Cytomegalovirus: Difference between revisions

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Cytomegalovirus
	; Typical "owl eye" inclusion indicating CMV infection of a lung pneumocyte
Virus classification
Group:	Group I (dsDNA)
Order:	Herpesvirales;
Family:	Herpesviridae;
Subfamily:	Betaherpesvirinae;
Genus:	Cytomegalovirus;
Type species
	Human cytomegalovirus;

VisualWikitext

Latest revision as of 14:20, 1 June 2017

This page is about microbiologic aspects of the organism(s). For clinical aspects of the disease, see Cytomegalovirus infection .

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Cytomegalovirus (from the Greek cyto-, "cell", and megalo-, "large") is a genus of viruses in the order Herpesvirales, in the family Herpesviridae, in the subfamily Betaherpesvirinae. Human and monkeys serve as natural hosts. There are currently eight species in this genus including the type species human herpesvirus 5. Diseases associated with HHV-5 include mononucleosis, and pneumonias.^[2]^[3] It is typically abbreviated as CMV.

The species that infects humans is commonly known as human CMV (HCMV) or human herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5), and is the most studied of all cytomegaloviruses.^[4] Within Herpesviridae, CMV belongs to the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily, which also includes the genera Muromegalovirus and Roseolovirus (HHV-6 and HHV-7).^[5] It is related to other herpesviruses within the subfamilies of Alphaherpesvirinae that includes herpes simplex viruses (HSV)-1 and -2 and varicella-zoster virus (VZV), and the Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily that includes Epstein–Barr virus.^[4]

All herpesviruses share a characteristic ability to remain latent within the body over long periods. Although they may be found throughout the body, CMV infections are frequently associated with the salivary glands in humans and other mammals.^[5] Other CMV viruses are found in several mammal species, but species isolated from animals differ from HCMV in terms of genomic structure, and have not been reported to cause human disease.

Taxonomy

Group: dsDNA
Order:Herpesvirales

Family: Herpesviridae

Sub-Family: Betaherpesvirinae

Genus: Cytomegalovirus

Species:

Aotine herpesvirus 1
Cebine herpesvirus 1
Cercopithecine herpesvirus 5
Human herpesvirus 5>
Macacine herpesvirus 3
Panine herpesvirus 2
Papiine herpesvirus 3
Saimiriine herpesvirus 4

Species

**Classified Cytomegaloviruses**
Scientific Name	Host	Common Name
Human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5) Cercopithecine herpesvirus 5 (CeHV-5) Cercopithecine herpesvirus 8 (CeHV-8) Panine herpesvirus 2 (PoHV-2) Pongine herpesvirus 4 (PoHV-4) Aotine herpesvirus 1 (AoHV-1)—tentative classification Aotine herpesvirus 3 (AoHV-3)—tentative classification	Human African green monkey Rhesus monkey Chimpanzee Orangutan Night monkey "	Human CMV (HCMV) Simian CMV (SCCMV) Rhesus CMV (RhCMV) Chimpanzee CMV (CCMV) " Herpesvirus aotus 1 Herpesvirus aotus 3

Several species of Cytomegalovirus have been identified and classified for different mammals.^[5] The most studied is Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), which is also known as Human herpesvirus 5 (HHV-5). Other primate CMV species include Chimpanzee cytomegalovirus (CCMV) that infects chimpanzees and orangutans, and Simian cytomegalovirus (SCCMV) and Rhesus cytomegalovirus (RhCMV) that infect macaques; CCMV is known as both Panine herpesvirus 2 (PaHV-2) and Pongine herpesvirus-4 (PoHV-4). SCCMV is called Cercopithecine herpesvirus-5 (CeHV-5) and RhCMV, Cercopithecine herpesvirus 8 (CeHV-8). A further two viruses found in the night monkey are tentatively placed in the Cytomegalovirus genus, and are called Herpesvirus aotus 1 and Herpesvirus aotus 3. Rodents also have viruses previously called cytomegaloviruses that are now reclassified under the genus Muromegalovirus; this genus contains Mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) is also known as Murid herpesvirus 1 (MuHV-1) and the closely related Murid herpesvirus 2 (MuHV-2) that is found in rats. In addition, there many other viral species with the name Cytomegalovirus identified in distinct mammals that are as yet not completely classified; these were predominantly isolated from primates and rodents.

