Cellulitis causes: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
[[Group A streptococcal infection|Group A streptococcus]] and [[staphylococcus] | [[Group A streptococcal infection|Group A streptococcus]] and [[staphylococcus]are the most common causative agents of cellulitis. These bacteria are part of the normal flora living on the skin. | ||
==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
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*[[Group A streptococcal infection|Group A streptococcus]] <ref name="pmid6768328">{{cite journal| author=Fleisher G, Ludwig S| title=Cellulitis: a prospective study. | journal=Ann Emerg Med | year= 1980 | volume= 9 | issue= 5 | pages= 246-9 | pmid=6768328 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6768328 }} </ref> | *[[Group A streptococcal infection|Group A streptococcus]] <ref name="pmid6768328">{{cite journal| author=Fleisher G, Ludwig S| title=Cellulitis: a prospective study. | journal=Ann Emerg Med | year= 1980 | volume= 9 | issue= 5 | pages= 246-9 | pmid=6768328 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6768328 }} </ref> | ||
*[[Staphylococcus]] <ref name="pmid6768328">{{cite journal| author=Fleisher G, Ludwig S| title=Cellulitis: a prospective study. | journal=Ann Emerg Med | year= 1980 | volume= 9 | issue= 5 | pages= 246-9 | pmid=6768328 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6768328 }} </ref> | *[[Staphylococcus]] <ref name="pmid6768328">{{cite journal| author=Fleisher G, Ludwig S| title=Cellulitis: a prospective study. | journal=Ann Emerg Med | year= 1980 | volume= 9 | issue= 5 | pages= 246-9 | pmid=6768328 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6768328 }} </ref> | ||
===Less Common Causes=== | |||
Less common causes of cellulitis include: | |||
*Gram-negative aerobic bacilli <ref name="pmid27434444">{{cite journal| author=Raff AB, Kroshinsky D| title=Cellulitis: A Review. | journal=JAMA | year= 2016 | volume= 316 | issue= 3 | pages= 325-37 | pmid=27434444 | doi=10.1001/jama.2016.8825 | pmc= | url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27434444 }} </ref> | |||
===Causes by Organ System=== | ===Causes by Organ System=== | ||
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|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
| '''Dermatologic''' | | '''Dermatologic''' | ||
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute bacterial dermohypodermatitis]], | |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute bacterial dermohypodermatitis]], [[Chediak-Higashi syndrome]], [[dermatitis]], [[erysipelas]], [[hidradenitis suppurativa]], [[insect bites and stings]], [[lymphatic obstruction]], [[lymphedema]], [[non-necrotising cellulitis]], [[paronychia]], [[stasis dermatitis]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[tattoo]], [[Wells syndrome]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | ||
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===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | ===Causes in Alphabetical Order=== | ||
{{columns-list | {{columns-list| | ||
*[[Acute bacterial dermohypodermatitis]] | *[[Acute bacterial dermohypodermatitis]] | ||
*[[Adenitis]] | *[[Adenitis]] | ||
*[[Aeromonas hydrophila]] | *[[Aeromonas hydrophila]] | ||
*[[Animal bite]] | *[[Animal bite]] | ||
*[[Belimumab]] | *[[Belimumab]] | ||
*[[Beta-hemolytic streptococci]] | *[[Beta-hemolytic streptococci]] | ||
*[[breast implant|Breast implant infections]] | *[[breast implant|Breast implant infections]] | ||
*[[Candida albicans]] | *[[Candida albicans]] | ||
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*[[Dermatitis]] | *[[Dermatitis]] | ||
*[[Diabetes mellitus]] | *[[Diabetes mellitus]] | ||
*[[Eikenella corrodens]] | *[[Eikenella corrodens]] | ||
*[[Enterobacter]] | *[[Enterobacter]] | ||
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[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Dermatology]] | [[Category:Dermatology]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
Latest revision as of 18:15, 19 February 2021
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
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Cellulitis Microchapters |
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Diagnosis |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Cellulitis causes On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Cellulitis causes |
Overview
Group A streptococcus and [[staphylococcus]are the most common causative agents of cellulitis. These bacteria are part of the normal flora living on the skin.
