite journal| author=Yang LP, Plosker GL| title=Desvenlafaxine extended release. | journal=CNS Drugs | year= 2008 | volume= 22 | issue= 12 | pages= 1061-9 | pmid=18998743 | doi=10.2165/0023210-200822120-00008 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18998743 }} </ref><ref name="pmid17826933">{{cite journal| author=Kikuta S, Asakage T, Nakao K, Sugasawa M, Kubota A| title=The aggravating factors of hyperammonemia related to 5-fluorouracil infusion--a report of two cases. | journal=Auris Nasus Larynx | year= 2008 | volume= 35 | issue= 2 | pages= 295-9 | pmid=17826933 | doi=10.1016/j.anl.2007.04.012 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17826933 }} </ref><ref name="pmid3540519">{{cite journal| author=Legha SS| title=Vincristine neurotoxicity. Pathophysiology and management. | journal=Med Toxicol | year= 1986 | volume= 1 | issue= 6 | pages= 421-7 | pmid=3540519 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3540519 }} </ref> | |||
*[[Acute intermittent porphyria]] | |||
*[[Adjustable gastric band]] | |||
*[[Anal atresia]] | |||
*[[Anal carcinoma]] | |||
*[[Autism]] | |||
*[[Autonomic neuropathy]] | |||
*[[Bortezomib]] | |||
*[[polyposis|Cap polyposis]] | |||
*[[Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]] | |||
*[[Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction]] | |||
*[[Dermatitis herpetiformis]] | |||
*[[Desvanlafaxine]] | |||
*[[Diverticulitis natural history, complications and prognosis|Diverticular stricture]], | |||
*[[Eosinophilic gastroenteritis|Eosinophilic colitis]] | |||
*[[Fluorouracil]] | |||
*[[Fructose malabsorption]] | |||
*[[Glucagonoma]] | |||
*[[Hereditary coproporphyria]] | |||
*[[vorinostat|Histone deacetylase inhibitors]] | |||
*[[Iliac artery aneurysm]] | |||
*[[bowel obstruction|Intestinal pseduoobstruction]] | |||
*[[Janumet]] ([[sitagliptin]] and [[metformin]]) | |||
*[[Jacobsen syndrome]] | |||
*[[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]] | |||
*[[Milnacipran hydrochloride]] | |||
*[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN 2b)]] | |||
*[[Occult spinal dysraphism sequence]] | |||
*[[Ogilvie's syndrome]] | |||
*[[defecation|Painful defecation]] | |||
*[[Pseudohypoparathyroidism]] | |||
*[[Sirolimus]] | |||
*[[Thalidomide]] | |||
*[[Vincristine]] | |||
*[[Williams-Beuren syndrome]] | |||
===Causes by Organ System=== | ===Causes by Organ System=== | ||
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1" | {| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1" | ||
| | | style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular''' | ||
| | | style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | [[Iliac artery aneurysm]], [[Acute mesenteric ischemia|Superior mesenteric artery occlusion]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Chemical / poisoning''' | | '''Chemical / poisoning''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Atropine|Atropine poisoning]], [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Atropine|Atropine poisoning]], [[Lead poisoning]], [[opium|Opium poisoning]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Dermatologic''' | | '''Dermatologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dermatitis herpetiformis]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Dermatitis herpetiformis]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Drug Side Effect''' | | '''Drug Side Effect''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | | ||
[[5-HT3 antagonist]], | [[5-HT3 antagonist]], | ||
[[5-hydroxytryptophan]], | [[5-hydroxytryptophan]], | ||
[[ | [[Acamprosate]], | ||
[[ | [[Acebutolol]], | ||
[[ | [[Acetaminophen]], | ||
[[ | [[Aldesleukin]], | ||
[[ | [[Alendronate]], | ||
[[ | [[Alfentanil]], | ||
[[ | [[Alfuzosin]], | ||
[[ | [[Alosetron]], | ||
[[ | [[Alprazolam]], | ||
[[ | [[Aluminium hydroxide]], | ||
[[ | [[Amiodarone]], | ||
[[ | [[Amitriptyline]], | ||
[[ | [[Amlodipine]], | ||
[[ | [[Amobarbital]], | ||
[[ | [[Anagrelide]], | ||
[[ | [[Anastrozole]], | ||
[[ | [[Aprepitant]], | ||
[[ | [[Aripiprazole]], | ||
[[ | [[Atorvastatin]], | ||
[[ | [[Atovaquone]], | ||
[[ | [[Atropine]], | ||
[[ | [[Auranofin]], | ||
[[ | [[Axitinib]], | ||
[[ | [[Azacitidine]] | ||
[[ | [[Barium sulfate]], | ||
[[ | [[Basiliximab]], | ||
[[ | [[Benzatropine]], | ||
[[ | [[Benzonatate]], | ||
[[ | [[Bepridil]], | ||
[[ | [[Beta blockers]], | ||
[[ | [[Bezafibrate]], | ||
[[ | [[Bicalutamide]], | ||
[[Bile acid sequestrant]], | |||
[[Bortezomib]], | |||
[[Bromocriptine]], | |||
[[Buspirone]], | |||
[[Busulfan]], | |||
[[Butabarbital]], | |||
[[Butorphanol]], | [[Butorphanol]], | ||
[[ | [[Calcitriol]], | ||
[[ | [[Calcium carbonate]], | ||
[[ | [[Capecitabine]], | ||
[[ | [[Caspofungin acetate]], | ||
[[ | [[Carbamazepine]], | ||
[[ | [[Carbidopa]], | ||
[[ | [[Carboplatin]], | ||
[[ | [[Carfilzomib]], | ||
[[ | [[Carteolol]], | ||
[[ | [[Cerivastatin]], | ||
[[ | [[Cetuximab]], | ||
[[ | [[Chlordiazepoxide]], | ||
[[ | [[Chloropyramine]], | ||
[[ | [[Chlorpromazine]], | ||
[[ | [[Chlorpropamide]], | ||
[[ | [[Cholestyramine]], | ||
[[ | [[Cidofovir]], | ||
[[ | [[Cimetidine]], | ||
[[ | [[Cisapride]], | ||
[[ | [[Citalopram]], | ||
[[ | [[Cladribine]], | ||
[[ | [[Clobazam]], | ||
[[ | [[Clofarabine]], | ||
[[ | [[Clomipramine]], | ||
[[ | [[Clonazepam]], | ||
[[ | [[Clonidine]], | ||
[[ | [[Clorazepate]], | ||
[[ | [[Clozapine]], | ||
[[ | [[Codeine]], | ||
[[ | [[Colesevelam]], | ||
[[ | [[Colestipol]], | ||
[[ | [[Colofac]], | ||
[[ | [[Crizotinib]], | ||
[[ | [[Cyclizine]], | ||
[[Cyclobenzaprine]], | [[Cyclobenzaprine]], | ||
[[ | [[Cytarabine liposome]] | ||
[[ | [[Daptomycin]], | ||
[[ | [[Darbepoetin alfa]], | ||
[[ | [[Darifenacin]], | ||
[[ | [[Darunavir]], | ||
[[ | [[Desipramine]], | ||
[[ | [[Desvenlafaxine]], | ||
[[ | [[Dextroamphetamine]], | ||
[[ | [[Dextropropoxyphene]], | ||
[[ | [[Diacetyldihydromorphine]], | ||
[[ | [[Diazepam]], | ||
[[ | [[Dicyclomine]], | ||
[[ | [[Diethylcathinone]], | ||
[[ | [[Diflunisal]], | ||
[[ | [[Dihydroetorphine]], | ||
[[ | [[Diltiazem]], | ||
[[ | [[Dimenhydrinate]], | ||
[[ | [[Diphenhydramine]], | ||
[[ | [[Disopyramide]], | ||
[[ | [[Diuretic]], | ||
[[ | [[Dolasetron]], | ||
[[ | [[Dolasetron]], | ||
[[ | [[Doripenem]], | ||
[[ | [[Dosulepin hydrochloride]], | ||
[[ | [[Doxepin]], | ||
[[ | [[Droperidol]], | ||
[[Duloxetine]], | |||
[[Efavirenz]], | [[Efavirenz]], | ||