Structure

Viruses in Cytomegalovirus are enveloped, with icosahedral, Spherical to pleomorphic, and Round geometries, and T=16 symmetry. The diameter is around 150-200 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 200kb in length.^[2]

Genus	Structure	Symmetry	Capsid	Genomic Arrangement	Genomic Segmentation
Cytomegalovirus	Spherical Pleomorphic	T=16	Enveloped	Linear	Monopartite

Life Cycle

Viral replication is nuclear, and is lysogenic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral glycoproteins to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the dsDNA bidirectional replication model. DNA templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leaky scanning. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear egress, and budding. Human and monkeys serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are contact, urine, and saliva.^[2]

Genus	Host Details	Tissue Tropism	Entry Details	Release Details	Replication Site	Assembly Site	Transmission
Cytomegalovirus	Humans; monkeys	Epithelial mucosa	Glycoprotiens	Budding	Nucleus	Nucleus	Urine; saliva

Genetic engineering

The CMV promoter is commonly included in vectors used in genetic engineering work conducted in mammalian cells, as it is a strong promoter and drives constitutive expression of genes under its control.^[6]

References

↑ Mattes FM, McLaughlin JE, Emery VC, Clark DA, Griffiths PD (August 2000). "Histopathological detection of owl's eye inclusions is still specific for cytomegalovirus in the era of human herpesviruses 6 and 7". J. Clin. Pathol. 53 (8): 612–4. doi:10.1136/jcp.53.8.612. PMC 1762915. PMID 11002765.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
↑ ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 556, 566–9. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Koichi Yamanishi; Arvin, Ann M.; Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume; Edward Mocarski; Moore, Patrick; Roizman, Bernard; Whitley, Richard (2007). Human herpesviruses: biology, therapy, and immunoprophylaxis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82714-0.
↑ Kendall Morgan for Addgene Blog. Apr 3, 2014 Plasmids 101: The Promoter Region – Let's Go!

External Links

Template:Baltimore classification Template:Viral diseases

[1] Mattes FM, McLaughlin JE, Emery VC, Clark DA, Griffiths PD (August 2000). "Histopathological detection of owl's eye inclusions is still specific for cytomegalovirus in the era of human herpesviruses 6 and 7". J. Clin. Pathol. 53 (8): 612–4. doi:10.1136/jcp.53.8.612. PMC 1762915. PMID 11002765.

[ViralZone-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.

[ICTV-3] ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015.

[Sherris-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 556, 566–9. ISBN 0-8385-8529-9.

[isbn0-521-82714-0-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Koichi Yamanishi; Arvin, Ann M.; Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume; Edward Mocarski; Moore, Patrick; Roizman, Bernard; Whitley, Richard (2007). Human herpesviruses: biology, therapy, and immunoprophylaxis. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-82714-0.

[6] Kendall Morgan for Addgene Blog. Apr 3, 2014 Plasmids 101: The Promoter Region – Let's Go!

