Chronic cholecystitis causes: Difference between revisions

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==Overview==
==Overview==
Cholecystitis is often caused by [[cholelithiasis]] which blocks the cystic duct directly, predisposing the gallbladder to secondary infections by gut organisms, especially [[escherichia coli]] and [[bacteroides]].  Less commonly, in debilitated and trauma patients, the [[gall bladder]] may become inflamed and infected in the absence of [[cholelithiasis]], which is known as acalculous cholecystitis.
Common causes of cholecystitis include [[cholelithiasis]] and infections.


==Causes==
==Causes==
===Life Threatening Causes===
===Life Threatening Causes===
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.  Acute cholecystitis may become complicated as [[abscess]], [[gangrene]] or [[perforation]] in patients who are older, with [[diabetes]] or who delay seeking treatment.  This complicated acute cholecystitis can by itself be life threatening.
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.  Acute cholecystitis may become complicated as [[abscess]], [[gangrene]] or [[perforation]] in patients who are older, with [[diabetes]] or who delay seeking treatment.  This complicated acute cholecystitis can by itself be life-threatening.<ref name="Gouma-1992">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Gouma | first1 = DJ. | last2 = Obertop | first2 = H. | title = Acute calculous cholecystitis. What is new in diagnosis and therapy? | journal = HPB Surg | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 69-78 | month =  | year = 1992 | doi =  | PMID = 1292590 }}</ref><ref name="Khuroo-1996">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Khuroo | first1 = MS. | title = Ascariasis. | journal = Gastroenterol Clin North Am | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 553-77 | month = Sep | year = 1996 | doi =  | PMID = 8863040 }}</ref><ref name="Araujo-">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Araujo | first1 = PS. | last2 = Medeiros | first2 = Z. | last3 = Melo | first3 = FL. | last4 = Maciel | first4 = MA. | last5 = Melo | first5 = HR. | title = Candida famata-induced fulminating cholecystitis. | journal = Rev Soc Bras Med Trop | volume = 46 | issue = 6 | pages = 795-6 | month =  | year =  | doi = 10.1590/0037-8682-0162-2013 | PMID = 24474028 }}</ref><ref name="Cello-1998">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Cello | first1 = JP. | title = AIDS-Related biliary tract disease. | journal = Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 963 | month = Oct | year = 1998 | doi =  | PMID = 9730942 }}</ref><ref name="Yasri-">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Yasri | first1 = S. | last2 = Wiwanitkit | first2 = V. | title = Acute typhic cholecystitis. | journal = Afr J Paediatr Surg | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 395 | month =  | year =  | doi = 10.4103/0189-6725.125464 | PMID = 24469500 }}</ref>


===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
Common causes of chronic cholecystitis include:
*[[Bacteroides]]
*[[Bacteroides]]
*[[Cholelithiasis]]<ref name="Gouma-1992">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Gouma | first1 = DJ. | last2 = Obertop | first2 = H. | title = Acute calculous cholecystitis. What is new in diagnosis and therapy? | journal = HPB Surg | volume = 6 | issue = 2 | pages = 69-78 | month =  | year = 1992 | doi =  | PMID = 1292590 }}</ref>
*[[Cholelithiasis]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]
*[[Escherichia coli]]
=== Less Common Causes ===
Less common causes of chronic cholecystitis include:
* [[Sickle-cell disease|Sickle cell disease]]
* Drugs such as:
** [[Octreotide]]
** [[Oral contraceptive|Oral contraceptives]]
** [[Estrogen]]