[[ | [[Enfuvirtide]], | ||
[[ | [[Enzalutamide]], | ||
[[Epoetin alfa]], | |||
[[Eribulin]], | [[Eribulin]], | ||
[[ | [[Esomeprazole]], | ||
[[ | [[Estazolam]], | ||
[[ | [[Estradiol]], | ||
[[ | [[Ethcathinone]], | ||
[[ | [[Ethosuximide]], | ||
[[ | [[Ethylmorphine]], | ||
[[ | [[Etodolac]], | ||
[[ | [[Etoposide]], | ||
[[ | [[Everolimus]], | ||
[[ | [[Famotidine]], | ||
[[ | [[Felbamate]], | ||
[[ | [[Felodipine]], | ||
[[ | [[Fenofibrate]], | ||
[[ | [[Fenoprofen]], | ||
[[ | [[Fentanyl]], | ||
[[ | [[Ferrous sulfate]], | ||
[[ | [[Fesoterodine]], | ||
[[ | [[Fludarabine phosphate]], | ||
[[ | [[Fluorouracil]], | ||
[[ | [[Fluoxetine]], | ||
[[ | [[Fluphenazine]], | ||
[[ | [[Flurazepam]], | ||
[[Flurbiprofen]], | [[Flurbiprofen]], | ||
[[ | [[Fluvoxamine]], | ||
[[ | [[Fulvestrant]], | ||
[[ | [[Furosemide]], | ||
[[ | [[Gabapentin]], | ||
[[ | [[Ganciclovir]], | ||
[[ | [[Gatifloxacin]], | ||
[[ | [[Gemcitabine]], | ||
[[ | [[Gemfibrozil]], | ||
[[Glipizide]], | [[Glipizide]], | ||
[[ | [[Glycopyrrolate]], | ||
[[ | [[Granisetron]], | ||
[[ | [[Guanethidine]], | ||
[[ | [[Guanfacine]], | ||
[[H2 antagonist]], | [[H2 antagonist]], | ||
[[ | [[Haloperidol]], | ||
[[ | [[Hexamethonium]], | ||
[[vorinostat| | [[vorinostat|Histone deacetylase inhibitors]], | ||
[[ | [[Hydralazine]], | ||
[[ | [[Hydrocodone]], | ||
[[Hydrocodone bitartrate and Homatropine methylbromide]], | [[Hydrocodone bitartrate and Homatropine methylbromide]], | ||
[[ | [[Hydroxyurea]], | ||
[[ | [[Hydroxyzine]], | ||
[[ | [[Hyoscyamine]], | ||
[[Hydrochlorothiazide]], | [[Hydrochlorothiazide]], | ||
[[ | [[Ibandronate]], | ||
[[ | [[Imatinib]], | ||
[[ | [[Imipramine]], | ||
[[ | [[Indomethacin]], | ||
[[ | [[Insulin lispro]], | ||
[[ | [[Interferon beta-1b]], | ||
[[ | [[Ipratropium]], | ||
[[Irinotecan hydrochloride]] | [[Irinotecan|Irinotecan hydrochloride]], | ||
[[ | [[Iron supplements]], | ||
[[ | [[Isocarboxazid]], | ||
[[ | [[Isradipine]], | ||
[[ | [[Itraconazole]], | ||
[[Ivermectin]], | [[Ivermectin]], | ||
[[ | [[Kaolin]], | ||
[[Ketorolac tromethamine]], | [[Ketorolac tromethamine]], | ||
[[ | [[Lacidipine]], | ||
[[ | [[Lamivudine]], | ||
[[ | [[Lamotrigine]], | ||
[[ | [[Lansoprazole]], | ||
[[ | [[Lanthanum]], | ||
[[ | [[Leflunomide]], | ||
[[Lenalidomide]], | [[Lenalidomide]], | ||
[[ | [[Letrozole]], | ||
[[ | [[Leuprolide]], | ||
[[ | [[Levalbuterol]], | ||
[[ | [[Levetiracetam]], | ||
[[ | [[Levodopa]], | ||
[[ | [[Levomethadyl]], | ||
[[ | [[Levorphanol]], | ||
[[ | [[Linezolid]], | ||
[[ | [[Lofepramine]], | ||
[[ | [[Lomotil]], | ||
[[ | [[Lorcaserin]], | ||
[[ | [[Loperamide]], | ||
[[ | [[Loprazolam]], | ||
[[ | [[Lorazepam]], | ||
[[ | [[Lovastatin]], | ||
[[ | [[Lovaza]], | ||
[[ | [[Loxapine]], | ||
[[Magaldrate]], | |||
[[Mebendazole]], | [[Mebendazole]], | ||
[[ | [[Meclizine]], | ||
[[ | [[Meclofenamate]], | ||
[[ | [[Mefenamic acid]], | ||
[[ | [[Meperidine]], | ||
[[ | [[Meropenem]], | ||
[[ | [[Mesalamine]], | ||
[[ | [[Mesna]], | ||
[[ | [[Mesoridazine]], | ||
[[ | [[Metformin]], | ||
[[ | [[Methadone]], | ||
[[ | [[Methsuximide]], | ||
[[ | [[Methyprylon]], | ||
[[Metoprolol]], | |||
[[Mifepristone]], | [[Mifepristone]], | ||
[[ | [[Milnacipran hydrochloride]], | ||
[[ | [[Misoprostol]], | ||
[[ | [[Modafinil]], | ||
[[ | [[Morphine]], | ||
[[ | [[Motofen]], | ||
[[ | [[Nabumetone]], | ||
[[Naproxen sodium]], | [[Naproxen sodium]], | ||
[[ | [[Nateglinide]], | ||
[[ | [[Nefazodone]], | ||
[[ | [[Netupitant and palonosetron]], | ||
[[ | [[Nicardipine]], | ||
[[ | [[Nifedipine]], | ||
[[ | [[Nilotinib]], | ||
[[ | [[Nilutamide]], | ||
[[ | [[Nimodipine]], | ||
[[ | [[Nisoldipine]], | ||
[[ | [[Nizatidine]], | ||
[[ | [[Nortriptyline]], | ||
[[ | [[Olanzapine]], | ||
[[ | [[Omeprazole]], | ||
[[ | [[Ondansetron]], | ||
[[ | [[Oxaliplatin]], | ||
[[ | [[Oxazepam]], | ||
[[ | [[Oxcarbazepine]], | ||
[[ | [[Oxybutynin]], | ||
[[ | [[Oxycodone]], | ||
[[ | [[Palonosetron]], | ||
[[ | [[Pamidronate]], | ||
[[ | [[Pancrelipase]], | ||
[[ | [[Paroxetine]], | ||
[[Peginterferon alfa-2b]], | |||
[[Pemetrexed]], | |||
[[Pentamidine Isethionate]], | [[Pentamidine Isethionate]], | ||
[[ | [[Pergolide]], | ||
[[ | [[Perphenazine]], | ||
[[ | [[Pethidine]], | ||
[[ | [[Phenelzine]], | ||
[[ | [[Phentermine]], | ||
[[ | [[Phenytoin]], | ||
[[ | [[Pholcodine]], | ||
[[ | [[Pimozide]], | ||
[[ | [[Piperacillin sodium]], | ||
[[ | [[Piroxicam]], | ||
[[ | [[Posaconazole]], | ||
[[ | [[Pramipexole]], | ||
[[ | [[Prazepam]], | ||
[[ | [[Prazosin]], | ||
[[ | [[Prednisolone]], | ||
[[ | [[Pregabalin]], | ||
[[ | [[Procarbazine]], | ||
[[ | [[Prochlorperazine]], | ||
[[ | [[Procyclidine]], | ||
[[Progesterone]], | [[Progesterone]], | ||
[[ | [[Promethazine]], | ||
[[ | [[Propafenone]], | ||
[[ | [[Propantheline]], | ||
[[ | [[Propoxyphene]], | ||
[[ | [[Propranolol]], | ||
[[ | [[Protriptyline]], | ||
[[ | [[Quetiapine]], | ||
[[ | [[Rabeprazole]], | ||
[[ | [[Ranitidine]], | ||
[[ | [[Ranolazine]], | ||
[[ | [[Rasagiline]], | ||
[[Rasburicase]], | [[Rasburicase]], | ||
[[ | [[Reboxetine]], | ||
[[ | [[Repaglinide]], | ||
[[ | [[Ribavirin]], | ||
[[ | [[Rilmenidine]], | ||
[[ | [[Risperidone]], | ||
[[ | [[Rivastigmine]], | ||
[[ | [[Ropinirole]], | ||
[[ | [[Rosuvastatin]], | ||
[[ | [[Sacrosidase]], | ||
[[ | [[Saquinavir]], | ||
[[ | [[Scopolamine]], | ||
[[ | [[Scopolamine]], | ||
[[ | [[Secobarbital]], | ||
[[ | [[Selegiline]], | ||
[[ | [[Sertraline]], | ||
[[ | [[Sevelamer]], | ||
[[ | [[Sibutramine]], | ||
[[ | [[Siltuximab]], | ||
[[ | [[Simethicone]], | ||
[[ | [[Simvastatin]], | ||
[[ | [[Sirolimus]], | ||
[[ | [[Sitaxsentan]], | ||
[[ | [[Sorafenib]], | ||
[[ | [[Sotalol]], | ||
[[ | [[Sucralfate]], | ||
[[ | [[Sufentanil]], | ||
[[ | [[Sulindac]], | ||
[[Sunitinib]], | |||
[[Suxamethonium chloride]], | |||
[[Tacrolimus]], | [[Tacrolimus]], | ||
[[ | [[Tamoxifen]], | ||
[[ | [[Tapentadol]], | ||
[[ | [[Tegaserod]], | ||
[[ | [[Temazepam]], | ||
[[ | [[Temozolomide]], | ||
[[ | [[Terazosin]], | ||
[[ | [[Teriparatide]], | ||
[[ | [[Tetraferric tricitrate decahydrate]], | ||
[[ | [[Thalidomide]], | ||
[[ | [[Thioridazine hydrochloride]], | ||
[[ | [[Thiothixene]], | ||
[[ | [[Tianeptine]], | ||
[[ | [[Tiludronate]], | ||
[[ | [[Tinidazole]], | ||
[[ | [[Tiotropium]], | ||
[[ | [[Tolterodine]], | ||
[[ | [[Tolmetin]], | ||
[[ | [[Topiramate]], | ||