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
-==[[Cytomegalovirus infection overview|Overview]]==
+{{Taxobox
+| color              = violet
+| name               = ''Cytomegalovirus''
+| image              = Cytomegalovirus 01.jpg
+| image_caption      = Typical "owl eye" [[Inclusion bodies|inclusion]] indicating CMV infection of a lung [[pneumocyte]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Mattes FM, McLaughlin JE, Emery VC, Clark DA, Griffiths PD |title=Histopathological detection of owl's eye inclusions is still specific for cytomegalovirus in the era of human herpesviruses 6 and 7 |journal=J. Clin. Pathol. |volume=53 |issue=8 |pages=612–4 |date=August 2000 |pmid=11002765 |pmc=1762915 |doi= 10.1136/jcp.53.8.612|url=}}</ref>
+| virus_group        = i
+| ordo               = ''[[Herpesvirales]]''
+| familia            = ''[[Herpesviridae]]''
+| subfamilia         = ''[[Betaherpesvirinae]]''
+| genus              = '''''Cytomegalovirus'''''
+| type_species       = ''[[Human cytomegalovirus]]'' }}
-==[[Cytomegalovirus infection historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
+{{Cytomegalovirus infection}}
+{{About0|Cytomegalovirus infection }}
-==[[Cytomegalovirus infection classification|Classification]]==
+{{CMG}}
+==Overview==
+'''''Cytomegalovirus''''' (from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] ''cyto-'', "cell", and ''megalo-'', "large") is a genus of [[viruses]] in the order [[Herpesvirales]], in the family [[Herpesviridae]], in the subfamily [[Betaherpesvirinae]]. Human and  monkeys serve as natural hosts. There are currently eight species in this genus including the type species [[human herpesvirus 5]]. Diseases associated with  HHV-5 include [[infectious mononucleosis|mononucleosis]], and [[pneumonia]]s.<ref name=ViralZone>{{cite web|title=Viral Zone|url=http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/180.html|publisher=ExPASy|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=ICTV>{{cite web|last1=ICTV|title=Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release|url=http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp|accessdate=15 June 2015}}</ref> It is typically abbreviated as CMV.
-==[[Cytomegalovirus infection pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
+The [[species]] that infects humans is commonly known as [[HCMV (human cytomegalovirus)|human CMV (HCMV)]] or human herpesvirus-5 (HHV-5), and is the most studied of all cytomegaloviruses.<ref name=Sherris>{{cite book | author = Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages = 556; 566–9 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 | isbn = 0-8385-8529-9 }}</ref> Within ''[[Herpesviridae]]'', CMV belongs to the ''[[Betaherpesvirinae]]'' subfamily, which also includes the genera ''[[Muromegalovirus]]'' and ''[[Roseolovirus|Roseolovirus (HHV-6 and HHV-7)]]''.<ref name="isbn0-521-82714-0">{{cite book |author=Koichi Yamanishi; Arvin, Ann M.; Gabriella Campadelli-Fiume; Edward Mocarski; Moore, Patrick; Roizman, Bernard; Whitley, Richard |title=Human herpesviruses: biology, therapy, and immunoprophylaxis |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=0-521-82714-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> It is related to other herpesviruses within the subfamilies of ''[[Alphaherpesvirinae]]'' that includes [[herpes simplex virus|herpes simplex viruses (HSV)-1 and -2]] and [[varicella-zoster virus]] (VZV), and the ''[[Gammaherpesvirinae]]'' subfamily that includes [[Epstein–Barr virus]].<ref name="Sherris" />
-==[[Cytomegalovirus infection causes|Causes]]==
+All herpesviruses share a characteristic ability to remain [[Virus latency|latent]] within the body over long periods. Although they may be found throughout the body, CMV infections are frequently associated with the [[salivary gland]]s in humans and other [[mammal]]s.<ref name="isbn0-521-82714-0"/> Other CMV viruses are found in several [[mammal]] species, but [[species]] isolated from animals differ from HCMV in terms of genomic structure, and have not been reported to cause human disease.
-==[[Cytomegalovirus infection differential diagnosis|Differentiating Acute renal failure from other Diseases]]==
+==Taxonomy==
+'''Group:''' dsDNA<br>
+'''Order:'''[[Herpesvirales]]<br>
+:'''Family:''' [[Herpesviridae]]<br>
+::'''Sub-Family:''' [[Betaherpesvirinae]]<br>
+:::'''Genus:''' Cytomegalovirus<br>
+::::'''Species:'''<br>
+:::::*Aotine herpesvirus 1
+:::::*Cebine herpesvirus 1
+:::::*Cercopithecine herpesvirus 5
+:::::*[[Human herpesvirus 5]]>
+:::::*Macacine herpesvirus 3
+:::::*Panine herpesvirus 2
+:::::*Papiine herpesvirus 3
+:::::*Saimiriine herpesvirus 4
-==[[Cytomegalovirus infection epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
-==[[Cytomegalovirus infection risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
+===Species===
+{| class = "wikitable" style = "float:right; font-size:85%; margin-left:15px; width:550px"
+|+'''''Classified Cytomegaloviruses'''''
+! Scientific Name !! Host !! Common Name
+|-
+|
+''[[Human herpesvirus 5]]'' ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=10359 HHV-5])
+<br/>''[[Cercopithecine herpesvirus 5]]'' ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=50292 CeHV-5])
+<br/>''[[Cercopithecine herpesvirus 8]]'' ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=47929 CeHV-8])
+<br/>''[[Panine herpesvirus 2]]'' ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=188763 PoHV-2]) <br/>''[[Pongine herpesvirus 4]]'' (PoHV-4)
+<br/>''[[Aotine herpesvirus 1]]'' ([http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=50290 AoHV-1])—tentative classification
+<br/>''[[Aotine herpesvirus 3]]'' (AoHV-3)—tentative classification