===Causes by Organ System===
===Causes by Organ System===
{|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
{| style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
| style="width:25%" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" ; border="1" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cholesterol emboli]],  [[Ischemia|gall bladder ischemia]],  [[hemobilia]],  [[vasculitis]]
| style="width:75%" bgcolor="Beige" ; border="1" | [[Cholesterol emboli]],  [[Ischemia|gall bladder ischemia]],  [[hemobilia]],  [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
| '''Chemical/Poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dental'''
| '''Dental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ceftriaxone]],  [[clofibrate]], [[febuxostat]], [[estrogen]],  [[octreotide]],  [[opiates]],  [[oral contraceptives]], [[Pergolide]], [[pramipexole]], [[Rilpivirine]], [[Sorafenib]], [[sunitinib]], [[Teduglutide]], [[Tiagabine]], [[zonisamide]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Ceftriaxone]],  [[clofibrate]], [[febuxostat]], [[estrogen]],  [[octreotide]],  [[opiates]],  [[oral contraceptives]], [[Pergolide]], [[pramipexole]], [[Rilpivirine]], [[Sorafenib]], [[sunitinib]], [[Teduglutide]], [[Tiagabine]], [[zonisamide]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acalculous cholecystitis]],  [[Ampulla of Vater#Related disorders|ampullary stenosis]],  [[calculous cholecystitis]],  [[cholelithiasis]],  [[cirrhosis]],  [[Crohn's disease]],  [[Ischemia|gall bladder ischemia]],  [[gallbladder carcinoma]],  [[gallstones]],  [[hemobilia]],  [[hepatocellular carcinoma]],  [[liver abscess]],  [[pancreatic tumor]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acalculous cholecystitis]],  [[Ampulla of Vater#Related disorders|ampullary stenosis]],  [[calculous cholecystitis]],  [[cholelithiasis]],  [[cirrhosis]],  [[Crohn's disease]],  [[Ischemia|gall bladder ischemia]],  [[gallbladder carcinoma]],  [[gallstones]],  [[hemobilia]],  [[hepatocellular carcinoma]],  [[liver abscess]],  [[pancreatic tumor]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Choledochal cyst]],  [[sickle cell disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Choledochal cyst]],  [[sickle cell disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hemolysis]],  [[sickle cell disease]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Hemolysis]],  [[sickle cell disease]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ascaris lumbricoides]],  [[bacteroides]],  [[brucella]],  [[campylobacter jejuni]],  [[candida]],  [[choledochal cyst]],  [[coxiella burnetii]],  [[echinococcus granulosus]],  [[Enterobacteriaceae|edwardsiella tarda]],  [[epstein-barr virus]],  [[escherichia coli]],  [[flavivirus]],  [[hepatitis A]],  [[hepatitis B]],  [[HIV]],  [[infections]],  [[isospora]],  [[klebsiella]],  [[leptospira]],  [[liver abscess]],  [[microsporidiosis]],  [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]],  [[opisthorchiasis]],  [[plasmodium]],  [[salmonella enterica]],  [[salmonella infections]],  [[salmonella typhi]],  [[typhoid fever]],  [[vibrio cholerae]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Ascaris lumbricoides]],  [[bacteroides]],  [[brucella]],  [[campylobacter jejuni]],  [[candida]],  [[choledochal cyst]],  [[coxiella burnetii]],  [[echinococcus granulosus]],  [[Enterobacteriaceae|edwardsiella tarda]],  [[epstein-barr virus]],  [[escherichia coli]],  [[flavivirus]],  [[hepatitis A]],  [[hepatitis B]],  [[HIV]],  [[infections]],  [[isospora]],  [[klebsiella]],  [[leptospira]],  [[liver abscess]],  [[microsporidiosis]],  [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]],  [[opisthorchiasis]],  [[plasmodium]],  [[salmonella enterica]],  [[salmonella infections]],  [[salmonella typhi]],  [[typhoid fever]],  [[vibrio cholerae]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
| '''Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute myelogenous leukemia]],  [[gallbladder carcinoma]],  [[hepatocellular carcinoma]],  [[malignancy]],  [[pancreatic tumor]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute myelogenous leukemia]],  [[gallbladder carcinoma]],  [[hepatocellular carcinoma]],  [[malignancy]],  [[pancreatic tumor]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
| '''Ophthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
| '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
| '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
| '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crohn's disease]],  [[Sjogren's syndrome]],  [[SLE]],  [[vasculitis]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Crohn's disease]],  [[Sjogren's syndrome]],  [[SLE]],  [[vasculitis]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cholesterol emboli]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Cholesterol emboli]]
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
| bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
|-
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
|- bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Idiopathic]]
| bgcolor="Beige" | [[Idiopathic]]
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 136: Line 145:
*[[Acute myelogenous leukemia]]
*[[Acute myelogenous leukemia]]
*[[Ampulla of Vater#Related disorders|Ampullary stenosis]]
*[[Ampulla of Vater#Related disorders|Ampullary stenosis]]
*[[Ascaris lumbricoides]]<ref name="Khuroo-1996">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Khuroo | first1 = MS. | title = Ascariasis. | journal = Gastroenterol Clin North Am | volume = 25 | issue = 3 | pages = 553-77 | month = Sep | year = 1996 | doi =  | PMID = 8863040 }}</ref>
*[[Ascaris lumbricoides]]
*[[Bacteroides]]
*[[Bacteroides]]
*[[Brucella]]
*[[Brucella]]
*[[Calculous cholecystitis]]
*[[Calculous cholecystitis]]
*[[Campylobacter jejuni]]
*[[Campylobacter jejuni]]
*[[Candida]]<ref name="Araujo-">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Araujo | first1 = PS. | last2 = Medeiros | first2 = Z. | last3 = Melo | first3 = FL. | last4 = Maciel | first4 = MA. | last5 = Melo | first5 = HR. | title = Candida famata-induced fulminating cholecystitis. | journal = Rev Soc Bras Med Trop | volume = 46 | issue = 6 | pages = 795-6 | month =  | year =  | doi = 10.1590/0037-8682-0162-2013 | PMID = 24474028 }}</ref>
*[[Candida]]
*[[Ceftriaxone]]
*[[Ceftriaxone]]
*[[Choledochal cyst]]
*[[Choledochal cyst]]
Line 167: Line 176:
*[[Hepatitis B]]
*[[Hepatitis B]]
*[[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]
*[[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]
*[[HIV]]<ref name="Cello-1998">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Cello | first1 = JP. | title = AIDS-Related biliary tract disease. | journal = Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 963 | month = Oct | year = 1998 | doi =  | PMID = 9730942 }}</ref>
*[[HIV]]
*[[Idiopathic]]
*[[Idiopathic]]
*[[Infections]]
*[[Infections]]
Line 188: Line 197:
*[[Rilpivirine]]
*[[Rilpivirine]]
*[[Salmonella enterica]]
*[[Salmonella enterica]]
*[[Salmonella infections]]<ref name="Yasri-">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Yasri | first1 = S. | last2 = Wiwanitkit | first2 = V. | title = Acute typhic cholecystitis. | journal = Afr J Paediatr Surg | volume = 10 | issue = 4 | pages = 395 | month =  | year =  | doi = 10.4103/0189-6725.125464 | PMID = 24469500 }}</ref>
*[[Salmonella infections]]
*[[Salmonella typhi]]
*[[Salmonella typhi]]
*[[Sickle cell disease]]
*[[Sickle cell disease]]
Line 204: Line 213:
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


