Citrobacter: Difference between revisions
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''[[Citrobacter youngae|C. youngae]]''<br> | ''[[Citrobacter youngae|C. youngae]]''<br> | ||
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{{CMG}} | |||
==Overview== | |||
Citrobacter is a [[genus]] of [[Gram-negative bacteria|Gram-negative]] [[coliform bacteria|coliform]] [[bacteria]] in the [[Enterobacteriaceae]] [[family (biology)|family]]. They are rarely the source of illnesses, except for infections of the [[urinary tract]] and [[infant]] [[meningitis]] and [[sepsis]].<ref>{{cite journal | title = Bacteremias due to Citrobacter diversus and Citrobacter freundii. Incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome | author = V. Drelichman |author2=J. D. Band | journal = Archives of Internal Medicine | volume = 145 | pages = 1808–1810 | year = 1985 | pmid = 3899035 | doi = 10.1001/archinte.145.10.1808 | issue = 10 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Citrobacter freundii Invades and Replicates in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells | author = Badger, J.D. |author2=M.F. Stins |author3=K.S. Kim | journal=Infection and Immunity | volume=67 | pages = 4208–15 | pmid = 10417193 | year = 1999 | issue = 8 | pmc = 96726 }}</ref> | |||
The [[species (biology)|species]] ''C. amalonaticus'', ''C. koseri'', and ''C. freundii'' use solely [[citrate]] as a [[carbon]] source. These bacteria can be found almost everywhere in [[soil]], [[water]], [[wastewater]], etc. It can also be found in the [[human]] [[intestine]]. They are rarely the source of illnesses, except for infections of the [[urinary tract]] and [[infant]] [[meningitis]]. | ==Organism== | ||
* Citrobacter is a [[genus (biology)|genus]] of [[gram-negative]] [[Coliform]] [[bacteria]] in the [[Enterobacteriaceae]] [[family (biology)|family]]. | |||
* The [[species (biology)|species]] ''C. amalonaticus'', ''C. koseri'', and ''C. freundii'' use solely [[citrate]] as a [[carbon]] source. These bacteria can be found almost everywhere in [[soil]], [[water]], [[wastewater]], etc. It can also be found in the [[human]] [[intestine]]. They are rarely the source of illnesses, except for infections of the [[urinary tract]] and [[infant]] [[meningitis]]. | |||
* Citrobacter shows the ability to accumulate [[uranium]] by building phosphate complexes.<ref>{{cite journal | |||
| title = Uranium bioaccumulation by a Citrobacter sp. as a result of enzymically mediated growth of polycrystalline HUO<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> | | title = Uranium bioaccumulation by a Citrobacter sp. as a result of enzymically mediated growth of polycrystalline HUO<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> | ||
| author = L. E. Macaskie, R. M. Empson, A. K. Cheetham, C. P. Grey, A. J. Skarnulis | | author = L. E. Macaskie, R. M. Empson, A. K. Cheetham, C. P. Grey, A. J. Skarnulis | ||
| Line 39: | Line 43: | ||
| pages = 782-784 | | pages = 782-784 | ||
| doi = 10.1126/science.1496397}}</ref> | | doi = 10.1126/science.1496397}}</ref> | ||
===Citrobacter freundi=== | |||
* Citrobacter freundi is a species of facultative. aerobic. Gram-negative bacilli of the Enterobacteriaceae family.<ref>{{cite web |title=''Citrobacter'' SPP. |date=2012 |work=Pathogen Safety Data Sheet — Infectious Substances |publisher=Public Health Agency of Canada |url=http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/lab-bio/res/psds-ftss/citrobacter-eng.php}}</ref> The bacteria are long rod-shaped with a typical length of 1–5 μm.<ref name="pmid11269372">{{Cite pmid|11269372}}</ref> Most ''C. freundii'' cells are surrounded by several flagella used for locomotion, but a few are not mobile. It can be found in soil, water, sewage, food, and the intestinal tracts of animals and humans.<ref name="pmid11269372">{{Cite pmid|11269372}}</ref> The ''Citrobacter'' genus was discovered in 1932 by Werkman and Gillen. Cultures of'' C. freundii'' were isolated and identified in the same year from soil extracts.<ref name="pmid11269372">{{Cite pmid|11269372}}</ref> | |||
* As an opportunistic pathogen, ''C. freundii'' is responsible for a number of significant infections. It is known to be the cause of a number of nosocomial infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, blood, and many other normally sterile sites in patients.<ref name="pmid17224563">{{Cite pmid|17224563}}</ref> ''C. freundii'' represents about 29% of all opportunistic infections.<ref name="pmid17224563">{{Cite pmid|17224563}}</ref> | |||