[[Topotecan]], | |||
[[Trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide]], | |||
[[Tranylcypromine]], | |||
[[Tretinoin]], | [[Tretinoin]], | ||
[[ | [[Triazolam]], | ||
[[ | [[Triclofos]], | ||
[[ | [[Trifluoperazine]], | ||
[[ | [[Trihexyphenidyl]], | ||
[[ | [[Trimethadione]], | ||
[[ | [[Trimipramine]], | ||
[[ | [[Tropisetron]], | ||
[[ | [[Trospium]], | ||
[[Valganciclovir hydrochloride]], | [[Valganciclovir hydrochloride]], | ||
[[ | [[Valproic acid]], | ||
[[ | [[Venlafaxine]], | ||
[[ | [[Verapamil]], | ||
[[ | [[Vicodin]], | ||
[[ | [[Vigabatrin]], | ||
[[ | [[Viloxazine]], | ||
[[ | [[Vinblastine]], | ||
[[ | [[Vincristine]], | ||
[[ | [[Vincristine|Vincristine sulfate liposome]], | ||
[[ | [[Vindesine]], | ||
[[ | [[Vinorelbine]], | ||
[[ | [[Vorinostat]], | ||
[[ | [[Zaleplon]], | ||
[[ | [[Zidovudine]], | ||
[[ | [[Zileuton]], | ||
[[ | [[Ziprasidone]], | ||
[[ | [[Zoledronic acid]], | ||
[[ | [[Zolpidem]], | ||
[[ | [[Zonisamide]], | ||
[[ | [[Zotepine]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Ear Nose Throat''' | | '''Ear Nose Throat''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Endocrine''' | | '''Endocrine''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | | ||
[[Conn's syndrome]], | [[Conn's syndrome]], | ||
[[ | [[Diabetes mellitus]], | ||
[[ | [[Glucagonoma]], | ||
[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], | [[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]], | ||
[[ | [[Hyperparathyroidism]], | ||
[[ | [[Hypothyroidism]], | ||
[[ | [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]], | ||
[[ | [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1]], [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2]], | ||
[[ | [[Myxedema]], | ||
[[ | [[Panhypopituitarism]], | ||
[[ | [[Parathyroid adenoma]], | ||
[[ | [[Pheochromocytoma]], | ||
[[ | [[Primary parathyroid hyperplasia]], | ||
[[Pseudohypoparathyroidism]]. | |||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Environmental''' | | '''Environmental''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Milk intolerance|Cow’s milk intolerance]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Gastroenterologic''' | | '''Gastroenterologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | | ||
[[Anal atresia]], | [[Anal atresia]], | ||
[[ | [[Anal carcinoma]], | ||
[[ | [[Ascites]], | ||
[[Adhesion (medicine)|bowel adhesion]], | [[Adhesion (medicine)|bowel adhesion]], | ||
[[ | [[Bowel obstruction]], | ||
[[ | [[Polyposis|cap polyposis]], | ||
[[ | [[Celiac disease]], | ||
[[ | [[Chronic amebiasis]], | ||
[[ | [[Colectomy]], | ||
[[Stenosis| | [[Stenosis|Colonic stricture]], | ||
[[ | [[Colorectal cancer]], | ||
[[ | [[Congenital malformation]], | ||
[[enema| | [[enema|Corrosive enemas]], | ||
[[Crohn's disease]], | [[Crohn's disease]], | ||
[[Diverticulitis natural history, complications and prognosis| | [[Diverticulitis natural history, complications and prognosis|Diverticular stricture]], | ||
[[ | [[Diverticulitis]], | ||
[[Vaginal prolapse| | [[Vaginal prolapse|Enterocele]], | ||
[[Eosinophilic gastroenteritis| | [[Eosinophilic gastroenteritis|Eosinophilic colitis]], | ||
[[pelvic masses| | [[pelvic masses|Extrinsic compression]], | ||
[[ | [[Gastroptosis]], | ||
[[ | [[Hernia]], | ||
[[Hirschsprung's disease]], | [[Hirschsprung's disease]], | ||
[[ | [[Ileus]], | ||
[[ | [[Imperforate anus]], | ||
[[ | [[Inflammatory bowel disease]], | ||
[[pelvic masses| | [[pelvic masses|Intraabdominal/pelvic tumors]], | ||
[[ | [[Intussusception]], | ||
[[ | [[Irritable bowel syndrome]], | ||
[[ | [[Ischemic colitis]], | ||
[[ | [[Megacolon]], | ||
[[ | [[Megarectum]], | ||
[[Ogilvie's syndrome]], | [[Ogilvie's syndrome]], | ||
[[ | [[Defecation|Painful defecation]], | ||
[[ | [[Paralytic ileus]], | ||
[[ | [[Pelvic masses]], | ||
[[ | [[Pelvic masses|Pelvic tumors]], | ||
[[ | [[Perianal abscess]], | ||
[[ | [[Proctitis]], | ||
[[ | [[Rectal cancer]], | ||
[[ | [[Rectal prolapse]], | ||
[[Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome| | [[Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome|Rectal ulcer]], | ||
[[ | [[Rectocele]], | ||
[[ | [[Ulcerative colitis]], | ||
[[myopathy| | [[myopathy|Visceral myopathies]], | ||
[[ | [[Volvulus]], | ||
[[ | [[Wandering spleen]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Genetic''' | | '''Genetic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | | ||
[[Batten disease]], | [[Batten disease]], | ||
[[Berdon syndrome]], | [[Berdon syndrome]], | ||
[[ | [[Cerebral palsy]], | ||
[[Cornelia de Lange syndrome]], | [[Cornelia de Lange syndrome]], | ||
[[ | [[Cystic fibrosis]], | ||
[[Down syndrome]], | [[Down syndrome]], | ||
[[ | [[Gastroschisis]], | ||
[[ | [[Hereditary coproporphyria]], | ||
[[myopathy| | [[myopathy|Hereditary internal anal sphincter myopathy]], | ||
[[ | [[Megacolon]], | ||
[[ | [[Megarectum]], | ||
[[ | [[Prune belly syndrome]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Hematologic''' | | '''Hematologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | | ||
[[Acute intermittent porphyria]], | [[Acute intermittent porphyria]], | ||
[[ | [[Amyloidosis]], | ||
[[ | [[Hereditary coproporphyria]], | ||
[[ | [[Iron deficiency anemia]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Iatrogenic''' | | '''Iatrogenic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | | ||
[[Adjustable gastric band]], | [[Adjustable gastric band]], | ||
[[ | [[Colectomy]], | ||
[[ | [[Defecation|painful defecation]], | ||
[[ | [[Peritoneal dialysis]], | ||
[[surgery| | [[surgery|Postoperative complications]], | ||
[[ileus| | [[ileus|Postoperative ileus]], | ||
[[Toilet training| | [[Toilet training|Toilet training issues]], | ||
[[ | [[Upper gastrointestinal series]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Infectious Disease''' | | '''Infectious Disease''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | | ||
[[Blastocystosis]], | [[Blastocystosis]], | ||
[[ | [[Botulism]], | ||
[[ | [[Chagas disease]], | ||
[[ | [[Chronic amebiasis]], | ||
[[ | [[Hookworm]], | ||
[[ | [[Lassa fever]], | ||
[[ | [[Lymphogranuloma venereum]], | ||
[[ | [[Syphilis]], | ||
[[ | [[Tuberculosis]], | ||
[[ | [[Typhoid fever]], | ||
[[ | [[Opisthorchis infection]], | ||