[[Category:Needs overview]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Gastroenterology]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Hepatology]]
[[Category:Inflammations]]
[[Category:Surgery]]
[[Category:General surgery]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Emergency medicine]]
[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
 
[[Category:Disease]]


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{{WH}}
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Latest revision as of 14:49, 19 February 2018

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Common causes of cholecystitis include cholelithiasis and infections.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated. Acute cholecystitis may become complicated as abscess, gangrene or perforation in patients who are older, with diabetes or who delay seeking treatment. This complicated acute cholecystitis can by itself be life-threatening.[1][2][3][4][5]

Common Causes

Common causes of chronic cholecystitis include:

Less Common Causes

Less common causes of chronic cholecystitis include:

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular Cholesterol emboli, gall bladder ischemia, hemobilia, vasculitis
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect Ceftriaxone, clofibrate, febuxostat, estrogen, octreotide, opiates, oral contraceptives, Pergolide, pramipexole, Rilpivirine, Sorafenib, sunitinib, Teduglutide, Tiagabine, zonisamide
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic Acalculous cholecystitis, ampullary stenosis, calculous cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, cirrhosis, Crohn's disease, gall bladder ischemia, gallbladder carcinoma, gallstones, hemobilia, hepatocellular carcinoma, liver abscess, pancreatic tumor
Genetic Choledochal cyst, sickle cell disease
Hematologic Hemolysis, sickle cell disease
Iatrogenic Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography
Infectious Disease Ascaris lumbricoides, bacteroides, brucella, campylobacter jejuni, candida, choledochal cyst, coxiella burnetii, echinococcus granulosus, edwardsiella tarda, epstein-barr virus, escherichia coli, flavivirus, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, HIV, infections, isospora, klebsiella, leptospira, liver abscess, microsporidiosis, mycobacterium tuberculosis, opisthorchiasis, plasmodium, salmonella enterica, salmonella infections, salmonella typhi, typhoid fever, vibrio cholerae
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic Acute myelogenous leukemia, gallbladder carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, malignancy, pancreatic tumor
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy Crohn's disease, Sjogren's syndrome, SLE, vasculitis
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Cholesterol emboli
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous Idiopathic

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Gouma, DJ.; Obertop, H. (1992). "Acute calculous cholecystitis. What is new in diagnosis and therapy?". HPB Surg. 6 (2): 69–78. PMID 1292590.
  2. ↑ Khuroo, MS. (1996). "Ascariasis". Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 25 (3): 553–77. PMID 8863040. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Araujo, PS.; Medeiros, Z.; Melo, FL.; Maciel, MA.; Melo, HR. "Candida famata-induced fulminating cholecystitis". Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 46 (6): 795–6. doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0162-2013. PMID 24474028.
  4. ↑ Cello, JP. (1998). "AIDS-Related biliary tract disease". Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 8 (4): 963. PMID 9730942. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Yasri, S.; Wiwanitkit, V. "Acute typhic cholecystitis". Afr J Paediatr Surg. 10 (4): 395. doi:10.4103/0189-6725.125464. PMID 24469500.


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