-==[[Cytomegalovirus infection screening|Screening]]==
+|
+[[Human]]
+<br/>[[African green monkey]]
+<br/>[[Rhesus monkey]]
+<br/>[[Chimpanzee]] <br/>[[Orangutan]]
+<br/>[[Night monkey]]
+<br/>"
-==[[Cytomegalovirus infection natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
+|
+Human CMV (HCMV)
+<br/>Simian CMV (SCCMV)
+<br/>Rhesus CMV (RhCMV)
+<br/>Chimpanzee CMV (CCMV)<br/>"
+<br/>Herpesvirus aotus 1
+<br/>Herpesvirus aotus 3
-==Diagnosis==
+|}
-[[Cytomegalovirus infection history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Cytomegalovirus infection physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Cytomegalovirus infection laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Cytomegalovirus infection electrocardiogram|Electrocardiogram]] |[[Cytomegalovirus infection chest x ray|Chest X Ray]] | [[Cytomegalovirus infection CT|CT]] | [[Cytomegalovirus infection MRI|MRI]] | [[Cytomegalovirus infection echocardiography or ultrasound|Echocardiography or Ultrasound]] | [[Cytomegalovirus infection other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Cytomegalovirus infection other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
+Several species of ''Cytomegalovirus'' have been identified and classified for different [[mammal]]s.<ref name="isbn0-521-82714-0"/> The most studied is ''Human cytomegalovirus'' (HCMV), which is also known as ''Human herpesvirus 5'' (HHV-5). Other primate CMV species include ''Chimpanzee cytomegalovirus'' (CCMV) that infects [[chimpanzee]]s and [[orangutan]]s, and ''Simian cytomegalovirus'' (SCCMV) and ''Rhesus cytomegalovirus'' (RhCMV) that infect [[macaque]]s; CCMV is known as both [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/188763 ''Panine herpesvirus 2'' (PaHV-2) and ''Pongine herpesvirus-4'' (PoHV-4)]. SCCMV is called [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/50292 ''Cercopithecine herpesvirus-5'' (CeHV-5)] and RhCMV,  [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/47929 ''Cercopithecine herpesvirus 8'' (CeHV-8)]. A further two viruses found in the [[night monkey]] are tentatively placed in the ''Cytomegalovirus'' genus, and are called ''Herpesvirus aotus 1'' and ''Herpesvirus aotus 3''.  Rodents also have viruses previously called cytomegaloviruses that are now reclassified under the genus ''[[Muromegalovirus]]''; this genus contains ''Mouse cytomegalovirus'' (MCMV) is also known as [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NC_004065 ''Murid herpesvirus 1'' (MuHV-1)] and the closely related ''Murid herpesvirus 2'' (MuHV-2) that is found in [[rat]]s. In addition, there many other viral species with the name ''Cytomegalovirus'' identified in distinct mammals that are as yet [http://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/342596 not completely classified]; these were predominantly isolated from [[primate]]s and [[rodent]]s.
-==Treatment==
+==Structure==
-[[Cytomegalovirus infection medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Cytomegalovirus infection surgery|Surgery]] | [[Cytomegalovirus infection primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Cytomegalovirus infection secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Cytomegalovirus infection cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Cytomegalovirus infection future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
+Viruses in Cytomegalovirus are enveloped, with icosahedral, Spherical to pleomorphic, and  Round geometries, and T=16 symmetry. The diameter is around 150-200&nbsp;nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 200kb in length.<ref name=ViralZone />
-==Case Studies==
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
-[[Cytomegalovirus infection case study one|Case #1]]
+|-
+! Genus !! Structure || Symmetry !! Capsid !! Genomic Arrangement !! Genomic Segmentation
+|-
+|Cytomegalovirus||Spherical Pleomorphic||T=16||Enveloped||Linear||Monopartite
+|}
+==Life Cycle==
+Viral replication is nuclear, and is lysogenic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral glycoproteins to host receptors, which mediates endocytosis. Replication follows the dsDNA bidirectional replication model. DNA templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by leaky scanning. The virus exits the host cell by nuclear egress, and  budding.
+Human and  monkeys serve as the natural host. Transmission routes are contact, urine, and saliva.<ref name=ViralZone />
+{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
+|-
+! Genus !! Host Details !! Tissue Tropism !! Entry Details !! Release Details !! Replication Site !! Assembly Site !! Transmission
+|-
+|Cytomegalovirus||Humans; monkeys||Epithelial mucosa||Glycoprotiens||Budding||Nucleus||Nucleus||Urine; saliva
+|}
+==Genetic engineering==
+The CMV promoter is commonly included in [[Vector (molecular biology)|vectors]] used in [[genetic engineering]] work conducted in mammalian cells, as it is a strong promoter and drives constitutive expression of genes under its control.<ref>Kendall Morgan for Addgene Blog. Apr 3, 2014 [http://blog.addgene.org/plasmids-101-the-promoter-region Plasmids 101: The Promoter Region – Let's Go!]</ref>
+==References==
+{{Reflist|2}}
+==External Links==
+* [http://viralzone.expasy.org/all_by_species/180.html '''Viralzone''': Cytomegalovirus]
+* [http://ictvonline.org/virusTaxonomy.asp '''ICTV''']
+{{Baltimore classification}}
+{{Viral diseases}}
+{{Diseases of maternal transmission}}
+[[Category:Viral diseases]]
+[[Category:Betaherpesvirinae]]
+[[Category:Virus-related cutaneous conditions]]
+[[Category:Herpesviridae]]
+[[Category:Herpesvirales]]

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