[[ | [[Polio]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho''' | | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[Guillain-Barre syndrome]], [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]], [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[Guillain-Barre syndrome]], [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]], [[Muscular dystrophy]], [[Osteitis fibrosa cystica]], [[Paraplegia]], [[Spinal cord injury]], [[Spinal cord tumor]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Neurologic''' | | '''Neurologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | | ||
[[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], | [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], | ||
[[ | [[Autonomic neuropathy]], | ||
[[ | [[Cerebral palsy]], | ||
[[ | [[Chagas disease]], | ||
[[ | [[Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]], | ||
[[ | [[Diabetes mellitus]], | ||
[[Guillain-Barre syndrome]], | [[Guillain-Barre syndrome]], | ||
[[Hirschsprung's disease]], | [[Hirschsprung's disease]], | ||
[[ | [[Intestinal neuronal dysplasia]], | ||
[[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]], | [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]], | ||
[[ | [[Meningocele]], | ||
[[ | [[Multiple sclerosis]], | ||
[[ | [[Muscular dystrophy]], | ||
[[ | [[Neurofibromatosis]], | ||
[[ | [[Occult spinal dysraphism sequence]], | ||
[[ | [[Paraplegia]], | ||
[[ | [[Parkinson's disease]], | ||
[[ | [[Progressive supranuclear palsy]], | ||
[[intestinal obstruction| | [[intestinal obstruction|Pseduoobstruction]], | ||
[[ | [[Scleroderma]], | ||
[[ | [[Spina bifida]], | ||
[[ | [[Spinal cord injury]], | ||
[[ | [[Spinal cord lesions]], | ||
[[encephalopathy| | [[encephalopathy|Static encephalopathy]], | ||
[[ | [[Tabes dorsalis]], | ||
[[ | [[Tethered spinal cord syndrome]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic''' | | '''Nutritional / Metabolic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | | ||
[[ | [[Milk intolerance|Cow’s milk intolerance]], | ||
[[ | [[Food intolerance]], | ||
[[ | [[Hypercalcemia]], | ||
[[ | [[Hypervitaminosis D]], | ||
[[ | [[Hypokalemia]], | ||
[[ | [[Iron deficiency anemia]], | ||
[[ | [[Ketogenic diet]], | ||
[[dietary fiber| | [[dietary fiber|Lack of fiber]], | ||
[[ | [[Low residue diet]], | ||
[[ | [[Milk-alkali syndrome]], | ||
[[dehydration| | [[dehydration|Severe dehydration]], | ||
[[ | [[Starvation]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic''' | | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Childbirth]], [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Childbirth]], [[Complication of pregnancy]], [[Low birth weight|Extremely low birth weight]], [[Ovarian cancer]], [[Endometriosis|Rectovaginal or bowel endometriosis]], [[Uterine fibroid]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Oncologic''' | | '''Oncologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Colorectal cancer]], [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Colorectal cancer]], [[Pelvic masses|Intraabdominal/pelvic tumors]], [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN 2b)]], [[Neuroblastoma]], [[Ovarian cancer]], [[Parathyroid adenoma]], [[Rectal carcinoma]], [[Renal cell carcinoma]], [[Sacrococcygeal teratoma]], [[Spinal cord tumor]], [[Stomach cancer]], [[Uterine fibroid]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Opthalmologic''' | | '''Opthalmologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes | | bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Overdose / Toxicity''' | | '''Overdose / Toxicity''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acamprosate]], [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acamprosate]], [[Amiodarone]], [[Atropine]], [[Carboplatin]], [[Fentanyl]], [[Phenytoin]], [[Hypervitaminosis D]], [[Haloperidol]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Psychiatric''' | | '''Psychiatric''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | | ||
[[Anorexia nervosa]], | [[Anorexia nervosa]], | ||
[[ | [[Autism]], | ||
[[ | [[Bipolar disorder]], | ||
[[ | [[Eating disorder]], | ||
[[ | [[Emotional stress]], | ||
[[ | [[Major depression]], | ||
[[ | [[Obsessive compulsive disorder]], | ||
[[ | [[Pseudocyesis]], | ||
[[ | [[Psychosis]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Pulmonary''' | | '''Pulmonary''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cystic fibrosis]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cystic fibrosis]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Renal / Electrolyte''' | | '''Renal / Electrolyte''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hypercalcemia]], [[ | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hypercalcemia]], [[Hypokalemia]], [[Renal cell carcinoma]], [[Dehydration|Severe dehydration]], [[Uremia]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy''' | | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | | ||
[[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], [[ | [[Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]], [[Milk intolerance|Cow’s milk intolerance]], [[Food intolerance]], [[Guillain-Barre syndrome]], [[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]], [[Rett syndrome]], [[Scleroderma]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Sexual''' | | '''Sexual''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Tabes dorsalis]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Tabes dorsalis]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Trauma''' | | '''Trauma''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Spinal cord injury]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Spinal cord injury]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Urologic''' | | '''Urologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Urogenital neoplasm]] | | bgcolor="Beige" | [[Urogenital neoplasm]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Miscellaneous''' | | '''Miscellaneous''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| | | bgcolor="Beige" | | ||
[[diet|Dietary pattern change]], | [[diet|Dietary pattern change]], | ||
[[ | [[Dieting]], | ||
[[bed rest| | [[bed rest|Extended bed rest]], | ||
[[ | [[Functional constipation]], | ||
[[ | [[Idiopathic]], | ||
[[aging| | [[aging|Normal aging]], | ||
[[ | [[Smoking cessation]], | ||
[[SSRI discontinuation syndrome]], | [[SSRI discontinuation syndrome]], | ||