* Surprisingly, this infectious microbe in humans plays a positive role in the environment. ''C. freundii'' is responsible for reducing nitrate to nitrite in the environment.<ref name="pmid8983520">{{Cite pmid|8983520}}</ref> This conversion is an important and crucial stage in the [[nitrogen cycle]]. These bacteria also help in recycling nitrogen.<ref name="pmid8983520">{{Cite pmid|8983520}}</ref> | |||
* C. freundii has also been investigated for biodegradation of tannic acid used in tanneries.<ref name="pmid8983520">{{Cite pmid|8983520}}</ref> | |||
* For metabolism, ''C. freundii'' has an ability to grow on glycerol as the sole carbon and energy source. Within its cell, a bacterial microcompartment can be found, which is capable of processing propanediol.<ref name="pmid21245529">{{Cite pmid|21245529}}</ref> | |||
===Antimicrobial regimen=== | |||
:* '''Citrobacter freundii'''<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref> | |||
::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Meropenem]] 1-2 g IV q8h | |||
::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Imipenem]] 1 g IV q6h | |||
::* Preferred regimen (3): [[Doripenem]] 500 mg IV q8h | |||
::* Preferred regimen (4): [[Cefepime]] 1-2 g IV q8h | |||
::* Preferred regimen (5): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400 mg IV q12h or 500 mg PO bid for UTI | |||
::* Preferred regimen (6): [[Gentamicin]] 5 mg/kg IV q24h | |||
::* Alternative regimen (1): [[Piperacillin-tazobactam]] 3.375 mg IV q6h | |||
::* Alternative regimen (2): [[Aztreonam]] 1-2 g IV q6h | |||
::* Alternative regimen (3): [[TMP-SMX]] 5 mg/kg q6h IV or DS PO bid for UTI | |||
::* Note: Usually [[Carbenicillin]] sensitive, [[Cephalothin]] resistant | |||
:* '''Citrobacter koseri'''<ref>{{cite book | last = Bartlett | first = John | title = Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases | publisher = Jones and Bartlett Learning | location = Burlington, MA | year = 2012 | isbn = 978-1449625580 }}</ref> | |||
::* Preferred regimen (1): [[Ceftriaxone]] 1-2 g IV q12-24h | |||
::* Preferred regimen (2): [[Cefotaxime]] 1-2 g IV q6h | |||
::* Preferred regimen (3): [[Cefepime]] 1-2 IV q8h | |||
::* Alternative regimen (1): [[Ciprofloxacin]] 400 mg IV q12h or 500 mg PO q12h for UTI | |||
::* Alternative regimen (2): [[Imipenem]] 1 g IV q6h | |||
::* Alternative regimen (3): [[Doripenem]] 500 mg IV q8h | |||
::* Alternative regimen (4): [[Meropenem]] 1-2 g IV q8h | |||
::* Alternative regimen (5): [[Aztreonam]] 1-2 g IV q6h | |||
::* Alternative regimen (6): [[TMP-SMX]] 5 mg/kg IV q6h or DS PO bid for UTI | |||
::* Note: Usually [[Ampicillin]] resistant, but may be sensitive to first generation [[cephalosporins]]. | |||
==Gallery== | ==Gallery== | ||
<gallery> | <gallery> | ||
Image: Enterobacteria55.jpeg|Triple sugar iron agar (TSI) tested for Salmonella (H2S+) and (H2S-); Citrobacter sp. and S. arizonae. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL> | Image: Enterobacteria55.jpeg|Triple sugar iron agar (TSI) tested for Salmonella (H2S+) and (H2S-); Citrobacter sp. and S. arizonae. <SMALL><SMALL>''[http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp From Public Health Image Library (PHIL).] ''<ref name=PHIL> {{Cite web | title = Public Health Image Library (PHIL) | url = http://phil.cdc.gov/phil/home.asp}}</ref></SMALL></SMALL> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
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[[Category:Enterobacteria]] | [[Category:Enterobacteria]] | ||
[[Category:Gram negative bacteria]] | [[Category:Gram negative bacteria]] | ||
[[Category: Infectious Disease Project]] | |||
{{proteobacteria-stub}} | {{proteobacteria-stub}} | ||
Latest revision as of 15:02, 7 August 2015
| Citrobacter | ||||||||||||
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| Citrobacter freundii Citrobacter freundii
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| Scientific classification | ||||||||||||
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| Species | ||||||||||||
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C. amalonaticus |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Citrobacter is a genus of Gram-negative coliform bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family. They are rarely the source of illnesses, except for infections of the urinary tract and infant meningitis and sepsis.[1][2]
Organism
- Citrobacter is a genus of gram-negative Coliform bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family.
- The species C. amalonaticus, C. koseri, and C. freundii use solely citrate as a carbon source. These bacteria can be found almost everywhere in soil, water, wastewater, etc. It can also be found in the human intestine. They are rarely the source of illnesses, except for infections of the urinary tract and infant meningitis.