Causes
Life Threatening Causes
Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
Common Causes
Less Common Causes
Less common causes of cellulitis include:
- Gram-negative aerobic bacilli [2]
Causes by Organ System
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Acute bacterial dermohypodermatitis
- Adenitis
- Aeromonas hydrophila
- Animal bite
- Belimumab
- Beta-hemolytic streptococci
- Breast implant infections
- Candida albicans
- Capnocytophaga canimorsus
- Chediak-Higashi syndrome
- Chronic liver disease
- Chronic venous insufficiency
- Cirrhosis
- Citrobacter
- Clostridium
- Clostridium perfringens
- Coronary artery bypass graft surgery
- Corticosteroids
- Cryptococcus neoformans
- Deep neck space infections
- Dermatitis
- Diabetes mellitus
- Eikenella corrodens
- Enterobacter
- Eosinophilic cellulitis
- Erysipelas
- Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
- Fusarium
- Group A streptococcus
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Helicobacter cinaedi
- Herpes simplex
- Hidradenitis suppurativa
- HIV
- Insect bites and stings
- Ludwig's angina
- Luliconazole
- Lymphatic obstruction
- Lymphedema
- Mastectomy
- Mastitis
- Meningococcus
- MRSA
- Mucormycosis [3]
- Nephrotic syndrome [4]
- Nocardiosis
- Non-necrotising cellulitis
- Orbital cellulitis
- Oritavancin
- Panitumumab
- Paronychia
- Pasteurella
- Pasteurella multocida
- Pelvic lymph node dissection
- Pergolide
- Periorbital cellulitis
- Peripheral vascular disease
- Peritonsillar abscess
- Pneumococcus
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Quinsy
- Radiation therapy
- Radical neck surgery
- Romidepsin
- Saphenous vein stripping
- Serratia
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Stasis dermatitis
- Streptobacillus moniliformis
- Streptococcus
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Streptococcus iniae
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Submandibular cellulitis
- Substance abuse
- Systemic inflammatory response syndrome
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Tattoo
- Tiagabine
- Trauma
- Varicella
- Venectomy
- Vibrio vulnificus
- Wells syndrome
- WHIM syndrome
Causes Based on Anatomical Location, Medical and Exposure History
The causative pathogen of cellulitis varies with the anatomical location and the patient’s medical and exposure history.
| Predisposing Factor | Anatomical Location | Likely Etiology |
| Periorbital (preseptal) cellulitis | Eyelid and periocular tissues | Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes |
| Buccal cellulitis in children without Hib vaccine | Cheek | Haemophilus influenzae |
| Cellulitis complicated by body piercing | Ear, nose, umbilicus | S. aureus, S. pyogenes |
| Perianal cellulitis | Perineum | S. pyogenes |
| Subcutaneous injection of illicit drugs (“skin popping”) | Extremities, neck | S. aureus, Streptococcus (group A, B, C, F, G) |
| Breast surgert with axillary lymph node dissection | Ipsilateral arm | Non–group A beta-hemolytic Streptococcus |
| Harvest of saphenous vein | Ipsilateral leg | Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus |
| Crepitant or gangrenous cellulitis | Extremities, Trunk | Clostridium or non–spore-forming anaerobes; alone or with E. coli, Klebsiella, or Aeromonas |
| Diabetic foot ulcer | Dorsum of foot or toes | S. aureus, Streptococcus, Enterobacteriaceae, P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter, or anaerobes |
| Exposure to salt water at breeches of skin | Extremities | Vibrio vulnificus |
| Exposure to fresh water at breeches of skin | Extremities | Aeromonas hydrophila |
| Medicinal leech therapy | Extremities | Aeromonas hydrophila |
| Working as a butcher, fish or clam handler, veterinarian | Fingers | Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Fleisher G, Ludwig S (1980). "Cellulitis: a prospective study". Ann Emerg Med. 9 (5): 246–9. PMID 6768328.
- ↑ Raff AB, Kroshinsky D (2016). "Cellulitis: A Review". JAMA. 316 (3): 325–37. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.8825. PMID 27434444.
- ↑ Gen R, Horasan EŞ, Vaysoğlu Y, Arpaci RB, Ersöz G, Özcan C (2013). "Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis". J Craniofac Surg. 24 (2): e144–7. doi:10.1097/SCS.0b013e31827c7eb8. PMID 23524816.
- ↑ Ajayan P, Krishnamurthy S, Biswal N, Mandal J (2013). "Clinical spectrum and predictive risk factors of major infections in hospitalized children with nephrotic syndrome". Indian Pediatr. 50 (8): 779–81. PMID 23502669.
- ↑ Swartz, MN. (2004). "Clinical practice. Cellulitis". N Engl J Med. 350 (9): 904–12. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp031807. PMID 14985488. Unknown parameter
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