[[ | Travel [[constipation]]. | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | ||
{{ | {{columns-list| | ||
*[[5-HT3 antagonist]] | *[[5-HT3 antagonist]] | ||
*[[5-Hydroxytryptophan]] | *[[5-Hydroxytryptophan]] | ||
| Line 686: | Line 739: | ||
*[[Atropine]] | *[[Atropine]] | ||
*[[Auranofin]] | *[[Auranofin]] | ||
*[[Autism]] | *[[Autism]] | ||
*[[Autonomic neuropathy]] | *[[Autonomic neuropathy]] | ||
*[[Barium sulfate]] | *[[Barium sulfate]] | ||
| Line 701: | Line 754: | ||
*[[Bismuth subsalicylate]] | *[[Bismuth subsalicylate]] | ||
*[[Blastocystosis]] | *[[Blastocystosis]] | ||
*[[Bortezomib]] | *[[Bortezomib]] | ||
*[[Botulism]] | *[[Botulism]] | ||
*[[Bowel obstruction]] | *[[Bowel obstruction]] | ||
| Line 707: | Line 760: | ||
*[[Buprenorphine]]/[[naloxone]] | *[[Buprenorphine]]/[[naloxone]] | ||
*[[Buspirone]] | *[[Buspirone]] | ||
*[[Busulfan]] | |||
*[[Butabarbital]] | *[[Butabarbital]] | ||
*[[Butorphanol]] | *[[Butorphanol]] | ||
| Line 712: | Line 766: | ||
*[[Calcitriol]] | *[[Calcitriol]] | ||
*[[Calcium carbonate]] | *[[Calcium carbonate]] | ||
*[[polyposis|Cap polyposis]] | *[[polyposis|Cap polyposis]] | ||
*[[Capecitabine]] | *[[Capecitabine]] | ||
*[[Carbamazepine]] | *[[Carbamazepine]] | ||
| Line 731: | Line 785: | ||
*[[Cholestyramine]] | *[[Cholestyramine]] | ||
*[[Chronic amebiasis]] | *[[Chronic amebiasis]] | ||
*[[Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]] | *[[Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]] | ||
*[[Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction]] | *[[Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction]] | ||
*[[Cidofovir]] | *[[Cidofovir]] | ||
*[[Cilansetron]] | *[[Cilansetron]] | ||
| Line 757: | Line 811: | ||
*[[Cornelia de Lange Syndrome]] | *[[Cornelia de Lange Syndrome]] | ||
*[[enema|Corrosive enema]] | *[[enema|Corrosive enema]] | ||
*[[ | *[[Milk intolerance|Cow’s milk intolerance]] | ||
*[[Crohn's disease]] | *[[Crohn's disease]] | ||
*[[Cyclizine]] | *[[Cyclizine]] | ||
| Line 767: | Line 821: | ||
*[[Darunavir]] | *[[Darunavir]] | ||
*[[Dehydration]] | *[[Dehydration]] | ||
*[[Dermatitis herpetiformis]] | *[[Dermatitis herpetiformis]] | ||
*[[Desipramine]] | *[[Desipramine]] | ||
*[[Desvenlafaxine]] | *[[Desvenlafaxine]] | ||
*[[Dextroamphetamine]] | *[[Dextroamphetamine]] | ||
*[[Dextropropoxyphene]] | *[[Dextropropoxyphene]] | ||
| Line 787: | Line 841: | ||
*[[Disopyramide]] | *[[Disopyramide]] | ||
*[[Diuretic]] | *[[Diuretic]] | ||
*[[Diverticulitis natural history, complications and prognosis|Diverticular stricture]] | *[[Diverticulitis natural history, complications and prognosis|Diverticular stricture]] | ||
*[[Diverticulosis]] | *[[Diverticulosis]] | ||
*[[Dolasetron]] | *[[Dolasetron]] | ||
| Line 820: | Line 874: | ||
*[[Ferrous sulfate]] | *[[Ferrous sulfate]] | ||
*[[Fludarabine phosphate]] | *[[Fludarabine phosphate]] | ||
*[[Fluorouracil]] | *[[Fluorouracil]] | ||
*[[Fluoxetine]] | *[[Fluoxetine]] | ||
*[[Fluphenazine]] | *[[Fluphenazine]] | ||
| Line 851: | Line 903: | ||
*[[Haloperidol]] | *[[Haloperidol]] | ||
*[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]] | *[[Hashimoto's thyroiditis]] | ||
*[[Hereditary coproporphyria]] | *[[Hereditary coproporphyria]] | ||
*[[Hernia]] | *[[Hernia]] | ||
*[[Heroin]] | *[[Heroin]] | ||
*[[Hexamethonium]] | *[[Hexamethonium]] | ||
*[[Hirschsprung's disease]] | *[[Hirschsprung's disease]] | ||
*[[vorinostat|Histone deacetylase inhibitors]] | *[[vorinostat|Histone deacetylase inhibitors]] | ||
*[[Hookworm]] | *[[Hookworm]] | ||
*[[Hydralazine]] | *[[Hydralazine]] | ||
| Line 872: | Line 924: | ||
*[[Idiopathic]] | *[[Idiopathic]] | ||
*[[Ileus]] | *[[Ileus]] | ||
*[[Iliac artery aneurysm]] | *[[Iliac artery aneurysm]] | ||
*[[Imatinib]] | *[[Imatinib]] | ||
*[[Imipramine]] | *[[Imipramine]] | ||
| Line 887: | Line 939: | ||
*[[Intussusception]] | *[[Intussusception]] | ||
*[[Ipratropium]] | *[[Ipratropium]] | ||
*[[Irinotecan hydrochloride]] | *[[Irinotecan|Irinotecan hydrochloride]] | ||
*[[Iron deficiency anemia]] | *[[Iron deficiency anemia]] | ||
*[[Iron supplements]] | *[[Iron supplements]] | ||
| Line 896: | Line 948: | ||
*[[Itraconazole]] | *[[Itraconazole]] | ||
*[[Janumet]] ([[sitagliptin]] and [[metformin]]) | *[[Janumet]] ([[sitagliptin]] and [[metformin]]) | ||
*[[Jacobsen syndrome]] | *[[Jacobsen syndrome]] | ||
*[[Kaolin]] | *[[Kaolin]] | ||
*[[Pectin]] | *[[Pectin]] | ||
| Line 902: | Line 954: | ||
*[[Ketorolac]] | *[[Ketorolac]] | ||
*[[Lacidipine]] | *[[Lacidipine]] | ||
*[[Dietary fiber|Lack of fiber]] | *[[Dietary fiber|Lack of fiber]] | ||
*[[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]] | *[[Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome]] | ||
*[[Lamivudine]] | *[[Lamivudine]] | ||
*[[Lamotrigine]] | *[[Lamotrigine]] | ||
| Line 951: | Line 1,003: | ||
*[[Mifepristone]] | *[[Mifepristone]] | ||
*[[Milk-alkali syndrome]] | *[[Milk-alkali syndrome]] | ||
*[[Milnacipran hydrochloride]] | *[[Milnacipran hydrochloride]] | ||
*[[Misoprostol]] | *[[Misoprostol]] | ||
*[[Modafinil]] | *[[Modafinil]] | ||
| Line 957: | Line 1,009: | ||
*[[Motofen]] | *[[Motofen]] | ||
*[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN 2b)]] | *[[Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN 2b)]] | ||
*[[Multiple sclerosis]] | *[[Multiple sclerosis]] | ||
*[[Muscular dystrophies]] | *[[Muscular dystrophies]] | ||
*[[Mycophenolate]] | *[[Mycophenolate]] | ||
| Line 976: | Line 1,028: | ||
*[[Nortriptyline]] | *[[Nortriptyline]] | ||
*[[Occult spinal dysraphism sequence]] | *[[Occult spinal dysraphism sequence]] | ||
*[[Ogilvie's syndrome]] | *[[Ogilvie's syndrome]] | ||
*[[Olanzapine]] | *[[Olanzapine]] | ||
*[[Omeprazole]] | *[[Omeprazole]] | ||
| Line 990: | Line 1,042: | ||
*[[Oxybutynin]] | *[[Oxybutynin]] | ||
*[[Oxycodone]] | *[[Oxycodone]] | ||
*[[defecation|Painful defecation]] | *[[defecation|Painful defecation]] | ||
*[[Palonosetron]] | *[[Palonosetron]] | ||
*[[Pamidronate]] | *[[Pamidronate]] | ||
*[[Pancrelipase]] | *[[Pancrelipase]] | ||
*[[Panhypopituitarism]] | *[[Panhypopituitarism]] | ||
*[[Papaverine]] | *[[Papaverine]] | ||
*[[Paralytic ileus]] | *[[Paralytic ileus]] | ||
*[[Parkinson disease]] | *[[Parkinson disease]] | ||
*[[Paroxetine]] | *[[Paroxetine]] | ||
*[[Peginterferon alfa-2b]] | *[[Peginterferon alfa-2b]] | ||
| Line 1,043: | Line 1,094: | ||
*[[Prune belly syndrome]] | *[[Prune belly syndrome]] | ||