- Citrobacter shows the ability to accumulate uranium by building phosphate complexes.[3]
Citrobacter freundi
- Citrobacter freundi is a species of facultative. aerobic. Gram-negative bacilli of the Enterobacteriaceae family.[4] The bacteria are long rod-shaped with a typical length of 1–5 μm.[5] Most C. freundii cells are surrounded by several flagella used for locomotion, but a few are not mobile. It can be found in soil, water, sewage, food, and the intestinal tracts of animals and humans.[5] The Citrobacter genus was discovered in 1932 by Werkman and Gillen. Cultures of C. freundii were isolated and identified in the same year from soil extracts.[5]
- As an opportunistic pathogen, C. freundii is responsible for a number of significant infections. It is known to be the cause of a number of nosocomial infections of the respiratory tract, urinary tract, blood, and many other normally sterile sites in patients.[6] C. freundii represents about 29% of all opportunistic infections.[6]
- Surprisingly, this infectious microbe in humans plays a positive role in the environment. C. freundii is responsible for reducing nitrate to nitrite in the environment.[7] This conversion is an important and crucial stage in the nitrogen cycle. These bacteria also help in recycling nitrogen.[7]
- C. freundii has also been investigated for biodegradation of tannic acid used in tanneries.[7]
- For metabolism, C. freundii has an ability to grow on glycerol as the sole carbon and energy source. Within its cell, a bacterial microcompartment can be found, which is capable of processing propanediol.[8]
Antimicrobial regimen
- Citrobacter freundii[9]
- Preferred regimen (1): Meropenem 1-2 g IV q8h
- Preferred regimen (2): Imipenem 1 g IV q6h
- Preferred regimen (3): Doripenem 500 mg IV q8h
- Preferred regimen (4): Cefepime 1-2 g IV q8h
- Preferred regimen (5): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h or 500 mg PO bid for UTI
- Preferred regimen (6): Gentamicin 5 mg/kg IV q24h
- Alternative regimen (1): Piperacillin-tazobactam 3.375 mg IV q6h
- Alternative regimen (2): Aztreonam 1-2 g IV q6h
- Alternative regimen (3): TMP-SMX 5 mg/kg q6h IV or DS PO bid for UTI
- Note: Usually Carbenicillin sensitive, Cephalothin resistant
- Citrobacter koseri[10]
- Preferred regimen (1): Ceftriaxone 1-2 g IV q12-24h
- Preferred regimen (2): Cefotaxime 1-2 g IV q6h
- Preferred regimen (3): Cefepime 1-2 IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (1): Ciprofloxacin 400 mg IV q12h or 500 mg PO q12h for UTI
- Alternative regimen (2): Imipenem 1 g IV q6h
- Alternative regimen (3): Doripenem 500 mg IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (4): Meropenem 1-2 g IV q8h
- Alternative regimen (5): Aztreonam 1-2 g IV q6h
- Alternative regimen (6): TMP-SMX 5 mg/kg IV q6h or DS PO bid for UTI
- Note: Usually Ampicillin resistant, but may be sensitive to first generation cephalosporins.
Gallery
-
![Triple sugar iron agar (TSI) tested for Salmonella (H2S+) and (H2S-); Citrobacter sp. and S. arizonae. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [11]](/images/d/dc/Enterobacteria55.jpeg)
Triple sugar iron agar (TSI) tested for Salmonella (H2S+) and (H2S-); Citrobacter sp. and S. arizonae. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [11]
![Triple sugar iron agar (TSI) tested for Salmonella (H2S+) and (H2S-); Citrobacter sp. and S. arizonae. From Public Health Image Library (PHIL). [11]](/index.php/File:Enterobacteria55.jpeg)
References
- ↑ V. Drelichman; J. D. Band (1985). "Bacteremias due to Citrobacter diversus and Citrobacter freundii. Incidence, risk factors, and clinical outcome". Archives of Internal Medicine. 145 (10): 1808–1810. doi:10.1001/archinte.145.10.1808. PMID 3899035.
- ↑ Badger, J.D.; M.F. Stins; K.S. Kim (1999). "Citrobacter freundii Invades and Replicates in Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells". Infection and Immunity. 67 (8): 4208–15. PMC 96726. PMID 10417193.
- ↑ L. E. Macaskie, R. M. Empson, A. K. Cheetham, C. P. Grey, A. J. Skarnulis (1992). "Uranium bioaccumulation by a Citrobacter sp. as a result of enzymically mediated growth of polycrystalline HUO2PO4". Science. 257: 782–784. doi:10.1126/science.1496397.
- ↑ "Citrobacter SPP". Pathogen Safety Data Sheet — Infectious Substances. Public Health Agency of Canada. 2012.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 PMID 11269372 (PMID 11269372)
Citation will be completed automatically in a few minutes. Jump the queue or expand by hand - ↑ 6.0 6.1 PMID 17224563 (PMID 17224563)
Citation will be completed automatically in a few minutes. Jump the queue or expand by hand - ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 PMID 8983520 (PMID 8983520)
Citation will be completed automatically in a few minutes. Jump the queue or expand by hand - ↑ PMID 21245529 (PMID 21245529)
Citation will be completed automatically in a few minutes. Jump the queue or expand by hand - ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
- ↑ Bartlett, John (2012). Johns Hopkins ABX guide : diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning. ISBN 978-1449625580.
- ↑ "Public Health Image Library (PHIL)".