*[[Pseudocyesis]] | *[[Pseudocyesis]] | ||
*[[Pseudohypoparathyroidism]] | *[[Pseudohypoparathyroidism]] | ||
*[[Quetiapine]] | *[[Quetiapine]] | ||
*[[Rabeprazole]] | *[[Rabeprazole]] | ||
| Line 1,071: | Line 1,122: | ||
*[[Sevelamer]] | *[[Sevelamer]] | ||
*[[Sibutramine]] | *[[Sibutramine]] | ||
*[[Siltuximab]] | |||
*[[Simethicone]] | *[[Simethicone]] | ||
*[[Simvastatin]] | *[[Simvastatin]] | ||
*[[Sirolimus]] | *[[Sirolimus]] | ||
*[[Sitaxsentan]] | *[[Sitaxsentan]] | ||
*[[Smoking cessation]] | *[[Smoking cessation]] | ||
| Line 1,105: | Line 1,157: | ||
*[[Teriparatide]] | *[[Teriparatide]] | ||
*[[Tethered spinal cord syndrome]] | *[[Tethered spinal cord syndrome]] | ||
*[[Thalidomide]] | *[[Thalidomide]] | ||
*[[Thioridazine hydrochloride]] | *[[Thioridazine hydrochloride]] | ||
*[[Thiothixene]] | *[[Thiothixene]] | ||
| Line 1,112: | Line 1,164: | ||
*[[Tinidazole]] | *[[Tinidazole]] | ||
*[[Tiotropium]] | *[[Tiotropium]] | ||
*[[Toilet training|Toilet training issues]] | *[[Toilet training|Toilet training issues]] | ||
*[[Tolterodine]] | *[[Tolterodine]] | ||
*[[Topiramate]] | *[[Topiramate]] | ||
*[[Topotecan]] | *[[Topotecan]] | ||
*[[Toxic megacolon]] | *[[Toxic megacolon]] | ||
*[[trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide]] | |||
*[[Tranylcypromine]] | *[[Tranylcypromine]] | ||
*[[Post travel depression|Travel constipation]] | *[[Post travel depression|Travel constipation]] | ||
| Line 1,142: | Line 1,195: | ||
*[[Viloxazine]] | *[[Viloxazine]] | ||
*[[Vinblastine]] | *[[Vinblastine]] | ||
*[[Vincristine]] | *[[Vincristine]] | ||
*[[Vindesine]] | *[[Vindesine]] | ||
*[[Vinorelbine]] | *[[Vinorelbine]] | ||
| Line 1,151: | Line 1,204: | ||
*[[Vorinostat]] | *[[Vorinostat]] | ||
*[[Wandering spleen]] | *[[Wandering spleen]] | ||
*[[Williams-Beuren syndrome]] | *[[Williams-Beuren syndrome]] | ||
*[[Zaleplon]] | *[[Zaleplon]] | ||
*[[Zidovudine]] | *[[Zidovudine]] | ||
| Line 1,160: | Line 1,213: | ||
*[[Zonisamide]] | *[[Zonisamide]] | ||
*[[Zotepine]] | *[[Zotepine]] | ||
}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
{{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | {{WikiDoc Help Menu}} | ||
{{WikiDoc Sources}} | {{WikiDoc Sources}} | ||
[[Category:Gastroenterology]] | |||
[[Category:Medicine]] | |||
[[Category:Up-To-Date]] | |||
Latest revision as of 21:07, 29 July 2020
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Constipation Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Constipation On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Constipation |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Mugilan Poongkunran M.B.B.S [2], Eiman Ghaffarpasand, M.D. [3]
Overview
Constipation in adults may be due to side effects of medications, such as antispasmodics, anticholinergics, analgesics; or may be associated with systemic disorders, such as diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism. Idiopathic constipation should be considered once the secondary causes are ruled out and it may be associated with normal or slow colonic transit, dysfunction in defecation, or both. Constipation in childhood often resolves with age after proper guidance regarding diet, toilet training, and toileting behaviors.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. These conditions include the followings:[1]
- Atropine poisoning
- Hypokalemia
- Lead poisoning
- Opium poisoning
- Severe dehydration
- Spinal cord injury
- Superior mesenteric artery occlusion
- Volvulus
Common Causes
Common causes of constipation include:[2][3][4][5][6]
- Hardening of the feces
- Improper mastication
- Insufficient intake of dietary fiber
- Dehydration
- Medications (aluminium, calcium, diuretic, iron)
- Paralysis or slowed transit
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypokalemia
- Injured anal sphincter (patulous anus)
- Medications (loperamide, codeine, morphine and certain tricyclic antidepressants)
- Severe illness due to other causes
- Acute intermittent porphyria
- Lead poisoning
- Dyschezia (usually the result of suppressing defecation)
- Constriction, where part of the intestine or rectum is narrowed or blocked
- Stenosis
- Diverticulosis
- Pelvic masses
- Retained foreign body or a bezoar
- Psychosomatic constipation
- Smoking cessation
- Abdominal surgery
- Childbirth
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of constipation include:[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]
- Acute intermittent porphyria
- Adjustable gastric band
- Anal atresia
- Anal carcinoma
- Autism
- Autonomic neuropathy
- Bortezomib
- Cap polyposis
- Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
- Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction
- Dermatitis herpetiformis
- Desvanlafaxine
- Diverticular stricture,
- Eosinophilic colitis
- Fluorouracil
- Fructose malabsorption
- Glucagonoma
- Hereditary coproporphyria
- Histone deacetylase inhibitors
- Iliac artery aneurysm
- Intestinal pseduoobstruction
- Janumet (sitagliptin and metformin)
- Jacobsen syndrome
- Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
- Milnacipran hydrochloride
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN 2b)
- Occult spinal dysraphism sequence
- Ogilvie's syndrome
- Painful defecation
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism
- Sirolimus
- Thalidomide
- Vincristine
- Williams-Beuren syndrome
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- 5-HT3 antagonist
- 5-Hydroxytryptophan
- Abdominal surgery
- Acamprosate
- Acebutolol
- Acute intermittent porphyria
- Adjustable gastric band
- Aldesleukin
- Alendronate
- Alfentanil
- Alfuzosin
- Alosetron
- Aluminium hydroxide
- Amantadine
- Amiodarone
- Amitriptyline
- Amlodipine
- Amobarbital
- Amyloidosis
- Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Anagrelide
- Anal atresia
- Anal carcinoma
- Anastrozole
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Anorexia nervosa
- Aprepitant
- Aripiprazole
- Ascites
- Atorvastatin
- Atovaquone
- Atropine
- Auranofin
- Autism
- Autonomic neuropathy
- Barium sulfate
- Batten disease
- Belladonna
- Benzatropine
- Benzonatate
- Bepridil
- Berdon syndrome
- Beta blockers
- Bezafibrate
- Bile acid sequestrant
- Bipolar disorder
- Bismuth subsalicylate
- Blastocystosis
- Bortezomib
- Botulism
- Bowel obstruction
- Bromocriptine
- Buprenorphine/naloxone
- Buspirone
- Busulfan
- Butabarbital
- Butorphanol
- Cabergoline
- Calcitriol
- Calcium carbonate
- Cap polyposis
- Capecitabine
- Carbamazepine
- Carboplatin
- Carfilzomib
- Carteolol
- Celiac disease
- Cerebral palsy
- Cerivastatin
- Cetuximab
- Chagas disease
- Childbirth
- Chlordiazepoxide
- Chloropyramine
- Chlorpheniramine
- Chlorpromazine
- Chlorpropamide
- Cholestyramine
- Chronic amebiasis
- Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
- Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction
- Cidofovir
- Cilansetron
- Cimetidine
- Cimicifuga racemosa
- Cinnarizine
- Cisapride
- Citalopram
- Cladribine
- Clofarabine
- Clomipramine
- Clonazepam
- Clonidine
- Clorazepate
- Clozapine
- Codeine
- Colectomy
- Colesevelam
- Colestipol
- Colestyramine
- Colofac
- Colorectal cancer
- Conn's syndrome
- Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
- Corrosive enema
- Cow’s milk intolerance
- Crohn's disease
- Cyclizine
- Cyclobenzaprine
- Cystic fibrosis
- Daptomycin
- Darbepoetin alfa
- Darifenacin
- Darunavir
- Dehydration
- Dermatitis herpetiformis
- Desipramine
- Desvenlafaxine
- Dextroamphetamine
- Dextropropoxyphene
- Diabetes mellitus
- Diacetyldihydromorphine
- Diazepam
- Dicyclomine
- Dietary pattern change
- Diethylcathinone
- Dieting
- Diflunisal
- Dihydroetorphine
- Diltiazem
- Dimenhydrinate
- Diphenhydramine
- Diphenoxylate
- Disopyramide
- Diuretic
- Diverticular stricture
- Diverticulosis
- Dolasetron
- Doripenem
- Dosulepin hydrochloride
- Doxepin
- Droperidol
- Duloxetine
- Efavirenz
- Enfuvirtide
- Eosinophilic colitis
- Epoetin Alfa
- Eribulin
- Esomeprazole
- Estazolam
- Estradiol
- Ethcathinone
- Ethosuximide
- Ethylmorphine
- Etodolac
- Etoposide
- Everolimus
- Extended bed rest
- Extremely low birth weight
- Extrinsic compression
- Famotidine
- Felbamate
- Felodipine
- Fenofibrate
- Fenoprofen
- Fentanyl
- Ferrous sulfate
- Fludarabine phosphate
- Fluorouracil
- Fluoxetine
- Fluphenazine
- Flurazepam
- Flurbiprofen
- Fluvoxamine
- Food allergy
- Food intolerance
- Fructose malabsorption
- Fulvestrant
- Functional constipation
- Furosemide
- Gabapentin
- Ganciclovir
- Gastroptosis
- Gatifloxacin
- Gemcitabine
- Gemcitabine
- Gemfibrozil
- Glipizide
- Glucagonoma
- Glycopyrrolate
- Granisetron
- Guanethidine
- Guanfacine
- Guillain-Barre syndrome
- H2 antagonist
- Haloperidol
- Hashimoto's thyroiditis
- Hereditary coproporphyria
- Hernia
- Heroin
- Hexamethonium
- Hirschsprung's disease
- Histone deacetylase inhibitors
- Hookworm
- Hydralazine
- Hydrocodone
- Hydroxyurea
- Hydroxyzine
- Hyoscyamine
- Hypercalcemia
- Hypervitaminosis D
- Hyperparathyroidism
- Hypokalemia
- Hypothyroidism
- Hypotonia
- Ibandronate
- Idiopathic
- Ileus
- Iliac artery aneurysm
- Imatinib
- Imipramine
- Imperforate anus
- Indomethacin
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Infliximab
- Insulin lispro
- Interferon beta-1b
- Internal intussusception
- Intestinal neuronal dysplasia
- Intestinal pseduoobstruction
- Intraabdominal/pelvic tumors
- Intussusception
- Ipratropium
- Irinotecan hydrochloride
- Iron deficiency anemia
- Iron supplements
- Irritable bowel syndrome
- Ischemic colitis
- Isocarboxazid
- Isradipine
- Itraconazole
- Janumet (sitagliptin and metformin)
- Jacobsen syndrome
- Kaolin
- Pectin
- Ketogenic diet
- Ketorolac
- Lacidipine
- Lack of fiber
- Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome
- Lamivudine
- Lamotrigine
- Lansoprazole
- Lanthanum
- Lassa fever
- Laxative abuse
- Lead poisoning
- Lerisetron
- Letrozole
- Leuprolide
- Levalbuterol
- Levetiracetam
- Levodopa
- Levomepromazine
- Levomethadyl
- Levorphanol
- Linezolid
- Lofepramine
- Lomotil
- Loperamide
- Loprazolam
- Lorazepam
- Lovastatin
- Low residue diet
- Loxapine
- Lymphogranuloma venereum
- Magaldrate
- Major depression
- Mebendazole
- Meclizine
- Meclofenamate
- Mefenamic acid
- Megacolon
- Megarectum
- Meningocele
- Meperidine
- Meropenem
- Mesalamine
- Mesoridazine
- Metformin
- Methadone
- Methsuximide
- Methyprylon
- Metoclopramide
- Metoprolol
- Mifepristone
- Milk-alkali syndrome
- Milnacipran hydrochloride
- Misoprostol
- Modafinil
- Morphine
- Motofen
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN 2b)
- Multiple sclerosis
- Muscular dystrophies
- Mycophenolate
- Myxedema
- Nabumetone
- Naproxen sodium
- Nateglinide
- Nefazodone
- Neuroblastoma
- Nialamide
- Nicardipine
- Nifedipine
- Nilutamide
- Nimodipine
- Nisoldipine
- Nizatidine
- Normal aging
- Nortriptyline
- Occult spinal dysraphism sequence
- Ogilvie's syndrome
- Olanzapine
- Omeprazole
- Ondansetron
- Opisthorchis infection
- Opium
- Osteitis fibrosa cystica
- Parathyroid adenoma
- Ovarian cancer
- Oxaliplatin injection
- Oxazepam
- Oxcarbazepine
- Oxybutynin
- Oxycodone
- Painful defecation
- Palonosetron
- Pamidronate
- Pancrelipase
- Panhypopituitarism
- Papaverine
- Paralytic ileus
- Parkinson disease
- Paroxetine
- Peginterferon alfa-2b
- Pemetrexed
- Perazine
- Pergolide
- Peritoneal dialysis
- Perphenazine
- Pethidine
- Phenelzine
- Phentermine
- Phenytoin
- Pheochromocytoma
- Pholcodine
- Pimozide
- Piperacillin sodium
- Pipothiazine
- Piribedil
- Piroxicam
- Pizotifen
- Polio
- Polyp
- Posaconazole
- Postoperative ileus
- Pramipexole
- Prazepam
- Prazosin
- Prednisolone
- Pregabalin
- Pregnancy
- Primary hyperparathyroidism
- Procarbazine
- Prochlorperazine
- Proctitis
- Procyclidine
- Progesterone
- Progressive supranuclear palsy
- Promethazine
- Propafenone
- Propantheline
- Propoxyphene
- Propranolol
- Protriptyline
- Prune belly syndrome
- Pseudocyesis
- Pseudohypoparathyroidism
- Quetiapine
- Rabeprazole
- Ranitidine
- Ranolazine
- Rasagiline
- Reboxetine
- Rectal carcinoma
- Rectocele
- Rectovaginal or bowel endometriosis
- Renal cell carcinoma
- Repaglinide
- Rett syndrome
- Ribavirin
- Rilmenidine
- Risperidone
- Rivastigmine
- Ropinirole
- Rosuvastatin
- Sacrococcygeal teratoma
- Saquinavir
- Scleroderma
- Scopolamine
- Secobarbital
- Selegiline
- Sertraline
- Sevelamer
- Sibutramine
- Siltuximab
- Simethicone
- Simvastatin
- Sirolimus
- Sitaxsentan
- Smoking cessation
- Solifenacin
- Sorafenib
- Sotalol
- Spina bifida
- Spinal cord injury
- Spinal cord lesions
- SSRI discontinuation syndrome
- Starvation
- Static encephalopathy
- Stomach cancer
- Sucralfate
- Sufentanil
- Sulindac
- Sunitinib
- Superior mesenteric artery occlusion
- Suxamethonium chloride
- Syphilis
- Systemic sclerosis
- Tabes dorsalis
- Tacrolimus
- Tamoxifen
- Tapentadol
- Tazobactam
- Tegaserod
- Temazepam
- Temozolomide
- Terazosin
- Teriparatide
- Tethered spinal cord syndrome
- Thalidomide
- Thioridazine hydrochloride
- Thiothixene
- Tianeptine
- Tiludronate
- Tinidazole
- Tiotropium
- Toilet training issues
- Tolterodine
- Topiramate
- Topotecan
- Toxic megacolon
- trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide
- Tranylcypromine
- Travel constipation
- Tretinoin
- Triazolam
- Triclofos
- Trifluoperazine
- Trihexyphenidyl
- Trimethadione
- Trimipramine
- Tropisetron
- Trospium
- Tuberculosis
- Typhoid fever
- Ulcerative colitis
- Upper gastrointestinal series
- Urogenital neoplasm
- Uterine fibroid
- Valganciclovir hydrochloride
- Valproic acid
- Venlafaxine
- Verapamil
- Vicodin
- Vigabatrin
- Viloxazine
- Vinblastine
- Vincristine
- Vindesine
- Vinorelbine
- Vinorelbine
- Visceral myopathies
- Visceroptosis
- Volvulus
- Vorinostat
- Wandering spleen
- Williams-Beuren syndrome
- Zaleplon
- Zidovudine
- Zileuton
- Ziprasidone
- Zoledronic acid
- Zolpidem
- Zonisamide
- Zotepine
References
- ↑ Hennessey A, Robertson NP, Swingler R, Compston DA (1999). "Urinary, faecal and sexual dysfunction in patients with multiple sclerosis". J Neurol. 246 (11): 1027–32. PMID 10631634.
- ↑ Roma E, Adamidis D, Nikolara R, Constantopoulos A, Messaritakis J (1999). "Diet and chronic constipation in children: the role of fiber". J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 28 (2): 169–74. PMID 9932850.
- ↑ Caldarella MP, Milano A, Laterza F; et al. (2005). "Visceral sensitivity and symptoms in patients with constipation- or diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): effect of a low-fat intraduodenal infusion". Am. J. Gastroenterol. 100 (2): 383–9. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.40100.x. PMID 15667496.
- ↑ "Nicotine withdrawal symptoms:Constipation". helpwithsmoking.com. 2005. Retrieved 2007-06-29.
- ↑ Langston JW (2006). "The Parkinson's complex: parkinsonism is just the tip of the iceberg". Ann Neurol. 59 (4): 591–6. doi:10.1002/ana.20834. PMID 16566021.
- ↑ Stadtler AC, Gorski PA, Brazelton TB (1999). "Toilet training methods, clinical interventions, and recommendations. American Academy of Pediatrics". Pediatrics. 103 (6 Pt 2): 1359–68. PMID 10353954.
- ↑ Richardson PG, Barlogie B, Berenson J, Singhal S, Jagannath S, Irwin D; et al. (2003). "A phase 2 study of bortezomib in relapsed, refractory myeloma". N Engl J Med. 348 (26): 2609–17. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa030288. PMID 12826635.
- ↑ Bookman ID, Redston MS, Greenberg GR (2004). "Successful treatment of cap polyposis with infliximab". Gastroenterology. 126 (7): 1868–71. PMID 15188181.
- ↑ Figueroa JJ, Dyck PJ, Laughlin RS, Mercado JA, Massie R, Sandroni P; et al. (2012). "Autonomic dysfunction in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy". Neurology. 78 (10): 702–8. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182494d66. PMC 3306161. PMID 22357716.
- ↑ Stanghellini V, Cogliandro RF, De Giorgio R, Barbara G, Morselli-Labate AM, Cogliandro L; et al. (2005). "Natural history of chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction in adults: a single center study". Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 3 (5): 449–58. PMID 15880314.
- ↑ Kárpáti S (2011). "An exception within the group of autoimmune blistering diseases: dermatitis herpetiformis, the gluten-sensitive dermopathy". Dermatol Clin. 29 (3): 463–8, x. doi:10.1016/j.det.2011.03.019. PMID 21605813.
- ↑ Kühnel A, Gross U, Doss MO (2000). "Hereditary coproporphyria in Germany: clinical-biochemical studies in 53 patients". Clin Biochem. 33 (6): 465–73. PMID 11074238.
- ↑ Ritchie D, Piekarz RL, Blombery P, Karai LJ, Pittaluga S, Jaffe ES; et al. (2009). "Reactivation of DNA viruses in association with histone deacetylase inhibitor therapy: a case series report". Haematologica. 94 (11): 1618–22. doi:10.3324/haematol.2009.008607. PMC 2770976. PMID 19608677.
- ↑ Levi N, Schroeder TV (1998). "Isolated iliac artery aneurysms". Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 16 (4): 342–4. PMID 9818012.
- ↑ Favier R, Jondeau K, Boutard P, Grossfeld P, Reinert P, Jones C; et al. (2003). "Paris-Trousseau syndrome : clinical, hematological, molecular data of ten new cases". Thromb Haemost. 90 (5): 893–7. doi:10.1267/THRO03050893. PMID 14597985.
- ↑ O'Suilleabhain P, Low PA, Lennon VA (1998). "Autonomic dysfunction in the Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: serologic and clinical correlates". Neurology. 50 (1): 88–93. PMID 9443463.
- ↑ Lopez-Ibor J, Guelfi JD, Pletan Y, Tournoux A, Prost JF (1996). "Milnacipran and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in major depression". Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 11 Suppl 4: 41–6. PMID 8923126.
- ↑ Jetmore AB, Timmcke AE, Gathright JB, Hicks TC, Ray JE, Baker JW (1992). "Ogilvie's syndrome: colonoscopic decompression and analysis of predisposing factors". Dis Colon Rectum. 35 (12): 1135–42. PMID 1473414.
- ↑ Partin JC, Hamill SK, Fischel JE, Partin JS (1992). "Painful defecation and fecal soiling in children". Pediatrics. 89 (6 Pt 1): 1007–9. PMID 1594338.
- ↑ Margulies A, Metman EH, Girard JJ, Dorval ED, Bertrand J (1986). "[Severe constipation indicative of pseudohypoparathyroidism and resolved after normalization of the blood calcium]". Ann Gastroenterol Hepatol (Paris). 22 (5): 271–2. PMID 3777869.
- ↑ Euvrard S, Morelon E, Rostaing L, Goffin E, Brocard A, Tromme I; et al. (2012). "Sirolimus and secondary skin-cancer prevention in kidney transplantation". N Engl J Med. 367 (4): 329–39. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1204166. PMID 22830463.
- ↑ Waage A, Gimsing P, Fayers P, Abildgaard N, Ahlberg L, Björkstrand B; et al. (2010). "Melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide or placebo in elderly patients with multiple myeloma". Blood. 116 (9): 1405–12. doi:10.1182/blood-2009-08-237974. PMID 20448107.
- ↑ Sforzini C, Milani D, Fossali E, Barbato A, Grumieri G, Bianchetti MG; et al. (2002). "Renal tract ultrasonography and calcium homeostasis in Williams-Beuren syndrome". Pediatr Nephrol. 17 (11): 899–902. doi:10.1007/s00467-002-0889-z. PMID 12432430.
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